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The sound of the voice has several acoustic features that influence the perception of how cooperative the speaker is. It remains unknown, however, whether these acoustic features are associated with actual cooperative behaviour. This issue is crucial to disentangle whether inferences of traits from voices are based on stereotypes, or facilitate the detection of cooperative partners. The latter is likely due to the pleiotropic effect that testosterone has on both cooperative behaviours and acoustic features. In the present study, we quantified the cooperativeness of native French-speaking men in a one-shot public good game. We also measured mean fundamental frequency, pitch variations, roughness, and breathiness from spontaneous speech recordings of the same men and collected saliva samples to measure their testosterone levels. Our results showed that men with lower-pitched voices and greater pitch variations were more cooperative. However, testosterone did not influence cooperative behaviours or acoustic features. Our finding provides the first evidence of the acoustic correlates of cooperative behaviour. When considered in combination with the literature on the detection of cooperativeness from faces, the results imply that assessment of cooperative behaviour would be improved by simultaneous consideration of visual and auditory cues., (© 2019 The British Psychological Society.)

How to share the cost of an improvement in a condo? In France, as in most European civil law countries, the law does not provide any precise method for answering this question. This vagueness of the law calls for further investigation. Focusing on how to distribute costs that are collectively incurred by a group of players, cooperative game theory is a priori an appropriate framework for dealing with this topic. In this theory, the Shapley value is a widely used cost-sharing method. We analyze the interest of using this concept to solve our problem by considering the case of a three-storey condo. We show that taking into account the legal requirement that any decision concerning improvements be made by a majority of the votes affects the characteristic function of the game. We then identify a pitfall of the Shapley value: it almost never receives an affirmative vote from the co-owner association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How to enhance the maintenance, repair and improvement of condo buildings? We address this issue by focusing on the case of an elevator installation whose benefits are not uniform across units. We examine the link between majority approval and cost sharing. Relying on a cooperative game theory approach, we prove the coalitional stability of any cost allocation which is such that the unit shares are a non-decreasing function of the floor level. Second, we show that the two surplus allocations induced, respectively, by the de facto cost-sharing rule used in France and the equal cost-sharing rule may fail to be coalitionally stable. By insisting that the cost sharing must depend on the relative individual advantages provided by an improvement, French law increases the risk of disputes between neighbors, compared to other sharing rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the necessary causes of various constitutional transformations in France. Chaotic basis of rapid institutional change; Element of contingency; Terminology of the game theory.

Background: Physical education teachers often use the player-coach dyad in individual opposition sports so that students can obtain information on their actions and then better regulate them. This type of work also develops methodological and social skills. However, the task of observing a partner often poses problems for failing students, who tend to reject it. Purpose: Failing students are known to develop an emotional and meaningful relationship to knowledge. We therefore investigated how a "scholastic form of practice" of badminton might be used to encourage these students to accept and invest in the task of observing their partners. We also evaluated the impact of this investment on the acquisition of motor and methodological skills, as well as the conditions conducive to effective reciprocal peer tutoring in badminton. Participants and setting: Our work focussed on two first-year classes in a French secondary school (Marseilles) with a majority of failing students, i.e. students with academic and behavioural problems. Each class was composed of 16 students, approximately 12 years old, who had never practised badminton. Research design: Each class practised a nearly identical form of badminton during six lessons. Only the relationship between the players and observers differed. The observers had to transcribe the nature of the points scored by the players on a worksheet and then give the players feedback about their performance during coaching sequences. In the "coach" class, the player and his or her observer were teammates: the scores of their respective matches were added together for a total score. In the "observer" class, the player and observer had no special relationship. Data collection: Data were collected on a detailed observation worksheet by an expert observer who identified the parts of the court in which players scored. These results were then compared with the data collected by the students. In addition, all coaching sequences were filmed. Data analysis: The progress made by the two classes in terms of motor and methodological skills was compared between a pre-test and a post-test session using two nonparametric tests: the Wilcoxon test and the Mann-Whitney U test. Findings: The results showed that "coach" class students were much more invested in the observation activity than those of the "observer" class, and their motor and methodological achievements were notably higher. Conclusions: The meaning attributed by failing students to dyad work is dependent on how the work is actually structured by the teacher. The creation of conditions for interaction between students is thus an integral part of the scholastic form of practice built by the physical education teacher. (Contains 1 table and 3 figures.)

This article proposes a game-theoretic setting to explain the fragmentation of majority and opposition coalitions in governments. The model is two-stage: (1) the leaders of each coalition control the size of the parties in their group so as to maximize the political power of their coalition, and (2) the political party leaders in each coalition decide their degree of participation in their coalition's collective action. The main conclusion is that the concentration in the two opposing coalitions will be related when the competition between them is fierce. This is shown to hold for the Left-wing and Right-wing coalitions in French local governments, revealing competition in fragmentation in these coalitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue d'Économie Régionale & urbaine is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Three trade wars are examined using variable-sum game theory. The Anglo-Hanse trade wars (1300-1700) are explained as an iterated Prisoners' Dilemma that failed to evolve into cooperation due to transaction costs, rent seeking, and economic recession. The late-19th-century tariff war between France and Italy is a case of an asymmetric trade war that illustrates the danger to a weak country of provoking a trade war with a strong country, with the result that the former is forced to make major concessions. The Hawley-Smoot conflicts of the 1930s are cited as an example of the cooperation-inhibiting effect of publicness in trade negotiations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the growing amount of medical litigation heard by courts, the 2002 Kouchner law in France has created the Office National d'Indemnisation des Accidents Médicaux (ONIAM), whose main aim is to encourage out-of-court settlements when a conflict between a physician and the victim of a medical accident occurs. More than 10 years after the implementation of this law, the statistics analysing its effectiveness are contradictory, which raises the question of the potential negative effects of the ONIAM on the compensation system. In order to address this question, the article analyses the impact of the ONIAM on the nature of settlement negotiations between the physician and the victim. Using a dynamic game within incomplete information, we develop a comparative analysis of two types of compensation systems in case of medical accidents: socialised financing granted by the ONIAM and private financing provided by the physician. We show that the ONIAM could encourage out-of-court settlements provided that the hypothesis of judicial error is relevant. On the contrary, in the case of a low probability of judicial errors, the ONIAM could be effective only for severe medical accidents.

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: This contribution refers to a companion modelling approach applied to the study of interactions between social and environmental dynamics in a small protected island, part of a biosphere reserve. This approach leads to a role-playing game designed by a pluridisciplinary workgroup (researchers and reserve manager), used as management support and as a tool to help people regarding the stakes of sustainable development. For several years, Ushant Island (Brittany, France) was in the process of social and environmental restructuration due to land-use and land-cover changes. Major land-use changes resulted in fallow land encroachment and its consequences on landscape, traditional activities and biodiversity. This situation raises the question as to the different types of actors (stakeholders, scientists, local population) in relation to the future and the consequences of individual actions on common good. The stakes of sustainable development are set. In this study, the transdisciplinary process leads to a geographical agent-based model, simulations and a role-playing game. The role-playing game, final step of our companion modelling approach, is developed in order to assist the awareness raising and the involvement of all, be they elected representatives or not. This contribution describes the steps which led to the role-playing game design, the contents of the play sessions, their results and prospects in terms of learning tools. It examines the place of companion modelling and associated tools in the context of a dialogue, whose main issue remains the following question: “How?”. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In social dilemmas, the ability of individuals to coordinate their actions is crucial to reach group optima. Unless exacted by power or force, coordination in humans relies on a common understanding of the problem, which is greatly facilitated by communication. The lack of means of consultation about the nature of the problem and how to solve it may explain why multiagent coordination in nonhuman vertebrates has commonly been observed only when multiple individuals react instantaneously to a single stimulus, either natural or experimentally simulated, for example a predator, a prey, or a neighboring group. Here we report how vervet monkeys solved an experimentally induced coordination problem. In each of three groups, we trained a low-ranking female, the "provider," to open a container holding a large amount of food, which the providers only opened when all individuals dominant to them ("dominants") stayed outside an imaginary "forbidden circle" around it. Without any human guidance, the dominants learned restraint one by one, in hierarchical order from high to low. Once all dominants showed restraint immediately at the start of the trial, the providers opened the container almost instantly, saving all individuals opportunity costs due to lost foraging time. Solving this game required trial-and-error learning based on individual feedback from the provider to each dominant, and all dominants being patient enough to wait outside the circle while others learned restraint. Communication, social learning, and policing by high-ranking animals played no perceptible role., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Numerous studies have demonstrated that parasites with complex life-cycles can cause phenotypic modifications in their hosts that lead to an increased rate of transmission, and suggest that these modifications are the result of parasitic adaptations to manipulate the host. Little attention is paid, however, to separating the possibility of adaptive host manipulation from incidental (if fortuitous) side-effects of infection. In this study we combine statistical and analytical tools to interpret the impact of the macroparasite Ligula intestinalis L. (Cestoda, Pseudophyllidea) on the behaviour of its intermediate fish host (the roach, Rutilus rutilus L.), using field data on a natural system. Two distinct sets of generalized linear models agree that both the presence and the intensity of infection contribute to a modified behavioural response in the host. This was illustrated by a preference for the lake-edge in infected fish during autumn. Furthermore, the effect of parasites upon their host is heterogeneous with respect to parasite size, with larger parasite individuals having a disproportionate impact. A series of game-theoretic models of adaptive host manipulation illustrate a potential rationale for a size-dependent manipulation strategy in parasites. These findings illustrate the potential complexity and functionality of the impact of L. intestinalis upon its fish host, which together reduce the parsimony of the alternative 'incidental effect' hypothesis.

The aim of this paper is to propose a preferences representation model where ambiguity attitudes can be exogenous events or past experience-dependent. We adapt the Recursive Smooth Ambiguity model proposed by Klibanoff (Journal of Economic Theory 144:930-976, 2009) by introducing past experience described by a sequence of neutral events occurring up to the moment of the decision. These neutral events do not provide any information on the true process, but are likely to strengthen or weaken the decision-maker's ambiguity aversion degree by modifying emotions. Our model can explain some observed behaviors and market inefficiencies. We propose two illustrations. First, we provide a behavioral explanation for the decrease in influenza vaccination in France that followed the H1N1 crisis in 2009–2010. Second, we contribute to the broad literature on the annuity puzzle by introducing the impact of emotions on ambiguity attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which cultural differences and slogan meaning type affect the role of comprehension in attitude toward the ad (Aad) and attitude toward the brand (Abrand) formation. Design/methodology/approach: In an online experiment, a total of 256 adult participants from the USA (ranged in age from 19 to 26 years old) and 184 participants from France (ranged in age from 18 to 28) were randomly assigned to one of the two conditions (slogan: single meaning vs polysemous) in a between-subjects experimental design. After getting exposed to the ad, participants responded to questions related to their Aad, Abrand, comprehension, uncertainty avoidance and demographics. Findings: Results from this research demonstrate the moderating effect of uncertainty avoidance and slogan type (single meaning vs polysemous) on the relationship between comprehension and Aad. The authors show that for polysemous (and not single meaning) slogans, comprehension results in more favorable Aad for low uncertainty avoidance individuals than for high uncertainty avoidance individuals. In addition, the authors demonstrate the mediating effect of Aad in the relationship between comprehension and Abrand. Research limitations/implications: The authors used nationality as a proxy for culture. Future research should include other cultural dimensions in the development of conceptual models and analysis of data. Another limitation is that the authors used a college student sample for this research. A more representative sample should be used in future research to examine cultural differences in interpreting adverting messages. One other limitation concerns the measurement tool the authors used to measure objective versus subjective comprehension in this research. While the theoretical foundations of the two modes of comprehension are clear and robust, improved measurement tools can enhance the validity and reliability of future research. Finally, the authors suggest that future research examine the effect of such variables as figure-ground contrast, figure attractiveness, stimulus repetition, prototypicality, symmetry and semantic or visual priming that may impact the processing of brand slogans. Practical implications: This study argues that the processing of brand slogans in advertising is impacted by culture. Individuals from different cultures perceive and comprehend brand slogans differently. This study contributes to the research stream that examines the influence of cultural dimensions on the effectiveness of advertising by focusing more precisely on the impact of uncertainty avoidance (one of Hofstede's cultural dimensions). In the case of single meaning slogans, advertisers might diminish the use of objective comprehension advertising strategies to influence both individuals with high and low uncertainty avoidance. In the case of polysemous slogans, advertisers should consider that consumers with high uncertainty avoidance (vs low uncertainty avoidance) are impacted more by subjective comprehension (vs objective comprehension) when forming Aad and Abrand. Originality/value: This research contributes meaningfully to the marketing literature by examining previous work on ad slogan processing through subjective vs objective comprehension and extending the analysis by incorporating culture as an important factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employee share ownership offers the workforce an opportunity to participate in the growth of their company via two mechanisms: profit sharing and power sharing. Profit sharing has been widely studied in the academic literature. Power sharing, on the other hand, has received little attention—notably in the form of the presence of a director representing the interests of employees who own shares on governance bodies. We study 10 French companies with employee shareholder representation on governance bodies, and our findings reveal the dual nature of the role. On the one hand, the participation of employee shareholders in governance bodies seems to have an influence on the disciplinary, partnership, cognitive and behavioural levels. On the other hand, it can be a source of entrenchment, as tensions that are specific to this little-known mandate reflect tensions within the company itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the 1950s and onwards, Pierre Parlebas developed an original approach to education, which over time has spread beyond the borders of France. This study focuses on how Parlebas was led to develop the concept of an 'alter-education of sport' and analyses those concepts through the lens of contemporary democratic societies. It will show how his involvement in community life influenced his work, and how much he was committed to promulgating the role that physical education has in improving community living. In the wake of the May 1968 protest movement in France, his main focus became the criticism of competition in sports. He has systematically prioritised mutual support and cooperation over competition and has worked to spread this idea worldwide. His democratic worldview, with its specific focus upon young people and physical practices, condemns all forms of oppression and calls upon others to do so as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Considering the emergence of Live Streaming Shopping (LSS) in Europe and the scant academic coverage it has attracted in terms of characterization, this study's aim is twofold: (1) explore how both consumers and retailers assess the distinctive attributes of LSS in order to identify its characteristics as a new form of commerce, or even retail format, and (2) analyze the motivations of both consumers and retailers for choosing it. Design/methodology/approach: A hybrid literature review – bibliometric and structured – summarizes the body of research available on LSS. Considering the research gap and the authors' two research questions, a qualitative methodology was adopted. This incorporates three primary data sets, collected in France from LSS experts, retail managers and consumers over 18 months. Findings: LSS is a new online retail format, to be added to the range of existing options as it exhibits a typical retailing mix that is substantially different from other formats. From the retailer's perspective, three main motivations are identified while for the consumer, a total of seven motivations to participate in LSS sessions emerged. This new online format appears to be part of the continuum reflecting omnichannel integration. Research limitations/implications: Once the LSS literature has been further developed, the bibliometric review could be repeated to better map the field within contemporary research. Practical implications: Today's retailers cannot ignore LSS: it is a multifaceted hybrid format and touchpoint that is part of an omnichannel strategy and through which both quantitative and qualitative objectives can be achieved. Originality/value: This paper (1) structures the emerging literature on LSS by developing the first hybrid literature review on the topic; (2) substantiates what characterizes LSS as a retail format from the consumer and retailer perspectives and a retail touchpoint in the consumer's omnichannel journey; and (3) proposes a definition of LSS and a research agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyse the competitive effects of the centralised sale of football media rights in Europe, focusing on the "Big Five" countries (England, France, Germany, Italy, Spain). Contrary to the findings of European competition authorities, we consider that there are arguments in favour of the relevant market for domestic media rights being club- or even match-specific. This raises the question of what competition is restricted by the centralised sale if the rights on offer have limited or no substitutability. We conclude that the centralised sale of media rights is unlikely to be anticompetitive and may have procompetitive effects if the media rights of different clubs are complementary instead of substitutable. In addition, there may be efficiency gains from the bundling of media rights. Under a club or match-specific market definition, a no-single-buyer rule likely reduces the benefits from the centralised sale and may harm consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study explores the direct and mediated impacts of customers' perception of purchase budget (BGT) on purchase intention (PIT) through perceived quality (PPQ), perceived price (PPR), and perceived benefit (PB) in a cross-country setting to understand BGT's role in predicting customer purchase intention in smartphone selling through international online shopping platforms. An online survey was conducted in Kenya, France, and the United States to gather data from 429 consumers who had recently purchased one or more smartphones through international online shopping platforms. SmartPLS-4 was used to test the hypotheses. Results for the entire sample showed a significantly positive mediating role of PPR and PPQ between BGT and PIT. However, the mediating roles of PPQ and PB were not significant in the samples from Kenya, France, and the United States. The results also showed that PPR plays a significant and positive mediating role between BGT and PIT in samples from Kenya, France, the United States, and overall. However, the direct relationships between BGT and PPQ, PPR, and PB are shown to be negatively significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assign teachers to schools, a modified version of the well-known deferred acceptance mechanism has been proposed in the literature and is used in practice. We show that this mechanism fails to be fair and efficient for both teachers and schools. We identify a class of strategy-proof mechanisms that cannot be improved upon in terms of both efficiency and fairness. Using a rich dataset on teachers' applications in France, we estimate teachers preferences and perform a counterfactual analysis. The results show that these mechanisms perform much better than the modified version of deferred acceptance. For instance, the number of teachers moving from their positions more than triples under our mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following World War II, the director of the social sciences division at the Rockefeller Foundation, the industrial economist Joseph H. Willits, thought it important to extend its activities to Europe, especially France. His agenda was to strengthen institutional economics and to create modern research centers with a view to stabilizing the political situation. In the postwar decade, almost all economic research centers in France were funded by the Foundation, which helped provide greater autonomy to French economists within academia but failed to reshape French economic training and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurial ecosystems have become a hotspot of research because they offer a comprehensive understanding of the entrepreneurial context. In this context, incubators, as intermediary players, are critical to promoting new business creation and enabling ecosystem activity and economic growth. To reach this goal, ecosystem members—particularly business incubator managers—seek ecosystem strategies, including cooperation and competition. While previous literature indicates that successful ecosystems require a balance between cooperation and competition to maintain the improvement of value creation, little evidence exists of the effects on performance. Therefore, this article empirically tests the effects of the entrepreneurial ecosystem and co-opetition strategy on incubator performance. The literature on ecosystem strategy and strategic fit is followed to conceptualize the links among the entrepreneurial ecosystem, co-opetition strategy, and incubator performance. An online quantitative survey-based method was used to examine the strategic interactions in the entrepreneurial ecosystem. The empirical analysis of data from 156 incubators in France revealed that co-opetition significantly improves incubator performance and that the entrepreneurial ecosystem has a moderating role between incubator strategy and performance. Additionally, this article suggests that policymakers may favor hybrid strategies such as co-opetition over pure strategies such as cooperation or competition under certain conditions. This evidence supports the implementation of holistic strategies in relation to the organization's external environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we provide an overall perspective on the teaching and learning of discrete mathematics. Our aim is to highlight what research has been conducted in this area and to connect it to existing research ideas for future work. We begin by characterizing discrete mathematics and its role in the school curriculum, highlighting themes, topics, and mathematical practices that distinguish discrete mathematics. We then present potential benefits of focusing on discrete mathematics topics for mathematics education; in particular, we discuss the accessibility of topics in discrete mathematics, the connection to mathematical processes and affect, and the relevance of discrete mathematics in our current society. We also emphasize discrete mathematics from an international perspective, highlighting studies from the US, Italy, France, Chile, and Germany, which are across all school levels--primary, middle, and secondary school, and with some implications for post-secondary education. We particularly discuss discrete topics including number theory, combinatorics, iteration and recursion, graph theory, and discrete games and puzzles; we describe and situate these topics within literature. We also suggest the additional topics of game theory and the mathematics of fairness that we hope to see addressed in future studies.

Copyright of Revue d'Economie Politique is the property of Editions Dalloz Sirrey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hydrogeology Journal is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Natural disasters offer a specific case study of the mix of public and private insurance. Indeed, the experience accumulated over the past decades has made it possible to transform poorly-known hazards like flood losses, long considered uninsurable, into risks that can be assessed with some precision. They exemplify, however, the affordability issue associated with risk-based premiums. The French scheme reflects such ideas and offers wide coverage for moderate premiums to all, but is questioned in its principle by climate change: we show that some wealthier areas that were not perceived as 'at risk' in the past have now become exposed to submersion risk. This singularly makes some well-off properties the potential main beneficiaries of a scheme that was historically thought to protect the worst-off. Acknowledging that some segmentation may become desirable, we examine several models for flood risk and the disparity in premiums they entail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information regarding various conferences and seminars on topics related to economics. The 19th annual congress of the European Economic Association will be held in parallel at the same place with the Econometric Society European Meeting, EEA-ESEM 2004, on the Campus of Leganés, Universidad Carlos Ill, Madrid, Spain during August 20-24, 2004. The Spring 2004 NSF/NBER/CEME Decentralization Conference will be hosted by the Fuqua School of Business from April 23-25, 2004. The Program on Comparative Economic Development, Cornell University, will host an international conference, "75 Years of Development Research," during May 7-9, 2004. The 11th International Conference on Panel Data will be held at the Department of Economics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas from June 4-6, 2004. The Second World Congress of Game Theory Society will take place in Marseille, France from July 5-9, 2004. The University of Siena, Italy, will host an International Conference to commemorate C. Gini and M.O. Lorenz Centenary Scientific Research on May 23-26, 2005.

Research question: The research aims to identify the determinants of 'coopetitive' strategies compared to more competitive or cooperative ones, while examining the contingency of strategic choices to strategic groups. The focus is on French professional football over the 2006–2017 period. The contribution to the literature comes from using strategic groups and breaking down specific characteristics of player transactions in this industry. Research methods: The methodology is based on an exploratory statistical analysis composed by cluster analysis. First, a Pearson's principal component analysis (PCA) is conducted, before using K-means classification. Results and Findings: Results provide empirical evidence for a high contingency of strategic choices. The taxonomy found is closely related to the economic, financial and sporting characteristics of a club. Belonging to a specific class highly influences the strategy a club can implement. In addition, the diversity of club behaviours in the league are highlighted. Implications: Our findings bring relevant information for practitioners about their strategies and the managerial implications of a potential reform of player transactions between teams. Indeed, FIFA is working on a reform to limit the number of outgoing loans that a team can use and better control the transfer system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In some countries, including France, patients can choose between consulting a physician working in the regulated sector (where, in general, fees are fully covered by health insurance) and a physician working in the unregulated sector (where a balance-billing scheme operates). In the latter, patients must make out-of-pocket payments. The paper analyzes the signalling properties of this mechanism. The model reveals that a small extra fee allows obtaining a separating equilibrium in which only patients with a high propensity to adhere to the treatment will opt for the unregulated sector and will benefit from a larger care effort on the part of their physician. We also analyze the other equilibria of the game. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the formation and dynamics of entrepreneurial clusters in the emerging fintech industry. Using detailed data on the almost 1000 fintech startups in France to date, we find that most fintechs are geographically clustered and that the location of new fintech startups is affected, among other things, by the size of clusters and the presence of incubators. Larger clusters attract more new fintech startups, and incubators are shown to be an effective mechanism to attract new fintech startups. We further examine entrepreneurial exits of fintechs and find that being located in a larger cluster reduces the risk of failure but increases the likelihood of being acquired. Increased competition within a given segment of fintech increases failure rates. Moreover, the risk of failure is significantly lower for fintech startups that have been developed in an incubator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although diverse European policy initiatives have been developed to integrate young NEETs – "Not in Employment, Education or Training", it is particularly relevant to question how NEETs are perceived by their counterparts who are actively engaged in society. For this reason, we aimed to examine the Social Representations (SRs) of NEETs in France, using the classic free evocation technique. French NEETs (n = 71) and matched controls (n = 66; people employed, in education or in training) were interviewed. Results showed the scope of SRs for the semantic field of the term NEET and its associated terms. The need to develop effective communication to talk about work, education, and training with NEETs and implications for career counselling are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews recent convergences in the French social science literature, particularly those emerging between the sociology and economics of innovation, regulation theory and convention theory, focusing primarily on the contribution of this latter. In the first section, examples of collaboration across these different currents are discussed and the migration of key concepts identified. This is followed by a more detailed comparison of the respective contributions of convention and regulation theory which has dominated 'non-standard' economic thinking in France since the late 1970s. The main features of convention theory are then presented together with an appreciation of this approach's potential for providing a new framework within which to situate the emergence, consolidation and transformation of different patterns of economic co-ordination. This potential is illustrated with reference to the analysis of the agrofood sector. The article focuses specifically on convention theory since its contribution has been less widely discussed in the Anglo-Saxon literature than its 'rival / complement' regulation theory. Areas of convergence and contrast with recent developments in the new micro-economics and the new economic sociology are also considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on impact of inequality on distribution of economic resources, in the contrast of the U.S. with France. Topics discussed include impact of taxes and government spending on inequality; role of public economists to justify direct redistribution with taxes and transfers as a way to increase social welfare; and how government redistribution evolved through history to what it is today, revealing social nature.

The article aims at contributing to the unification of history and psychology by studying the expressions of anger and enthusiasm in several historical contexts. These mainly include France and America in the eighteenth century, but also more recent episodes of transitional justice. In addition it aims at drawing the attention of psychologist to the understudied (by their discipline) emotion of enthusiasm. To this end, it also considers how Hume and Kant treated this emotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Sport participation is declining in some European countries. Previous findings recommended considering territorial specificities to adapt local sports promotion programs. However, in France, little is known about adolescents' preferences and their changes across time. This study aimed to measure preferred sports and their changes among a representative sample of adolescents of the third biggest French département. Methods Data were extracted from a previous cross-sectional study that used a quota sampling design to respect the proportions of advantaged and disadvantaged schools. The present study involved 744 and 938 participants, in 2001 and 2015, respectively. Adolescent preferences were calculated by sex and socioeconomic status (SES). Multiple binary logistic regressions were performed to measure changes between 2001 and 2015 by sex and SES. Results Sports preferences and their evolution differed by sex and SES. Three cases were observed: no significant change in sports preferences (low-SES boys), a sharp loss of interest for some sports (low-SES girls and high-SES boys) and a sharp loss of interest for some sports whilst others gained significant interest (high-SES girls). Conclusions This knowledge may help the development of sport promotion programs. Future sport policies could choose to develop sports that are preferred and increasingly appreciated by adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use the Nash Equilibrium to solve the complex Lebanese political game of forming a government. We solve for a probable and logical outcome given each player's priority issues relative to each other player's priority issues. The results indicate that there is a global best response equilibrium between Hizballah/Amal ("H/A"), Other National Parties ("ONP"), and France. The equilibrium requires a cooperative approach between H/A and ONP to find a solution that satisfies both, particularly in respect of control over the Ministry of Finance ("MOF"), which represents an important executive position in the country's domestic political system. For example, H/A (given its relatively higher utility for this variable) maintains nominal control over MOF while ONP shares in some manner in the nomination. This would ensure stability of the political regime, which could then facilitate at least some economic reforms. Under this scenario, France is the biggest winner in respect of its regional interests as the success or failure of its initiative in Lebanon may have significant consequences on its credibility in the East Mediterranean region. However, this equilibrium is sensitive to national and regional variables. Further analysis of the statistics indicates that France, in this game, is not the primary player, as the USA has the capability to sway the game in its favor. The results further indicate a clear conflict between the regional interests of France and the USA. The USA's payoff function was not clear related to the other players and their preferential interests. This may be due to the USA's main interests residing in other national and regional considerations not considered in this game. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We experimentally investigated three variants of a real-effort game with taxation that differed in the degree of redistribution of tax revenue. Concretely, we compared a Leviathan scenario, where no tax is redistributed, with a situation where tax revenues are used to finance a public good involving neither a direct nor immediate monetary transfer to participants and with a scenario where direct transfer payments are made to each participant. Our results confirm previous findings of a nonlinear decreasing relationship between tax rate and work effort. We found that, for tax rates above 50 percent, the level of effort was highest under direct redistribution, followed by the public-good scenario, and by the Leviathan case. Conducting the experiment in Canada, France, and Germany, we observed average effort (and thus tax revenues) to be higher in France than in Canada and Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focuses on the geographical spread of Chinese tourism within France and explores the factors influencing these movements. As a destination, France holds the highest visitation rates in the world, but when it comes to the China Outbound tourism market, visitor movements are centralized around the most popular sites. Mapping tourist distribution in France revealed limited visitation rates in regional France. This research assumes a geographical perspective in two less frequented regional destinations: Algers and Cognac. Qualitative data were collected from key stakeholders in these regions to explore the mechanisms that limit tourist distribution. The analysis found a lack of knowledge on both sides (Chinese tourists and French tourism industry) and blockages that limited stakeholder mobilization in following through with tourism initiatives. This approach from the fringes of tourism allows us to reveal the complexity of the phenomenon and highlight the management and economic stakes that underpin it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we use a large database of more than 3700 interfirm relationships in force between French firms in 2003 to study the way they achieve cooperation. We find that cooperation is enhanced by a partner's reputation. Our results also suggest that while formal contracts have a direct negative impact on ex-post cooperation, they are an enhancing factor of cooperative behaviors as soon as the intrinsic hazards of the relationship require higher ex-ante contractual safeguards to secure agreements. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Coastal environment with high interaction between nature and societies is subject to multi-hazard interaction such as landslides, flood or cliff retreat. These territories are characterized by numerous elements at risk located in valley bottoms, front sea or at the outlets of small dry watershed. The aim is to quantify the potential consequences of EaR by integrating multiple hazards exposure at various scale analyses. To quantify the element at risk, three steps have been required. First, an initial rank has been attributed to each class of element at risk at three different scales analysis. Second, the potential consequences are weighted according to environmental dimension. Third, the consequences are combined with a linear combination of criteria in GIS environment. At medium-scale analysis, element at risk highlighted is built-up areas, national road, railway, lifeline and urban centers. At large-scale analysis, consequences concern any kind of house, apartment and complex located on multiple exposure areas. At local scale, consequences concern buildings located on multiple exposure areas with one floor in mixed materials and built after 1980. Thus, this method proposes an approach with multiple scales analysis and by integrating multiple exposure areas to quantify potential consequences. With the environmental dimension in element at risk analysis, it is an intermediate step to traditional risk analysis and, more specifically multirisk analysis without considering in this case the spatial and temporal dimension of hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to evaluate how French Major Conventional Weapons (MCW) exports impact on the conflict intensity of recipient countries. The recent increase in French arms exports seems to contradict the French political discourse on the promotion of regional stability. We run zero-inflated ordered probit model in order to analyze the role of the arms trade on the intensity of civil conflicts in 144 countries from 1992 to 2014, using SIPRI and UCDP/PRIO data. Our results suggest that French MCW exports tended not to exacerbate intrastate conflicts during this period. This finding is robust to changes in the empirical framework. We propose two lines of explanations: France seems to be prone to choosing partners that respect human rights and selling more 'defense-oriented' MCW than the rest of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between board gender diversity and firm performance under the enabling and voluntary institutional settings in France. We use a Quantile difference-in-differences and dose-response function estimations. The findings show that the comply-or-explain recommendation by the French code is likely to decrease performance for poorly performing firms. However, firm performance increases after the enabling date in high-performing firms. The results of the dose-response functions show that accounting performance reaches a threshold of 40% of women on boards, which coincides with the French law requirements in 2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on studies dealing with the transfer of marketing strategy to determine the effect of national identity on multinational promotional strategy in Europe. The author focuses on analyzing data collected on a series of failed marketing campaigns initiated by corporations in the U.S. It is suggested that the failed campaigns, which were targeted at European consumers, signal a shift in consumer preferences in European countries. Data from another study illustrates that a decline in the influence of international print and broadcast media in countries including Scotland and France is the result of a resurgence of national identity in Northern European nations. The author also discusses decision making variables that impact marketing strategy and sales promotion.

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The literature so far provides no in-depth investigation of the determinants of decisions to contribute to crowdfunding platforms. The present article draws on work measuring the decisions and prosocial behaviours of individuals in relation to public goods, and uses survey data on crowdfunding behaviour. We surveyed an original sample of individuals in France to explore individual decisions and amounts of funding chosen to support a creative project. We show that in non-equity crowdfunding contributing money is associated with altruism. Our findings suggest that the ‘warm glow’ effect influences the level of the contribution; we show also those monetary incentives could ‘crowd out’ the decisions to contribute of crowdfunders. Our study has some implications for business strategy since understanding why people contribute adds to our knowledge about the incentives that might encourage them to increase their contributions, and allows predictions about how changes to how crowdfunding platforms are managed might affect individual incentives to give. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]