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Simple Summary: In the era of expanding and enhancing urbanization, the conservation of urban biodiversity has gradually become a research hotspot. As an excellent indicator species reflecting the quality of the ecological environment, butterflies can be used to monitor and improve the quality of habitats. We explored the effects of urbanization on the α-diversity, β-diversity, and functional diversity of butterflies and analyzed the indicative species of different ecological gradients. This examination was aimed at understanding the effects of urbanization on the taxonomic diversity and functional similarity of butterflies and proposing scientific suggestions and strategies to improve the ecological quality of urban environments. Urbanization has been shown to cause biodiversity loss. However, its effects on butterfly taxonomic and functional diversity still need to be studied, especially in urban waterfront green spaces where mechanisms of impact still need to be explored. We used butterflies as indicators to study how urbanization affects their taxonomic and functional diversity and identify indicator species in different urban ecological gradient areas. From July to September 2022, we surveyed 10 urban waterfront green spaces in Fuzhou City, China. We recorded 1163 butterflies of 28 species from 6 families. First, we explored the effects of urbanization on butterfly communities and made pairwise comparisons of different urban ecological gradients (α-diversity); secondly, we looked for differences between butterfly communities across urban ecological gradients (β-diversity); finally, we investigated differences in the response of butterfly functional groups to different urban ecological gradient areas and identified ecological indicative species. This study found the following: (1) Urbanization has led to the simplification of butterfly community structure, but there are also favorable factors that support the survival of individual butterflies; (2) Urbanization has led to significant differences in butterfly communities and plant-feeding polyphagous butterfly groups; (3) Urbanization has led to differences in the functional diversity of butterfly diet and activity space groups; (4) We identified five eco-indicator species in different urban ecological gradients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Urban biodiversity conservation is currently a prominent issue in society. Butterflies serve as excellent environmental indicator species, and enhancing butterfly diversity can significantly enhance the quality of urban habitats. To contribute to this field, we conducted an analysis of butterfly diversity in various urban gradients. Our research incorporated Shannon diversity analysis, β-diversity analysis, familial diversity analysis, and indicator species analysis. We identified the characteristics and patterns of butterfly diversity distribution and aimed to provide useful insights for urban builders. Butterflies are key indicators of urban biodiversity and one of the most vulnerable organism groups to environmental changes. Studying how butterflies are distributed and what factors might influence them in urban green spaces is crucial. In this study, from July 2022 to September 2022, we examined and analyzed the butterfly diversity in nine parks in Fuzhou, China, along three different levels of urbanization (urban, peri-urban, and suburban). We investigated how butterfly communities respond to increasing urbanization. The findings revealed that: (1) A total of 427 butterfly individuals from 4 families and 13 species were observed; (2) Shannon diversity, richness, and abundance of the overall butterfly community were lower in the more urbanized parks. Urbanization had significant effects on Shannon diversity (p = 0.003) and abundance (p = 0.007) but no significant effects on the whole butterfly community richness (p = 0.241); (3) non-metric multidimensional scaling revealed that there were differences in the overall number of butterfly species in urban parks among different geographic regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]