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There is a lack of population-based longitudinal studies which investigates the factors leading to frequent attendance of outpatient physicians. Thus, the purpose of this study was to analyze the determinants of frequent attendance using a longitudinal approach. The used dataset comprises seven waves (2002 to 2014; n = 28,574 observations; ranging from 17 to 102 years) from the nationally representative German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP). The number of outpatient physician visits in the last three months was used to construct the dependent variable "frequent attendance". Different cut-offs were used (top 25%; top 10%; top 5%). Variable selection was based on the "behavioral model of health care use" by Andersen. Accordingly, variables were grouped into predisposing, enabling, and need characteristics as well as health behavior, which are possible determinants of frequent attendance. Conditional fixed effects logistic regressions were used. As for predisposing characteristics, regressions showed that getting married and losing one's job increased the likelihood of frequent attendance. Furthermore, age was negatively associated with the outcome measure. Enabling characteristics were not significantly associated with the outcome measure, except for the onset of the "practice fee". Decreases in mental and physical health were associated with an increased likelihood of frequent attendance. Findings were robust across different subpopulations. The findings of this study showed that need characteristics are particularly important for the onset of frequent attendance. This might indicate that people begin to use health services frequently when medically indicated., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Background: Very often patients utilize primary care services for health conditions related to social problems. These problems, which are not primarily medical, can severely influence the course of an illness and its treatment. Little is known about the extent to which problems like unemployment or loneliness occur in a general practice setting., Objectives: What are the most frequent health-related social problems perceived by general practitioners (GPs)? How are these problems associated with GP- or practice characteristics? How do general practitioners deal with the social problems they perceive and what kind of support do they need?, Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional, postal questionnaire survey with questions derived from "Chapter Z social problems" of the International Classification of Primary Care - 2 nd edition. The questionnaire was mailed to available GP addresses in the federal states of Hamburg (n=1,602) and Schleswig-Holstein (n=1,242)., Results: N=489 questionnaires (17.2 %) were analyzed. At least three times a week, GPs were consulted by patients with poverty/financial problems (53.4 %), work/unemployment problems (43.7 %), patients with loneliness (38.7 %) as well as partnership issues (25.5 %). Only rarely did GPs report having perceived assault/harmful event problems (0.8 %). The highest frequency of problems was encountered by practices with a high proportion of a migrant population., Conclusions: Social problems are a common issue in routine primary care. GPs in Northwestern Germany usually try to find internal solutions for social problems but also indicated further interest in institutionalized support. A possible approach to solving these issues are community-based, locally organized networks., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier GmbH.)