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This study addresses research demands for a more critical empirical assessment of the innovation capacity of the decentralised, sub-national level. In Germany, the extensive involvement and contributions of new locally-rooted renewable energy initiatives have been one of the most striking features of the country's energy transition process. This study analyses the enabling conditions, current challenges and future prospects of decentralised experimentation in the German energy system. It finds that whereas the national support scheme has for a long period protected decentralised deployment of renewable energies by locally-rooted actors in the energy field, recent reforms of the scheme now threaten their further participation in the energy market. The paper observes that decentralised initiatives not only struggle to adjust to the new framework conditions. They have also not yet sufficiently addressed the new governance challenges arising from the fact that renewable energies have reached a stage of systemic importance for the whole power system, which requires decentralised initiatives to make their own efforts compatible with overall energy system transition needs. The study concludes that in order to remain an important innovator in the German energy transition, decentralised initiatives have to prove their ability to provide solutions to the systemic challenges of the energy transition process, such as horizontal and vertical multi-level coordination and decentralised contributions to the security of supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species of the genus Jassa are an important element of marine fouling communities, several species often co-occurring on a wide range of hard substrates. At Helgoland (North Sea, German Bight), the cosmopolitan J. marmorata occurs associated with the NW European species J. falcata and J. herdmani. Field and laboratory experiments revealed some ecological differences among species which may facilitate their coexistence. Test panels in the field were instantly colonized by the complete spectrum of resident Jassa species, but J. marmorata proved clearly superior to its congeners in rapidly colonizing new habitats. Further differences among species relate to microhabitat selection (differential use of peripheral and central parts of algal thalli) and the behavioural response to mechanical disturbance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]