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Objective: To determine whether ileocaecal endometriosis (ICE) is a marker for low rectal endometriosis (LRE) severity.Design: Retrospective cohort study.Setting: France.Population and Sample: Analysis of 375 colorectal resections performed in women undergoing complete surgery for LRE from January 1995 to December 2015 in a university centre for endometriosis.Methods: Univariate and multivariate analysis of anatomical, postoperative clinical, and long-term outcomes according to presence of ICE.Main Outcomes and Measures: Mean number and type of deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) lesions, the existence of an associated endometrioma, and mean total American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) score.Results: The prevalence of ICE was 25.6%. Primary end-point data showed that women with ICE had a significantly higher adjusted number of DIE lesions (OR = 1.43, 95% CI 1.02-3.03; P = 0.048), higher prevalence of endometriomas (OR = 1.91, 95% CI 1.04-3.51; P = 0.044), more associated DIE sigmoid lesions (OR = 2.12, 95% CI 1.07-3.91; P = 0.025), and a higher mean total ASRM score (OR = 2.07, 95% CI 1.12-4.14; P = 0.025). Women with ICE resected during the surgical procedure for LRE did not have more adverse postoperative clinical outcomes than ICE-negative patients.Conclusion: Ileocaecal endometriosis was significantly associated with greater LRE severity. In a complete surgical resection strategy, combining resection of ICE and LRE did not appear to increase postoperative rates of complications, morbidity or recurrence, nor did it seem to impair long-term clinical outcomes.Tweetable Abstract: In women with low rectal endometriosis, 25% have an associated ileocaecal location that is a marker for severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three posture asymmetries and their connections were assessed by a statistical study as rigorous as possible on the subjects of a sample from a population considered as normal after negative criteria. The comparison of probabilities observed with random probabilities shows that there is less than one chance in a thousand to make an error by rejecting the hypothesis that the asymmetries of the orthostatic posture are random. The definition of the limits of these asymmetries thus fits in the search for the conditions of a clinical examination of the posture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most plant pathogens present complex life cycles, in which the clonal reproduction may impede the delimitation of population entities. By studying the genetic structure of the wheat yellow rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici (PST), we highlighted difficulties impeding population delimitation in highly clonal species. Despite the high dispersal potential of PST, southern France isolates were shown to be divergent from a northwestern European population. A 2-year survey was performed in the Mediterranean region to assess the geographic distribution of southern isolates: 453 isolates collected in 11 countries were genotyped using 15 simple sequence repeat markers. A subsample was analysed for virulence against 23 resistance genes. The dominant strain in the western Mediterranean region was further studied with amplified fragment length polymorphism markers to test for a geographic substructure. Both ‘individual’- and ‘population’-centred analyses of polymorphism markers revealed two south-specific groups: a predominant group, with a broad variability and a wide distribution in both western and eastern Mediterranean countries, and a minor group in the western Mediterranean. The east–west gradient of genetic diversity suggested gene flow from the Middle East with subsequent founder effects and genetic divergence, and demonstrated the local survival of a western Mediterranean population. The high frequency of the resistance gene Yr8 observed in cultivars from Tunisia and Algeria may contribute to maintain the north/south structure observed in France. In addition to migration and local adaptation, the dynamics of clonal lineage diversification and replacement should be considered to define population entities in strongly clonal species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Puccinia striiformisf. sp.tritici(PST), a clonal basidiomycete causing yellow rust disease on wheat, has a long record of‘overcoming’ cultivar resistance introduced by breeders. Despite the long dispersal capacity of its spores, the French population ofPSTpresents a strong geographical structure, with the presence of a specific pathotype (array of avirulence genes) at high frequencies in the south of France. The genetic diversity underlying this differentiation was analysed by microsatellite and AFLP markers. A total of 213 French isolates belonging to 10 pathotypes collected over a 15-year period were investigated. For each of the 12 microsatellites used, polymorphism resulted from a unique allelic variant associated to the south-specific pathotype. This pathotype was characterized by 40 specific markers over the total of 63 polymorphims detected using 15 AFLP primer combinations. Phylogeographical analysis indicated a strictly clonal structure of the population, and a strong genomic divergence between the northern population and a south-specific clone. Both virulence and molecular data show that the northern French population belongs to the northwestern European population, whereas the southern clone is most likely related to a Mediterranean population, the two subpopulations resulting from the ancient divergence of two clonal lineages. While the virulence complexity in the northern population may be explained by the successive introduction of corresponding resistance genes in cultivars, the maintenance of a simple virulence type in southern France, despite gene flow between the two populations, may be explained in terms of host cultivars repartition and local adaptation to specific host or climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Airborne conidia of Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei were sampled in three regions and a single locality in the northern part of France for 2 years. Sampling was carried out in early spring, in late spring and in autumn, in order to separate the effects of winter barley cultivars, carrying few specific resistance alleles, and of spring barley cultivars, carrying diverse resistance alleles, on the structure of the pathogen population. Although complex pathotypes with three to 10 virulences were selected by spring cultivars, simple pathotypes, including a pathotype with the single unnecessary virulence allele Va22, which formed a clear majority of the samples, remained dominant in early spring, when winter but not spring cultivars were growing. In early spring, simple pathotypes were more prevalent in the north, where the winter cultivars represented 90% of the barley acreage, than in the east, where winter cultivars represented 65%, In the west, the frequency of simple pathotypes was limited compared to the north, possibly because of the resistance allele Mlg in winter cultivars. The high frequency of simple pathotypes in early spring could be explained by a differential adaptation between simple and com [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring spatiotemporal changes in varietal resistance and understanding its drivers seem essential to managing plant diseases but require having access to the genetic basis of disease resistance and to its deployment. In this study, we focused on yellow rust ( Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici ) for three decades in France, by using field adult plant resistance levels, Yr race-specific resistance genes of varieties, presence of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici pathotypes and their virulence profiles, and systematic surveys of the acreages of bread wheat varieties available at a yearly survey time and at a district level. Based on these data, we studied spatiotemporal changes in varietal resistance over the period from 1985 to 2018 in 54 French administrative districts (hereafter "departments") by using a set of relevant indicators weighted by the relative acreage proportion of the varieties sown at the department level. Our analyses revealed an increase in varietal resistance over decades that would be due to the accumulation of both quantitative resistance and different race-specific resistance genes. We suggest that, beyond breeders, several actors, including examination offices, agricultural advisory services, and farmers, may have had a substantial influence on these spatiotemporal changes, promoting more resistant varieties and the rapid replacement of newly susceptible varieties by still resistant ones at the beginning of each epidemic.

Quantitative resistance is postulated to be more durable than qualitative (R-gene mediated) resistance, which is usually quickly overcome by the pathogen population. Despite its wide use for nearly 10 years in France, the French bread wheat cultivar Apache remains resistant to stripe rust. Here, we investigated the genetic architecture of cv. Apache resistance to examine whether its durability could be explained by quantitative characteristics. We identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) by composite interval mapping of disease progress data recorded throughout 4 years of field assays. These assays included inoculation with three different pathotypes on a segregating population originating from a cross between cv. Apache and cv. Taldor, a French cultivar susceptible to stripe rust. Three QTLs derived from Apache, QYr.inra-2AS, QYr.inra-2BL and QYr.inra-4B, were detected. Each of these QTLs contributed between approximately 15 and 69 % of the phenotypic variance and corresponds to a race-specific resistance gene. We showed that QYr.inra-2AS and QYr.inra-2BS map to the positions of Yr17 and Yr7, respectively, whereas QYr.inra-4B corresponds to an adult plant resistance gene. Our results demonstrate that a combination of two or more race-specific resistance genes can confer durable resistance provided that it is properly managed at a continental level. Race-specific resistance genes should not be removed from breeding programs provided that they are properly managed.

Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici (PST), a basidiomycota responsible for wheat yellow rust, has a strict clonal behavior and a low genetic diversity in European and Australian populations. On the other hand high diversity has been reported in Chinese populations. Moreover it is thought that in China yellow rust epidemics start recurrently from the western highlands where over-summering occurs. To compare PST genetic diversity in this area to the one described in France seven AFLP primer combinations were used to analyze a sample of 160 isolates collected in 2001 in five counties of Gansu Province. The AFLP data revealed 40 polymorphic bands, discriminating 139 AFLP genotypes. Linkage disequilibrium and phylogeographic analyses support the hypothesis of a reproductive mode that is not strictly clonal. In this regard Chinese isolates from Gansu strongly contrast with the European studies using the same markers. Genetic diversity of this 1 y sampling in Gansu is found to be seven times higher than the one observed in France over 20 y and exhibits lower linkage disequilibrium. The effective population size of the French sample was estimated to be 1000 times smaller than the Gansu population. These results support the hypothesis of large population size as well as the occurrence of genetic recombination, while the importance of Gansu as a main over-summering area requires assessment through larger scale studies.