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Objective: Previous research demonstrates that planning mediates the relationship between intention and health behavior change, but evidence is inconclusive, and possible sex differences within the intention-planning-behavior-chain are understudied so far. The current study, therefore, aims to disentangle this by addressing potential sex differences in the mediating role of planning in the health behavior change process., Method: Three longitudinal studies were conducted in Germany between 2009 and 2011 (Study 1: 245 women, 216 men; Study 2: 156 women, 37 men; Study 3: 82 women, 84 men). In each study, intention (predictor), planning (mediator), and sex (moderator) were assessed to predict changes in (1) fruit and vegetable intake, (2) physical activity, and (3) sun protection. A moderated mediation model was specified to test whether the conditional direct effect of intention on health behavior change and/or the conditional indirect effect of intention on health behavior change through planning was different for men and women., Results: Similar patterns of sex differential effects emerged within the intention-planning-behavior-chain across all three studies. The conditional indirect effect of intention on health behavior change through planning was meaningful for men but not for women for all three health behaviors. Thus, planning acted as a mediator between intention and health behavior change only for men., Conclusion: The study contributes to the understanding of the inconclusive evidence on the role of planning as mediator between intention and health behavior change and sheds some light of possible sex differences that qualify this mediation. The findings suggest that women and men may not similarly benefit from health behavior change modification techniques involving planning strategies. Future theoretical developments and interventions should take this into account., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Motivational processes can be set in motion when positive consequences of physical exercise are experienced. However, relationships between positive exercise experience and determinants of the motivational and the volitional phases of exercise change have attracted only sparse attention in research., Method: This research examines direct and indirect associations between positive experience and motivational as well as volitional self-efficacy, intention, action planning, and exercise in two distinct longitudinal samples. The first one originates from an online observational study in the general population with three measurement points in time (N = 350) and the second one from a clinical intervention study in a rehabilitation context with four measurement points (N = 275)., Results: Structural equation modeling revealed the following: Positive experience is directly related with motivational self-efficacy as well as intentions in both samples. In the online sample only, positive experience is associated with volitional self-efficacy. In each sample, experience is indirectly associated with action planning via motivational self-efficacy and intentions. Moreover, action planning, in turn, predicts changes in physical exercise levels., Conclusions: Findings suggest a more prominent role of positive experience in the motivational than in the volitional phase of physical exercise change. Thus, this research contributes to the understanding of how positive experience is involved in the behavior change process., (© 2014 Society for Public Health Education.)

The interdisciplinary workshop 'Quo Vadis Nanomedicine?' was held on 10-11 April 2014 at the University of Exeter (Exeter, UK), coorganized by the Schumpeter-Research Group 'Innovations in Nanomedicine', funded by the VolkswagenStiftung at Exeter University, and the Sonderforschungsbereich (STB; collaborative research centre) 1066 'Nanodimensional Polymer Therapeutics for Tumor Therapy', funded by the German Research Council (DFG) at the Johannes Gutenberg-University (Mainz, Germany). This international workshop brought together scientists, philosophers and social scientists in order to reflect, discuss and rethink the practices, concepts, methods, models and metaphors, as well as the medical and regulatory needs in current nanomedical research and its possible futures.

Background: In order to be comprehensible and comparable scientific data should be reported according to a certain standard. One example is the 'STAndards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy (STARD) Statement', a 25-item checklist for the appropriate conduct and reporting of diagnostic studies. Usually such scientific standards are published in English. The International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcome Research (ISPOR) has developed guidelines for the translation and cultural adaptation of written medical instruments. The aim was to apply these ISPOR criteria to the German translation of the STARD Statement in order to allow for authorisation to be conferred by the original authors., Methods: In cooperation with the original authors the STARD statement was translated according to the ISPOR steps: (1) Preparation, (2) Forward Translation, (3) Reconciliation, (4) Back Translation, (5) Back Translation Review, (6) Harmonisation, (7) Cognitive Debriefing, which evaluated comprehensiveness and linguistic style with marks from 1 (very good) to 6 (insufficient), and (8) Review of Cognitive Debriefing Results and Finalisation., Results: Die ISPOR criteria applied reasonably to the translation process, which required the work input and energy of four scientists and one professional translator and 177 accumulated working hours. The cognitive debriefing resulted in average grades 1.62±0.33 and 1.72±0.39 for comprehensiveness and linguistic style, respectively. Finally, the German STARD version was authorised by the original authors., Conclusion: Die ISPOR guidelines seem to be a suitable means to facilitate the structured adaptation of defined criteria for the reporting of studies, such as the STARD statement, to other languages., (Copyright © 2012. Published by Elsevier GmbH.)