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This paper examines sexual relationships between European women and Moroccan men during the French protectorate in Morocco in the early twentieth century. These relationships were forbidden and often resulted in calls for expulsion as the women engaged in them were considered 'dangerous for public safety'. The Moroccan men faced no such consequences due to French racial attitudes. Many of the women engaged in these relationships were married to French men who were responsible for managing the French imperial presence, either in the military or as fonctionnaires. Through correspondence sent from these women to their lovers, held within governmental reports on eighty‐three individual cases, this paper examines attitudes towards these sexual relationships as well as the experience of those engaged in them. These relationships were considered to reverse the well‐established function of imperial power through male sexual domination of 'colonised' women. Many Moroccan men may have been drawn to such relationships for this reason. Additionally, highlighting the role of female sexual desire demonstrates how the gendered hierarchies within the relationships themselves threatened imperial racial hierarchies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contrast to metropolitan France where Third-Republic notions of laïcité governed marriage and informed the civil code, French officials in Protectorate-era Morocco (1912-1956) found themselves committed to upholding a confessional system that treated Jewish and Muslim communities as distinct legal, political and social entities. While French efforts to create separate legal jurisdictions for Jews and Muslims served to reify the existing social divisions in Morocco, intermarriage and conversion from one faith to another challenged existing legal and social boundaries at the most personal and intimate level. The primary focus of this study is a set of petitions dating from 1938 to 1955 made by Christians (and one Muslim) who sought to convert to Judaism. The responses made by French administrators—often wary of offending majority Muslim sensibilities—serve to underscore the inherent tensions within France’s confessional policy in Morocco. In contrast, independence introduced new anxiety for Jews concerned about assimilation and Jewish conversion to Islam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the influence of Vichy's National Revolution in the empire by looking at the establishment of the Office de la Famille Française (FFO) in Morocco in 1941. The purpose of the FFO was to develop reforms aimed at assisting French families and increasing the French settler birthrate. The Residency, in consultation with settler familialist organizations, created this administrative body in the hopes that it would encourage French population growth, something they considered to be essential to the preservation of French interests in the protectorate. The FFO dispensed a variety of financial benefits to French families including birth incentives and marriage loans. All French citizens were obligated to join the FFO, thereby making the colony's French children a collective responsibility. Those who lacked sufficient numbers of qualifying French children were required to pay the familial compensation tax to help fund the FFO and in this way support other French families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article discusses the history surrounding the 1858 petition from the governors and chiefs of Raiatea, French Polynesia and Tahaa, French Polynesia requesting to be an American protectorate. An overview of the French and British involvement in the Society Islands, including Tahiti becoming a French protectorate in 1842 and Great Britain and France's recognition of the autonomy of the Leeward Islands, West Indies, is provided. The relationship between the political disputes among native rulers in the Society Islands and the foreign intervention of the U.S., Great Britain and France is discussed.

This article considers the cooperation of the Spanish armed forces with Nazi Germany during World War II from the perspective of the Franco-Spanish protectorate of Morocco. The author provides a history of Spanish collusion with German forces, including the fall of Paris, France, to the Nazis and the Spanish annexation of Tangier, Morocco, both in 1940, the occupation of other French territories from 1940-1941, and the creation of the Atlantic Charter, a policy document that set goals for the Allied powers from 1941-1945.

Virtually from the beginning of the protectorate (1912), the French in Morocco attempted to seal off the Berber-speaking tribes from the penetration of Islam and of the Arabic language. The present paper argues that this policy (the "Berber policy") was modeled on a similar policy (the "policy of races") adopted by the French in West Africa at the beginning of the twentieth century, the main difference being that in West Africa it was the "animists" who were to be sealed off. In both cases, the French acted as they did in order to ensure the permanence of their rule. It is argued that Paul Marty, the eminent authority on Islam in West Africa, was a key figure in the implementation of these policies in both regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]