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Objective: To compare short-term release of fluoride ions from ion-releasing dental restorative materials. Material and methods: Seven experimental groups were prepared using the following six different materials: alkasite (Cention Forte), resin-modified glass ionomer cement (Fuji II LC), bioactive composite (ACTIVA BioACTIVE-RESTORATIVE), fluoride-containing nano-hybrid composite (Luminos UN), coat-free glass hybrid (EQUIA Forte HT), coat-applied glass hybrid (EQUIA Forte HT), and glass ionomer cement (Fuji IX). A total of 40 samples for each group (n=40) were prepared in Teflon molds (8 mm x 2 mm) and placed in polyethylene vials with 5 ml of deionized water. Fluoride release was measured after 6, 24, 48 hours, and after 5 weeks using an ion-selective electrode. The results were expressed in mg/l and the data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA. Results: Significant differences in fluoride release were observed within the first 6 hours (ANOVA p<0.001). EQUIA Forte HT had the highest release, while the other materials showed no significant differences. After 24 hours, EQUIA Forte HT (p<0.001) and Luminos UN (p<0.05) exhibited significantly higher releases, compared to other tested materials. EQUIA Forte HT maintained the highest release at 48 hours (p<0.001), followed by Cention Forte (p<0.05) and Luminos UN (p<0.05). All material pairs showed significant differences in fluoride release at 5 weeks (p<0.001). Conclusion: Coat-free EQUIA Forte HT had the overall highest fluoride release, while Cention Forte demonstrated the greatest increase over time. ACTIVA BioACTIVE-RESTORATIVE exhibited the lowest fluoride release in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Experimental RMGICs containing alternate monomers to HEMA were developed. • Release of monomers was tested in deionized water (DW) or ethanol/DW using HPLC. • Cytotoxicity of all materials was studied on normal human oral fibroblast (NHOF-1). • HPLC methods confirmed the presence of all monomers released from RMGICs. • Some promising compositions released less monomers compared to commercial RMGICs. Resin-modified glass ionomer cements (RMGICs) present several advantages (e.g. fluoride release), but their reported cytotoxicity has been associated with hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) monomer release. Therefore, different monomers were tested for use in RMGICs in order to improve their biocompatibility and reduce monomer release. Eight experimental liquid compositions were prepared replacing different percentages of HEMA (conventional monomer used in commercial RMGICs) with hydroxypropyl-methacrylate (HPM) and/or tetrahydrofurfuryl-methacrylate (THFM), which are known to have better biocompatibility. Moreover, two commercial materials (Fuji-Plus and RelyX) and two compositions, based on these (home), were included as controls. Monomer release of all materials (commercial, home and experimental) were tested using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods after immersing discs in deionized-water (DW) or ethanol:DW. Cytotoxicity of the materials extracts was tested on normal human oral fibroblast line (NHOF-1) using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) assay. Three experimental materials containing THFM (F3, R3 and R4) showed less or similar monomer release compared to corresponding commercial products. Furthermore, two experimental materials (F3 and F4) showed similar effects on NHOF-1 cells compared to the negative control medium. The lower monomer release and higher cell viability of some experimental THFM compositions are encouraging. THFM partially replacing HEMA is potentially a suitable alternative for producing biocompatible RMGICs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In view of the need for aesthetics, restorations of teeth will typically be completed using tooth colored restorative materials. With the advent of biomimetic restorative materials, such as glass ionomer cements (GIC), much greater emphasis is now being placed on how well such materials can resist the challenge of acids that are present in foods and drinks, or gastric contents that are regurgitated. This laboratory study compared the dissolution and behavior of five GIC materials (GC Fuji® VII, GC Fuji® Bulk, GC Fuji® IX Fast, Fuji® IX Extra and GC Equia® Forte Fil) when exposed to three acids (citric acid, phosphoric acid and lactic acid), versus ultrapure deionized water, which was used as a control. Discs of each material GIC were submerged in solutions and percentage weight changes over time determined. Subsequently, the GIC materials were also placed as a part of standardized Class II sandwich restorations in bovine teeth (n = 20), and submerged in the solutions, and the extent of GIC dissolution and protection of the adjacent tooth was scored. Weight loss increased with time and with acid concentration. Overall, the most soluble material was GC Fuji® IX Extra, while GC Fuji® IX Fast and GC Fuji® Bulk were less soluble, and the least soluble material was GC Equia® Forte Fil. The most destructive solution for both the discs and for GIC restorations in teeth was 10% citric acid, while the least destructive acid was 0.1% lactic acid. The more recent GIC materials GC Fuji® Bulk and GC Equia® Forte Fil showed increased acid resistance over the older GIC materials, and this further justifies their use in open sandwich Class II restorations in more hostile environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluoride is considered to be an important caries-preventive agent as it decreases the solubility of tooth minerals. The aim of the present study was to investigate the amount of fluoride ion released, over a 9 day period, from four restorative glass ionomer cements (GIC). Elemental analysis, for O, F, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Ca, Sr, Zn, and Zr, was performed on three conventional glass ionomers [ChemFil ROCK (Dentsply), Fuji IX (GC), and Riva self-cure (SDI)] and one resin-modified glass ionomer, Ketac Nano (3M ESPE) using Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS). A digital caliper was used to measure the length and diameter of each sample. The fluoride release, in µg/cm2, from the samples in deionized water was measured for 9 days using a fluoride ion selective electrode and analyzed using the SPSS. The release of fluoride on day 1 from Fuji IX was significantly higher (6.19±1.04 µg/cm2) than that from Ketac Nano (3.88±0.13 µg/cm2), Riva self-cure (3.19±0.66 µg/cm2), and ChemFil ROCK (1.68±0.08 µg/cm2). The value found for Fuji IX was comparable to that found in various other experimental settings. The difference in fluoride release on day 1 between Ketac Nano and Riva self-cure was not significant. The fluoride release from day 5 to day 9 stabilized at a lower level for all the ionomers and no statistically significant difference in the level of release was present between them during that period. I concluded that there is a wide range in the release of the fluoride ion among restorative glass ionomer cements with the highest level of release on day 1 being observed in Fuji IX, followed by Ketac Nano, Riva self-cure, and ChemFil ROCK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent multistate outbreaks and recalls of fresh apples due to Listeria monocytogenes contamination have increased consumer concerns regarding fresh and processed apple safety. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of two sanitizers, mineral oxychloride (JC9450) and neutral electrolyzed water (NEW), for inactivation of L. monocytogenes on fresh apples. A 2-min treatment of 0.125% (v/v) JC9450 with 100 ppm free available chlorine (FAC) or NEW with 110 ppm FAC caused 0.9–1.2 log10 CFU/apple reduction of L. monocytogenes on both Granny Smith and Fuji apples 24 h post-inoculation. Increasing JC9450 concentration to 0.25 and 0.50% significantly improved its bactericidal effect and reduced L. monocytogenes on Granny Smith apples by ~2.0 and 3.8 log10 CFU/apple, respectively, after a contact time of 2 min. At a shorter contact time of 30 sec, the inactivation efficacy of chlorine and 0.25–0.50% JC9450 against L. monocytogenes on apples was significantly reduced compared with the respective 2-min wash. Furthermore, no L. monocytogenes was recovered in deionized water prepared antimicrobial wash solution or on non-inoculated apples post-NEW with 110 ppm FAC or 0.125–0.5% JC9450 washes, indicating their ability to prevent cross-contamination. In addition, a 2-min exposure to NEW with 110 ppm FAC and 0.50% JC9450 reduced apple native microbiota including total plate count by 0.14 and 0.65 log10 CFU/apple, respectively, and yeast and mold counts by 0.55 and 1.63 log10 CFU/apple, respectively. In summary, L. monocytogenes attached on apples was difficult to eliminate. JC9450 and NEW demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in L. monocytogenes on apples and successfully prevented cross-contamination, indicating their application potential in post-harvest washes of apples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of ionizing radiation from high energy X-ray on fluoride release, surface roughness, flexural strength, and surface chemical composition of the materials. The study groups comprised five different restorative materials: Beautifil II, GCP Glass Fill, Amalgomer CR, Zirconomer, and Fuji IX GP. Twenty disk-shaped specimens (8x2 mm) for fluoride release and 20 bar-shaped specimens (25 x 2x 2 mm) for flexural strength were prepared from each material. Each material group was divided into two subgroups: irradiated (IR) and non-irradiated (Non-IR). The specimens from IR groups were irradiated with 1.8 Gy/day for 39 days (total IR = 70.2 Gy). The amount of fluoride released into deionized water was measured using a fluoride ion-selective electrode and ion analyzer after 24 hours and on days 2, 3, 7, 15, 21, 28, 35, and 39 (n = 10). The flexural strength was evaluated using the three-point bending test (n = 10). After the period of measurement of fluoride release, seven specimens (n = 7) from each group were randomly selected to evaluate surface roughness using AFM and one specimen was randomly selected for the SEM and EDS analyses. Data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (p = 0.05). The irradiation significantly increased fluoride release and surface roughness for Amalgomer CR and Zirconomer groups (p < 0.05). No significant change in flexural strength of the materials was observed after irradiation (p > 0.05). The ionizing radiation altered the amount of fluoride release and surface roughness of only Amalgomer CR and Zirconomer. The effect could be related to the chemical compositions of materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last years, diverse commercial resin-based composites have dominated as dental filling materials. The purpose of the present study was to determine organic and inorganic eluates from five restorative materials using GC/MS and ICP–OES and to compare the effect on cell survival of human gingival fibroblasts of a conventional and a bioactive resin. Five commercially available restorative materials were employed for this study: ActivaTM Bioactive Restorative, ENA HRi, Enamel plus HRi Biofunction, Fuji II LC Capsule, and Fuji IX Capsule. Disks that were polymerized with a curing LED light or left to set were immersed in: 1 mL methanol or artificial saliva for GC/MS analysis, 5mL deionized water for ICP–OES, and 5mL of culture medium for cell viability. Cell viability was investigated with a modified staining sulforhodamine B assay.The following organic substances were detected: ACP, BHT, BPA, 1,4-BDDMA, CQ, DBP, DMABEE, HEMA, MCE, MeHQ, MOPA, MS, TMPTMA, and TPSb and the ions silicon, aluminum, calcium, sodium, and barium. Activa Bioactive Restorative was found to be biocompatible. Elution of organic substances depended on material's composition, the nature of the solvent and the storage time. Ions' release depended on material's composition and storage time. The newly introduced bioactive restorative was found to be more biocompatible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]