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This study aimed to estimate the dietary exposure towards mycotoxins of residents in Gansu province, China, from 2014–2020 through surveillance data on mycotoxins in grains and grain products. Fumonisin B1 (FB1), Deoxynivalenol (DON), 3- and 15-Acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON and 15-ADON), Tentoxin (TEN), Tenuazonic acid (TeA) and Zearalenone (ZEN) in 863 grains and grain products were detected by HPLC-MS and UPLC-MS. DON was the most detected mycotoxin of all samples. For women, the average dietary exposure to DON was 1.49 μg/kg bw/day, with 55.8% of the individuals eating dried noodles exceeding tolerable daily intake. The hazard quotient values were 1.24–12.60, so greater than 1 for DON at the average, 90th percentile, 95th percentile, and maximum levels: 44.6% of the HQ values for men and 45.7% for women were greater than 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, heavy metals including lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and mercury (Hg) in 3520 samples (6 varieties) were measured using ICP-MS and assessed through multiple exposure pathways. We estimated the health risks from various grains and grain products, classified according to gender. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of each heavy metal in men was lower than the reference dose (RfD), and the wheat of Cr in women was above RfD at the P95 exposure level. The health risks of dietary exposure in adults were assessed using deterministic evaluation and Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS). The deterministic evaluation showed that the total hazard index of each heavy metal was below 1, and the total incremental lifetime cancer risks of Cd, As, and Cr were above 1.0E-04. Dietary intake was the primary route of exposure. MCS indicated that only 10% of men and 15% of women for Cr ranged over hazard quotient (1), and the ILCRs of most adults were above 1.0E-04 through dietary exposure. Consequently, we conclude that adults are more likely to be exposed to carcinogenic risks in Gansu province. • 0.5% and 4.7% of rice surpassed the China limit of Pb and Cr, respectively. • Pollution indices in heavy metals were within the safe line of 0.7. • The most significant exposure pathway for heavy metals is through dietary. • The wheat and wheat flour contributed to non-carcinogenic risks (hazard quotient and hazard index >1). • Probable carcinogenesis from Cd, Cr, and As in the grains and grain products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]