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Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: JMB has served as a scientific consultant for Magnus Medical. RG has received compensation as a member of the scientific advisory board of Janssen, Lundbeck, Roche, SOBI, Takeda. He has served as consultant and/or speaker for Astra Zeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Pierre Fabre, Lilly, Lundbeck, LVMH, MAPREG, Novartis, Otsuka, Pileje, SANOFI, Servier and received compensation, and he has received research support from Servier. Co-founder and stock shareholder : Regstem. DS is a principal investigator of several rTMS research protocol (Centre Scientifique de Monaco), member of board in the STEP section of the AFPBN (French Association of Biological Psychiatry and neuropsychopharmacology), member of Task force for ECT (WSFPB), member of the European Society of Brain Stimulation (ESBS). SB is a principal investigator of several rTMS research protocol (CHU Nantes and DGOS grants), he serves as instructor in the STEP (Stimulation in Psychiatry) section of the AFPBN (French Association of Biological Psychiatry and Neuropsychopharmacology) and is a member of the European Society of Brain Stimulation (ESBS). MA is unpaid chairman of the Brainclinics Foundation, holds equity/stock in neurocare, serves as consultant to neurocare and Numinous. JD reports research grants from CIHR, the National Institute of Mental Health, Brain Canada, the Canadian Biomarker Integration Network in Depression, the Ontario Brain Institute, the Wilburforce Foundation, the Klarman Family Foundation, the Arrell Family Foundation and the Bowness Family Foundation, travel stipends from Lundbeck and ANT Neuro, in-kind equipment support for investigator-initiated trials from MagVenture, and is an advisor for BrainCheck, TMS Neuro Solutions, and Restorative Brain Clinics, and is co-founder of Ampa Health. ARB has received in-kind support from Soterix Medical and MagVenture in the past 3 years. ARB has a small equity of Flow Neuroscience options and, since February 2023, is part of its Scientific Advisory Board. SP report the following potential conflict(s) of interest: 2020 Recordati, The Forensic Panel, L.E.K. Consulting, Biohaven Pharmaceuticals, inc, EMBS Group spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością spółka komandytowa, Angelini Pharma, GEDEON RICHTER Plc, Association of Analytical Child and Adolescent Psychotherapists in Germany (Vereinigung Analytischer Kinder- u. Jugendlichen-Psychotherapeuten in Deutschland e. V., VAKJP), Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) Innova Pharma; 2021 Recordati, Biohaven Pharmaceuticals, inc, Angelini Pharma, GW Research Limited, Innova Pharma, Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) for Spark funding instrument, Lundbeck, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Aboca, Biogen, Menarini; 2022 Neopharmed Gentili, Lundbeck, Biohaven Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Beckley Psytech, Medpace, Acsel Health, Biogen; 2017 – 2022 R21 Grant, The National Institute of Mental Health: "Modulating Inhibitory Control Networks in Gambling Disorder with Theta Burst Stimulation". MPI: Nikolas Makris; Role: Co-I. Clinical Trial NCT03669315. BM is SYNEIKA (neuronavigation system applied to TMS) shareholder; and has served as consultant for Brainsway. NRW is a named inventor on Stanford-owned intellectual property relating to accelerated TMS pulse pattern sequences and neuroimaging-based TMS targeting; he has served on scientific advisory boards for Otsuka, NeuraWell, Nooma, and Halo Neuroscience; and he has equity/stock options in Magnus Medical, NeuraWell, and Nooma. The other co-authors do not report any COI related to this this work.