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Decades of research have shown that social dominance orientation (SDO) is one of the most important predictors of anti‐immigrant attitudes. However, the mechanisms through which SDO can explain prejudice have been studied insufficiently. Using rich and diverse samples from France and from the province of Québec in Canada, the present research provides a cross‐national (N = 1,852) and prospective (N = 534) analysis of a theoretical model in which the dimensions of SDO are indirectly predicting anti‐immigrant prejudice via the intergroup ideologies of assimilation, multiculturalism, colour blindness and interculturalism. Results showed that interculturalism, a hierarchy‐attenuating ideology was found to be a robust mechanism to explain the subtle effects of SDO‐E on anti‐immigrant prejudice whereas assimilation, a hierarchy‐enhancing ideology was playing a more important role to explain direct and blatant effects of SDO‐D on prejudice. The two most studied diversity approaches, multiculturalism and colour blindness, were largely redundant once interculturalism was considered. This pattern occurred in both France and Québec hence, favouring the context‐independent pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Questions: Management practices in permanent grasslands affect plant community structure and thus resources for both the herbivore and the decomposer subsystems. While their effects on digestibility or litter decomposition had been studied separately, few, if any, studies have tested the responses simultaneously and the underlying relationships with community functional structure. We tested whether the mass ratio hypothesis or the niche complementarity hypothesis held in scaling up from species to community level. Location: Dry calcareous rangelands of southern France on a limestone plateau. Methods: We measured digestibility and litter decomposability of 24 communities in three management regimes representing an intensification gradient corresponding to a combination of increased fertility and grazing. Key structural leaf traits (e.g. leaf dry-matter content, LDMC) and chemical traits (e.g. leaf nitrogen content, LNC, and leaf neutral detergent fiber, LNDF) were measured as well as communities' mean (i.e. community-weighted mean, CWM) and variance (i.e. community-weighted variance, CWV). Results: Digestibility and litter decomposability were higher in intensively grazed and fertilized than in lightly grazed and abandoned communities. Increased nutrient availability combined with more intense grazing induced an increase in CWM LNC and a decrease in CWM LDMC and CWM LNDF. Communities in these regimes were less functionally diverse, with lower CWV LDMC and lower CWV LNDF. Conclusions: The close relationship between digestibility and decomposability was maintained at the community level. Relationships between CWM, community digestibility and decomposability were more consistent across the management regimes than relationships with CWV, supporting the dominance rather than the complementarity hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Wine appraisal is significantly impacted by demographics and dominance orientation (SDO). • Higher education correlates with lesser emphasis on accessible rosé wine characteristics. • Education level's effect on wine appraisal is mediated by social dominance orientation. • Income level positively correlates with valuation of expert wine characteristics. • Expertise and Accessibility are key factors in appraisal of rosé wine. This study investigates the intricate relationship between sociodemographic factors, social dominance orientation (SDO), and perceptions of wine in France. Emphasizing the symbolic role of wine in French culture, and employing a survey-based approach, the research explores how societal hierarchies and individual positioning within these structures influence the appraisal of rosé wine. The findings revealed that sociodemographic factors, particularly education level, significantly influence wine appraisal, while social dominance orientation serves as a mediating factor. This research contributes to the understanding of the cultural and social dynamics shaping wine consumption in France, highlighting the fact that wine appraisal is deeply embedded in societal structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors have underlined the influence of issues of power and ideology on the stigma of schizophrenia. The dual‐process cognitive‐motivational model of ideology and prejudice has shown that for deviant and derogated groups, such as people with schizophrenia, both authoritarianism and social dominance orientation can predict prejudice. However, this model has not been tested in relation to the stigma of schizophrenia. In this paper, we apply the Dual Process Model to the study of stigmatizing attitudes, in two contexts where the model has not been tested before, France (N = 224), and Greece (N = 238). We tested the relation of the model's two pathways (dominance‐competitiveness and authoritarianism‐dangerousness) to stigmatizing attitudes, while making the hypothesis that both would be associated with the latter since people with schizophrenia are perceived as both derogate/subordinate and deviant/threatening. Our results show that the models adequately fit the data and partly confirm the pathways predicted by previous research. However, for the Greek sample, the dominance‐competitiveness component was not significantly associated with stigmatizing attitudes, suggesting that for this sample, people with schizophrenia are mainly stigmatized in terms of deviance/threat. Our results provide evidence for the DPM's application to the study of the stigma of schizophrenia in two contexts where the model has never been applied and underline the importance of ideological and socio‐cognitive factors for community interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychological research suggests that violent extremism (e.g., terrorism) stems partly from existential motives, such as individuals' need to achieve significance in life after experiencing failure, ostracism, or humiliation (Significance Quest Theory; SQT). Parallel investigations from sociology and criminology established similar findings by linking anomia-a syndrome including feelings of meaninglessness, powerlessness, isolation, self-estrangement, and normlessness-with violent behavior. In line with SQT, this contribution tested if anomia could mediate Loss of Significance effects on violent extremism. Accordingly, three studies conducted in France highlight indirect effects of exposure to discrimination on legitimation of political violence (Study 1, cross-sectional, minority population sample, N = 110), violent behavioral intentions (Study 2, experimental, undergraduate sample, N = 249), and support for ISIS fighters (Study 3, experimental, undergraduate sample, N = 221) through anomia. A subsequent study shows this indirect effect to be robust when controlled for Social Dominance Orientation and Political Extremism (Study 4, cross-sectional, undergraduate sample, N = 279). A final investigation re-analyzing data collected in Turkey highlights a reverse effect when the independent variable tapped into social inclusion (rather than exclusion; Study 5, cross-sectional, undergraduate sample, N = 321). This indirect effect was also robust to Political Extremism and Intolerance as control variables. These results support the usefulness of considering anomia as a proximal predictor of violent extremism in a SQT perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developmental research suggests that young children tend to value dominant individuals over subordinates. This research, however, has nearly exclusively been carried out in Western cultures, and cross-cultural research among adults has revealed cultural differences in the valuing of dominance. In particular, it seems that Japanese culture, relative to many Western cultures, values dominance less. We conducted two experiments to test whether this difference would be observed in preschoolers. In Experiment 1, preschoolers in France and in Japan were asked to identify with either a dominant or a subordinate. French preschoolers identified with the dominant, but Japanese preschoolers were at chance. Experiment 2 revealed that Japanese preschoolers were more likely to believe a subordinate than a dominant individual, both compared to chance and compared to previous findings among French preschoolers. The convergent results from both experiments thus reveal an early emerging cross-cultural difference in the valuing of dominance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attitudes toward affirmative action programs (AAPs) depend on the criteria on which these programs are based and on the ideological views in the relationships between groups. The present study examined the impact of the selection procedure (with or without AA) on the perception of justice and on attitudes toward the beneficiaries of these procedures in France, where the system makes it possible to compare beneficiaries of different origins. A group of 101 French students read scenarios describing the admission of a candidate, with either a French or a North African first name, to a prestigious school, based on either a standard selection procedure or AA. The standard procedure and its beneficiary were more positively judged, and the beneficiary was considered more competent, than one selected with AAP. These results were particularly significant for participants with a high level of social dominance orientation (SDO). Furthermore, participants perceived both selection procedures more positively and judged the candidate as being more competent when that person had a Frenchsounding name. High-SDO participants underestimated socioeconomic and ethnic discrimination. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self‐reported level of right‐wing authoritarianism (RWA), the two facets of social dominance orientation (SDO‐Dominance and SDO‐Egalitarianism) and pro‐torture attitudes were measured both in the immediate aftermath (terror salience, N = 152) of the terror attacks in Paris and Brussels and when terrorism was not salient (non‐salience, N = 140). Results showed that RWA and pro‐torture attitudes, but not SDO‐Dominance and SDO‐Egalitarianism, were significantly higher immediately after. Furthermore, RWA and SDO both predicted pro‐torture attitudes more strongly under terror salience. We argue that the reason why RWA is higher under terror salience is a response to external threat, and that SDO‐Dominance may be more clearly related to acceptance of torture and other human‐rights violations, across context. Future research on the effects of terror‐related events on sociopolitical and pro‐torture attitudes should focus on person‐situation interactions and also attempt to discriminate between trait and state aspects of authoritarianism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Consistent with the theory of malleable ideology, research has shown that, under intergroup threat, antiegalitarian individuals will exploit the malleable character of color blindness and strategically claim to be strong supporters of it. In three studies conducted in France, we found no support for this theory when measuring color blindness but strong support when using measures of laïcité, an ideology of secularism. Indeed, those who score low on social dominance orientation (SDO) were more likely to support laïcité than antiegalitarian individuals. However, a situational threat (Study 1), a symbolic threat experimentally induced (Study 2), and a perceived symbolic threat (Study 3) were all related to increased support for laïcité by people high in SDO, without affecting those low in SDO. Thus, laïcité is a malleable ideology that can be adopted by individuals having contrasting motivations, as color blindness in the United States. Implications for the role of exact and conceptual replications in the development of a psychological science are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Very few studies have examined the influence of the acculturation strategies of an offender of foreign descent on the way a third party judges the personality and action of that offender. The aim of our study was thus to measure the effect of three variables (Seriousness of the harm suffered by the victim; Type of acculturation strategy of the offender; Level of Social Dominance Orientation [SDO]) of the person making the judgement) on the judgements and decisions made by a sample of students faced with a situation of physical aggression committed by a man of North African descent living in France. After reading a scenario describing a criminal act committed by a man of North African descent, who had or had not adopted French culture, 168 French students completed a judgement scale concerning the criminal act and the offender and an SDO scale. The results show that the crime was perceived as less serious when the perpetrator had adopted French culture than when he had not. The perpetrator was also judged less severely. Participants with higher levels of SDO advocated harsher punishment and attributed the crime to the offender's personality. We discuss these results and identify new avenues for research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Characterizing the spatial organization of urban systems is a challenge which points to the more general problem of describing marked point processes in spatial statistics. We propose a non-parametric method that goes beyond standard tools of point pattern analysis and which is based on a mapping between the points and a 'dominance tree', constructed from a recursive analysis of their Voronoi tessellation. Using toy models, we show that the height of a node in this tree encodes both its mark and the structure of its neighborhood, reflecting its importance in the system. We use historical population data in France (1876–2018) and the US (1880–2010) and show that the method highlights multiscale urban dynamics experienced by these countries. These include non-monotonous city trajectories in the US, as revealed by the evolution of their height in the tree. We show that the height of a city in the tree is less sensitive to different statistical definitions of cities than its rank in the urban hierarchy. The method also captures the attraction basins of cities at successive scales, and while in both countries these basin sizes become more homogeneous at larger scales, they are also more heterogeneous in France than in the US. Finally, we introduce a simple graphical representation – the height clock – that monitors the evolution of the role of each city in its country. • Characterizing the spatial hierarchy of urban systems is a methodological challenge. • We introduce a simple graphical representation – the height clock – that monitors the evolution of the role of each city. • The height of a city in the tree is less sensitive to different definitions of cities than its population rank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to characterize attitudes toward adoption by same-sex couples in a sample of Portuguese university students. Using a quasi-experimental design, participants (N = 500) were presented a vignette describing a couple adopting a child, manipulating couple sexual orientation and child gender. After reading the vignette, participants rated three different aspects of parental competence of the prospective parents (stability, abuse, and parental aptitude) and four different aspects of the future development of the adopted child (psychosocial adjustment, victimization, psychological disturbance, and normative sexuality). MANOVAs and follow-up ANOVAs were conducted in order to analyze the data. Participants expressed a heteronormative view of parenting, rating better the parental competence and child development of heterosexual, than of lesbian and gay parented families; however, they did not identify differences between lesbian and gay couples. Men expressed more negative attitudes than their female counterparts. Both men and women considered that a boy adopted by a gay couple would be less likely to have a normative sexuality than a girl in the same circumstances. By disentangling the effects of sexual orientation of prospective parents, gender of the adopted child, and gender of the participant, results of this study clearly contribute to a deeper understanding of attitudes toward lesbian and gay parent families. The role of gender is evident and its effect is explained taking into account sociological and psychological literature that connects gender, attitudes toward homo- sexuality, and adherence to hegemonic masculinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on attitudes toward sexual minority rights has predominantly focused on adults within the United States. Adolescents' positions have been neglected, yet they will have a major influence on future policies for sexual minorities. To extend previous research, this study examined 405 French high school students' views toward same-sex marriage (SSM) and same-sex adoption (SSA), while testing factors (homophobia, social dominance orientation [SDO], empathic concern, and perspective taking) that could account for variability in these views. Results indicated that females were more supportive than males on SSM and SSA, and that both were more in favor of SSM than SSA. Controlling for age, gender, and socially desirable responding, mediation tests revealed that the effects of SDO and perspective taking on SSM and SSA positions were mediated through beliefs about lesbian and gay individuals, but not through feelings toward lesbian and gay individuals. Empathic concern did not account for SSM and SSA over and above these other factors. Implications for future research in this area are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

November 2005 saw a significant flashpoint in the long-running history of tensions between minority groups and those in power in France: two teenagers, allegedly while hiding from the police, were electrocuted in a Parisian electrical sub-station, which was the catalyst for the unprecedented spread of violent riots across banlieues, or urban districts, in French cities lasting for a number of weeks. Mindful of the printed news media as important sites of ideology production, this study contributes to a growing body of work on newspaper representation of the banlieues, with a focus on the particularly traumatic events of November 2005. This article examines French newspaper representations of urban violence in 2005 using a critical discourse analytical approach, focusing on how the scenes of violent rioting prompted media discussions pertaining to French national identity. It argues that national identity and expressions of nationalism are defined in an exclusionary way, and that a discourse of sameness constructs symbolic boundaries between ‘us’ and ‘them’. The research suggests that in its reaction to the challenging events of November 2005, the printed news media adopts strategies which ‘other’ immigrant minorities and those living in the banlieues. Inhabitants of the banlieues are depicted as being outside the borders of the homogenously constructed French society in order to explain the violent scenes and ultimately uphold relations of discrimination and social dominance. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An essay is presented on gender quotas, postindustrial economies, and author Hanna Rosin's book "The End of Men: And the Rise of Women" as of May 2013. Gender balance and parity democracy in France are addressed, along with societal changes and the reported end of male dominance. Feminism and a push to end university quotas in Sweden are examined, along with gender equality and the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women.

The present research investigates the moderating role of goal interdependence and dissent on individual preference confirmation in hidden-profile tasks. We propose that preference confirmation can be used strategically to deal with competition and dissent likely to arise in group decision making. In two studies, participants first received incomplete information about a car accident investigation, and then read a fictitious discussion with two other participants containing full information. The interaction with the fictitious participants was presented either as cooperative or competitive. We predicted and found preference confirmation to be higher in competition than cooperation, when initial preferences were dissenting (Studies 1 & 2), but to be higher in cooperation than in competition, when initial preferences were consensual (Study 2). Also, the increased versus decreased preference confirmation in competition with, respectively, dissent and no dissent were found to be predicted by self-enhancement strategies (Study 2). These findings contribute to a better understanding of the boundary conditions of preference confirmation in hidden profiles and shed a new light on the role of motivated information processing in these tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A novel approach, the Temporal Dominance of Behavior (TDB), has been proposed. • TDB approach provides a dynamic graphical synthesis of the subjects' eating behavior. • Consumption dynamic is related to both dish and consumer characteristics. • The analysis of bread consumption behavior highlights strong individual variations. • Different consumer groups have been drafted. Video observation is gaining popularity as a data collection technique to study eating behavior. Traditional approaches to data analysis of video observations are based on static counts reporting the number of times an action occurs, disregarding the dynamic aspects captured in the video. In this paper, we investigate French consumers' bread consumption patterns during a restaurant meal. We propose a novel approach, the Temporal Dominance of Behavior (TDB), to visualise the dynamic information contained in video material in terms of frequency, duration, sequence and simultaneity of actions based on standard data analysis principles from temporal methods such as Temporal Dominance of Sensations (TDS) and Temporal Check-All-That-Apply (T-CATA). TDB allows reporting hours of videos across several subjects in a single graphical output, providing an efficient summary overview suitable for results interpretation and communication. Regarding bread consumption patterns during a restaurant meal in French consumers, three groups of consumers are drawn: the No-breaders (43%), the Bread-as-a-tool group (48%) and the Bread lovers (9%). Eating behavior varies in the consumed quantity of bread as well as in consumption dynamics throughout the meal, and it is related to both the type of dish that is consumed and to consumer characteristics. The Temporal Observation Curves approach provides a graphical synthesis of the dynamic information. We discuss the added-value of the TDB method compared to single-point analysis, provide recommendations for future developments and suggest potential applications in the consumer and food domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explores the role of the sumptuary laws in the relationship between the formal codification of dress and status in later-thirteenth-century France. Existence of a complex and shifting concepts of appearance and social hierarchy in the country; Examination of the sumptuary laws that emerged from the royal courts of the nation; Regulation of consumption according to status and income.

Examines the perceptions of social hierarchy in 18th-century France. Historians' concern about the perceptions of social hierarchy under the ancien regime; Examination of documents that disclose hierarchy; Attempt to delineate a hierarchy that can fully comprehend the factors of power, wealth, and 'dignite'; Four basic forms that can be discern from epistolary variations on the theme of 'goodbye'; Distinction between 'devoted'; and 'obedient.'

• We investigated the role of personality, authoritarianism, SDO, and system justification on populist attitudes in France. • We find variability in relations between these traits and populist attitudes as a function of ideological orientation. • Differences are consistent with the distinction between inclusionary and exclusionary forms of populism. Research in political science has focused on definitions of populism, platforms of populist parties, and demographic characteristics of those who support populist parties. Yet little is known about the psychological characteristics of populist supporters and how they might differ as a function of left-right ideology. Using a measure of populist attitudes in general, we investigated the role of Big Five personality traits as well as authoritarianism, social dominance, and system justification in a nationally representative sample of French respondents. We observed meaningful variability in relations between psychological characteristics and the endorsement of populist attitudes as a function of left-right ideological orientation, as well as variability in the psychological predictors of support for Jean Luc Mélenchon (a left-wing populist) and Marine LePen (a right-wing populist). We conclude that left-wing and right-wing populists are not the same, psychologically speaking, and that the differences are consistent with the distinction between inclusionary and exclusionary forms of populism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]