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The new machines introduced by industrialisation subjected workers' bodies to a new pace of work, new tasks and hitherto unknown risks. While the hygienist community in France contributed enormously to the emergence of public health in Europe, it focused only belatedly on the dangers of machines for the physical integrity of workers. This article seeks to explain why there was so little interest in this issue during the first phase of French industrialisation (1800–70). Industrial work was perceived by public-health advocates as a step forward compared to former crafts, often carried out in unhealthy workshops. For them, machines helped rationalise production tasks, ventilate workspaces, relieve workers' suffering and replace men for the most laborious and dangerous tasks. Because of these many advantages, they forgot about the drawbacks of industrial mechanisation. As the decades went by, accidents due to machines maimed and killed more and more workers. Despite the warnings issued by some doctors, it was not until the 1860s that hygienists started to question the benefits of machines. However, engineers rather than doctors took over the responsibility of safety at work, followed by lawmakers who dealt with this issue at the end of the nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

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The last decade has witnessed an increasing number of reforms of the French healthcare system. The main objectives are to control healthcare costs by reducing spending and pooling resources. This is not achieved without difficulties, the economic criteria sometimes overshadowing humanist and altruistic values. These changes influence the organisation of care, even in paediatrics., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)