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In recent decades, many forest die‐off events have been reported in relation to climate‐change‐induced episodes, such as droughts and heat waves. To understand how these extreme climatic events induce forest die‐off, it is important to find a tool to standardize the climatic conditions experienced by different populations during a specific climatic event, taking into account the historic climatic conditions of the site where these populations live (bioclimatic niche). In this study, we used estimates of climatic suitability calculated from species distribution models (SDMs) for such purpose. We studied forest die‐off across France during the 2003 heatwave that affected Western Europe, using 2,943 forest inventory plots dominated by 14 single tree species. Die‐off severity was estimated by Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) loss using Moderate‐resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer remote sensor imagery. Climatic suitability at the local level during the historical 1979–2002 period (HCS), the episode time (2003; ECS) and suitability deviance during the historical period (HCS‐SD) were calculated for each species by means of boosted regression tree models using the CHELSA climate database and occurrences extracted from European forest inventories. Low HCS‐SD and high mean annual temperature explained the overall regional pattern of vulnerability to die‐off across different monospecific forests. The combination of high historical and low episode climatic suitability also contributed significantly to overall forest die‐off. Furthermore, we observed different species‐specific relationships between die‐off vulnerability and climatic suitability: Sub‐Mediterranean and Mediterranean species tended to be vulnerable in historically more suitable localities (high HCS), whereas Euro‐Siberian species presented greater vulnerability when the hot drought episode was more intense. We demonstrated that at regional scale, past climatic legacy plays an important role in explaining NDVI loss during the episode. Moreover, we demonstrated that SDMs‐derived indexes, such as HCS, ECS and HCS‐SD, could constitute a tool for standardizing the ways that populations and species experience climatic variability across time and space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Immediate-release (IR) amantadine has been marketed for Parkinson's disease (PD) therapy for 50 years, while two novel extended-release formulations have only recently reached the market in the US. Objectives: The aim of this study was to describe amantadine IR utilization patterns in the French COPARK cohort, at baseline and after 2 years of follow-up. Methods: Overall, 683 PD patients from the COPARK survey were evaluated. All patients were assessed in a standardized manner (demographics, treatments, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale [UPDRS], Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Pittsburg Questionnaire and health-related quality-of-life scales (Short Form-36 [SF-36], 39-item Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire [PDQ-39]). Longitudinal data were only available for 401/683 patients (59%) with a median (P25–75) follow-up period of 23 months (18–31). Patients were assessed in the same way as in the baseline visit. Results: At baseline, amantadine was prescribed to 61/683 (9%) patients (median dose 200 mg/day, range 100–300 mg/day). Amantadine was initiated after a median of 7 years from PD diagnosis, and its prescription was correlated with the presence of dyskinesia (logistic regression odds ratio [OR] 3.72, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.95–7.08) and hallucinations (UPDRS I.2) [OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.08–2.29]. After 2 years, the amantadine prescription increased from 33 (8%) patients at baseline to 54 (14%) patients in the subset of 401 patients analysed twice (p = 0.001). Among the 33 patients receiving amantadine at baseline, 9 (27%) stopped amantadine, 5 (15%) increased the dose, 6 (18%) reduced the dose and 13 (40%) stayed at the same doses. Treatment was initiated in 30/54 new patients (55%). Patients who started amantadine or increased its dose (n = 35) had more levodopa-induced dyskinesias at baseline (OR 7.02, 95% CI 3.09–15.90) and higher Mini-Mental State Examination score at follow-up (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.06–1.79). Undergoing deep brain stimulation was related to stopping or downtitrating amantadine (OR 22.02, 95% CI 4.24–114.44; n = 15). Conclusions: In this cohort, amantadine was used in 10% of patients. Its use increased during follow-up, despite the fact that one-third of patients who received amantadine at baseline stopped taking it. Amantadine prescription was mainly correlated with the presence of dyskinesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Underreporting of adverse drug reactions is common but has been rarely studied in Parkinson's disease (PD). Objective: To compare the prevalence of adverse events (AEs) in relation to antiparkinsonian drugs in PD patients using two different data collection methods: patient's spontaneous reporting versus a predefined investigator-driven structured interview. Secondary objectives were to assess factors related to spontaneous reporting and to compare the rate of AE reporting in PD patients with that of a group of non-parkinsonian post-stroke patients. Study design: Cross-sectional study. Patients: Ambulatory, cognitively intact PD or post-stroke outpatients. Interventions: None. Outcome measures: Patients were first asked by means of an an open question to disclose any unpleasant effects in connection with their current medications that had occurred during the previous week. Afterwards, a predefined questionnaire listing the most common AEs known to be related to antiparkinsonian drugs was used to question the same patients in a systematic manner about the presence of any AE during the same week. Chronological and semiological criteria were used to classify the reported AEs as 'unrelated' or 'possibly/plausibly related' to the antiparkinsonian treatment. Results: A total of 203 PD and 52 post-stroke patients of comparable age and sex were recruited. Eighty-five PD and five post-stroke patients reported spontaneously at least one AE (42 vs. 10%, p < 0.01), while 203 PD and 47 post-stroke patients reported at least one AE following the structured questionnaire (100 vs. 90%, p < 0.001). In PD patients, there were a total of 112 spontaneously reported AEs as compared with 1,574 according to the structured questionnaire (7%). Spontaneous disclosure of AEs was associated with experiencing >2 AEs [OR = 1.2 (1.1-3.2)], logistic regression). Seventy-four percent of PD patients had ≥1 AE possibly/plausibly related to antiparkinsonian drugs. Conclusions: Results showed that only 7% of AEs were reported spontaneously by patients, thus underscoring the importance of systematically asking about AEs in PD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The kaolinite-to-chlorite conversion is one of the chloritization processes that occurs in low temperature diagenetic and hydrothermal systems. The mechanism of this mineralogical transformation is still under discussion, since direct transformation, conversion via berthierine as intermediate phase or direct formation of berthierine/chlorite mix, either by dissolution-crystallization or by solid state transformation (or a combination of both), are all hypotheses put forward. In this context, each description of a kaolinite-to-chlorite conversion occurrence becomes an opportunity to shed new light and to renew this debate. Studying Carboniferous shale–crosscut by large quartz-kaolinite veins–from the mining basin of the North of France, we report therefore an uncommon kaolinite-Fe-rich chlorite assemblage. This assemblage appears as a chlorite fringe 20 µm wide along the interfaces between the shale and the quartz-kaolinite veins. All petrographical, mineralogical and chemical data suggest that the Fe-chlorite results from the interaction between the shale, providing the Fe,Mg supply, and the Si,Al-rich veins, leading to the chloritization of the kaolinite at a small scale via at least one dissolution-recrystallisation step. High-resolution observations highlight that neoformed Fe-rich chlorite contains some 7Å isochemical layers, as relict of berthierine. Therefore, we advance that the conversion takes place either through the precipitation of berthierine following by a second step involving solid state berthierine-chlorite conversion, or through the direct precipitation of a chlorite-rich/berthierine-poor mix driven by the Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratio, at low temperature and in reducing conditions. The comparison of our data with the recent literature allows to prefer the second hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recent research, especially from the USA, suggests that comorbid binge eating (BE) behaviour and BE disorder are frequent in individuals with Bipolar Disorder (BD). Although basic clinical associations between BD and BE have been investigated, less is known about psychological or temperamental dimensions and qualitative aspects of eating habits. In a French cohort of patients with BD, we investigated the prevalence of BE behaviour and any associations with illness characteristics, anxiety, impulsivity, emotional regulation and eating habits.Methods: 145 outpatients with BD (I and II) were assessed for the presence of BE behaviour using the Binge Eating Scale (BES). Characteristics identified in univariate analyses as differentiating BD cases with and without BE behaviour were then included in a backward stepwise logistic regression (BSLR) model.Results: In this sample, 18.6% of BD patients met criteria for BE behaviour. Multivariate analysis (BSLR) indicated that shorter duration of BD, and higher levels of anxiety and emotional reactivity were observed in BD with compared to BD without BE behaviour.Limitations: Relatively small sample referred to specialist BD clinics and cross-sectional evaluation meant that it was not possible to differentiate between state and trait levels of impulsivity, emotional instability and disinhibition. These dimensions may also overlap with mood symptoms.Conclusion: BE behaviour is common in females and males with BD. Emotional dysregulation and anxiety may represent important shared vulnerability factors for worse outcome of BD and increased likelihood of BE behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to determine whether short small intestine modifies antidepressant concentrations. Methods: The Css values and concentration-dose ratios (CDRs) of citalopram or escitalopram, administered orally or intravenously, were determined in patients with short bowel syndrome. Findings: Eight patients (6 males and 2 females) were included in the study. High CDRs were obtained in orally treated patients with >180 cm of small bowel and in those with >80 cm of small bowel and 50% of colon. Three patients had low Css values, including 1 patient who received intravenous treatment. Implications: The variability of drug absorption and metabolism makes prescribing SSRIs challenging in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]