Search

Bark on trees protects the plant against environmentally adverse conditions as well as fungi and insect attacks. There are different chemical substances, mostly in the outer bark of trees, which can stop fungi from developing. Bark as a by-product of wood plantations is available in high quantity and can serve as an excellent source for the production of eco-fungicides. In the presented article, bark of various poplar clones from two short-rotation coppices (SRC) in Poland and Germany was examined to determine the chemical composition, the possible extraction of potential fungicides (terpenes, aromatic and phenolic substances), and influence of their extracts on slowing the growth of mold fungi. It was proved that the content of the fungicidal substances depends strongly on the clone type. Two methods of extraction—Soxhlet and batch—were compared to obtain fungicidal extracts. Fungicidal substances were found in extracts gained with both approaches. Triterpenes, fatty acids, aldehydes, and alcohols were primarily the active fungicides in the Soxhlet extracts, whereas phenolic substances act as fungicides in the batch extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Inversion framework of thermal tracer tomography for fractured media is improved. • Fracture connectivity, hydraulic conductivity and practical issues are considered. • The feasibility of the modified framework is verified through nine synthetic cases. • Hydraulic properties of a fractured rock experimental site are successfully obtained. Hydraulic properties are well known to be essential in controlling fluid flow, solute migration, and heat transport in fractured subsurface. However, accurate characterization of hydraulic properties including the locations of conductive fracture and their hydraulic conductivities as well as their cross-well connectivity is still challenging. In this work, we modified the inversion framework of travel-time based thermal tracer tomography (TT) firstly based on a numerical study. Considering the features of heat transfer in fractured media, a regularization term and an irregular triangular mesh are introduced. A distortion of thermal travel times caused by annular wall flow at an observation well is eliminated by assigning a specific well zone in the inversion model. The performance of this modified inversion framework in characterizing hydraulic properties of fractured aquifers is firstly analyzed through nine numerical tests. Results indicate that the modified TT method can efficiently identify directly connected or interconnected fractures, even with the presence of an ambient hydraulic gradient, observation well annular wall flow, or measurements based on conventional thermal sensors with less precision. Accordingly, a tomographic thermal tracer test is performed and analyzed at a fractured rock experimental site located at the University of Göttingen, Germany. It can be inferred that there is a directly connected fracture, two interconnected fractures, and an overburden zone, with hydraulic conductivities between 5 × 10−4 m/s and 1 × 10−5 m/s. The outcomes demonstrate that the proposed inversion framework is efficient and robust in characterizing hydraulic properties of fractured aquifers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]