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On the application of earth resistance models of p‐y curves and DIN 4085 for the design of laterally loaded piles in layered soils The design of laterally loaded piles in Germany is based on a simplified subgrade reaction modulus or the method by Blum. With these methods the lateral pile deflection cannot be calculated very accurately. Internationally the so‐called p‐y approach is widely used, which is based on nonlinear spring stiffnesses to define the subgrade reaction modulus. In this paper the p‐y approach is described in detail and the application of each calculation model is discussed. For the consideration of the effect from multi‐layered soils the approach by Georgiadis is used. The earth resistance determined by this procedure is then compared with the spatial earth resistance from DIN 4085. Because DIN 4085 just offers equations for homogenous soils, the relevant equations are extended for layered soils. In a parameter study on typical soil conditions the decisive differences of the individual approaches are shown and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The classification of soundproofing with the measure DnT,w with use of the weighted apparent sound reduction index R'w Buildings must ensure sound insulation appropriate to their use. This sound insulation is regulated by building regulations. In Germany, this is regulated by DIN 4109 Part 1 with a specification of a "minimum sound insulation". Additional requirements are referred to as "increased sound insulation". However, increased sound insulation does not necessarily lead to increased soundproofing. Soundproofing and sound insulation are not equivalent terms in this respect. This article shows that a direct assignment of the quantities R'w and DnT,w is only possible for certain geometric ratios of room volume and separating area (V/S). If a permissible deviation between R'w and DnT,w is accepted, a classification of the sound insulation values (R'w) with fixed class limits can be made. This makes it possible to classify the sound insulation with reference to the descriptive parameter DnT,w using the weighted apparent sound reduction index R'w. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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New calculation method for impact sound transmission In Germany, the weighted normalized impact sound pressure level, L'n,w, in both massive and lightweight buildings, is currently calculated according to DIN 4109‐2: 2018. Although this approach takes flanking sound transmission into account, it only does so by applying general correction terms, which lead to serious limitations. In a more modern approach, based on the simplified model in DIN EN ISO 12354‐2:2017, single number quantities are calculated for the direct and for each flanking impact sound transmission path separately and are then added up energetically. This later approach has many advantages over the former, and is therefore proposed here to be used in Germany as the "new calculation method" for impact sound transmission. This proposed approach leads to a significantly greater understanding and more accurate mapping of impact sound transmission in the actual building situation and thus results in an improved match between the predicted and the measured results. In massive construction, for example, a wall or floor lining applied on the separating or a flanking building element in the receiving room can be taken into account according to its acoustical properties. Furthermore, horizontal and diagonal transmission of floor impact sound and impact sound transmission from stairs can be calculated dependent on the actual construction details. The new calculation model thus enables dimensioning the building components more economically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Further development of the Energy Saving Ordinance – Approaches for taking into account the manufacturing, use and maintenance phase of buildings The main requirements for the energetic quality of buildings in Germany are defined by the Energy Saving Ordinance (EnEV). In the foreseeable future, it will be replaced by the Building Energy Act (GEG). Both regulations account only for the energy demand resulting from the use phase of a building. The energy expenditure for the manufacture and maintenance of buildings and for the removal and disposal of old building components is not taken into account. In the past, this limitation was justifiable. However, with the development of highly efficient buildings, the energy demand of the use phase is decreasing significantly and a reassessment is necessary. Scientific investigations on the example of a single‐family house and an apartment building, which fulfil the current requirements of the EnEV, have shown that over a period of 50 years the manufacturing and maintenance phase account for 30 % (single‐family house) resp. 38 % (apartment building) of the total primary energy demand, non‐renewable. However, there are no legal requirements yet to be observed for this share. This means that there is significant potential for savings in the building sector beyond the building use phase. In order to activate these potentials, this article presents approaches to consider the manufacturing, use and maintenance phase in the energy assessment of buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]