15 results on '"Eterradossi, Nicolas"'
Search Results
2. Multiple independent introductions of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 viruses during the 2020–2021 epizootic in France.
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Briand, François‐Xavier, Niqueux, Eric, Schmitz, Audrey, Martenot, Claire, Cherbonnel, Martine, Massin, Pascale, Busson, Rachel, Guillemoto, Carole, Pierre, Isabelle, Louboutin, Katell, Souchaud, Florent, Allée, Chantal, Quenault, Helene, Lucas, Pierrick, de Wiele, Anne Van, Blanchard, Yannick, Eterradossi, Nicolas, Scoizec, Axelle, Bouquin‐Leneveu, Sophie Le, and Rautureau, Severine
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AVIAN influenza A virus ,AVIAN influenza ,H5N1 Influenza ,GENOMICS ,PLANT viruses ,PATHOGENIC viruses ,INFLUENZA A virus - Abstract
During winter 2020–2021, France and other European countries were severely affected by highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 viruses of the Gs/GD/96 lineage, clade 2.3.4.4b. In total, 519 cases occurred, mainly in domestic waterfowl farms in Southwestern France. Analysis of viral genomic sequences indicated that 3 subtypes of HPAI H5 viruses were detected (H5N1, H5N3, H5N8), but most French viruses belonged to the H5N8 subtype genotype A, as Europe. Phylogenetic analyses of HPAI H5N8 viruses revealed that the French sequences were distributed in 9 genogroups, suggesting 9 independent introductions of H5N8 from wild birds, in addition to the 2 introductions of H5N1 and H5N3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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3. Description of the first isolates of guinea fowl corona and picornaviruses obtained from a case of guinea fowl fulminating enteritis.
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Courtillon, Céline, Briand, François-Xavier, Allée, Chantal, Contrant, Maud, Beven, Véronique, Lucas, Pierrick, Blanchard, Yannick, Mouchel, Simon, Eterradossi, Nicolas, Delforterie, Yves, Grasland, Béatrice, and Brown, Paul
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GUINEAFOWL ,PICORNAVIRUSES ,ENTERITIS ,EGGS ,GASTROINTESTINAL contents - Abstract
Guinea fowl fulminating enteritis has been reported in France since the 1970s. In 2014, a coronavirus was identified and appeared as a possible viral pathogen involved in the disease. In the present study, intestinal content from a guinea fowl involved in a new case of the disease in 2017 was analysed by deep sequencing, revealing the presence of a guinea fowl coronavirus (GfCoV) and a picornavirus (GfPic). Serial passage assays into the intra-amniotic cavity of 13-day-old specific pathogen-free chicken eggs and 20-day-old conventional guinea fowl eggs were attempted. In chicken eggs, isolation assays failed, but in guinea fowl eggs, both viruses were successfully obtained. Furthermore, two GfCoV and two GfPic isolates were obtained from the same bird but from different sections of its intestines. This shows that using eggs of the same species, in which the virus has been detected, can be the key for successful isolation. The consensus sequence of the full-length genomes of both GfCoV isolates was highly similar, and correlated to those previously described in terms of genome organization, ORF length and phylogenetic clustering. According to full-length genome analysis and the structure of the Internal Ribosome Entry Site, both GfPic isolates belong to the Anativirus genus and specifically the species Anativirus B. The availability of the first isolates of GfCoV and GfPic will now provide a means of assessing their pathogenicity in guinea fowl in controlled experimental conditions and to assess whether they are primary viral pathogens of the disease "guinea fowl fulminating enteritis". RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS First isolation of guinea fowl coronaviruses and picornaviruses. Eggs homologous to the infected species are key for isolation. Isolates available to precisely evaluate the virus roles in fulminating enteritis. First full-length genome sequences of guinea fowl picornaviruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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4. Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus Lagovirus europaeus/GI.1d strain: genome sequencing, in vivo virus replication kinetics, and viral dose effect.
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Droillard, Clément, Lemaitre, Evelyne, Amelot, Michel, Blanchard, Yannick, Keita, Alassane, Eterradossi, Nicolas, and Le Gall-Reculé, Ghislaine
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RABBIT diseases ,VIRAL replication ,VIRUS diseases ,NUCLEOTIDE sequencing ,DENSITY gradient centrifugation ,VIRAL genomes ,VIRAL genetics - Abstract
Background: Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus Lagovirus europaeus/GI.1d variant (GI.1d/RHDV) was identified in 1990 in France, and until the emergence of the new genotype GI.2, it was the main variant circulating in the country. The early stages of RHDV infection have been described in a few studies of rabbits experimentally infected with earlier strains, but no information was given on the minimum infective dose. We report the genomic and phenotypic characterisation of a GI.1d/RHDV strain collected in 2000 in France (GI.1d/00–21). Results: We performed in vivo assays in rabbits to study virus replication kinetics in several tissues at the early stage of infection, and to estimate the minimum infective dose. Four tested doses, negligible (10
− 1 viral genome copies), low (104 ), high (107 ) and very high (1011 ) were quantified using a method combining density gradient centrifugation of the viral particles and an RT-qPCR technique developed to quantify genomic RNA (gRNA). The GI.1d/00–21 genome showed the same genomic organisation as other lagoviruses; however, a substitution in the 5′ untranslated region and a change in the potential p23/2C-like helicase cleavage site were observed. We showed that the liver of one of the two rabbits inoculated via the oral route was infected at 16 h post-infection and all tissues at 39 h post-infection. GI.1d/00–21 induced classical RHD signs (depression) and lesions (haemorrhage and splenomegaly). Although infective dose estimation should be interpreted with caution, the minimum infective dose that infected an inoculated rabbit was lower or equal to 104 gRNA copies, whereas between 104 and 107 gRNA copies were required to also induce mortality. Conclusions: These results provide a better understanding of GI.1d/RHDV infection in rabbits. The genome analysis showed a newly observed mutation in the 5′ untranslated region of a lagovirus, whose role remains unknown. The phenotypic analysis showed that the pathogenicity of GI.1d/00–21 and the replication kinetics in infected organs were close to those reported for the original GI.1 strains, and could not alone explain the observed selective advantage of the GI.1d strains. Determining the minimum dose of viral particles required to cause mortality in rabbits is an important input for in vivo studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2021
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5. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus Spread by Short- and Long-Range Transmission, France, 2016-17.
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Briand, François-Xavier, Niqueux, Eric, Schmitz, Audrey, Martenot, Claire, Cherbonnel, Martine, Massin, Pascale, Kerbrat, Florian, Chatel, Marina, Guillemoto, Carole, Guillou-Cloarec, Cecile, Ogor, Katell, Le Prioux, Aurélie, Allée, Chantal, Beven, Véronique, Hirchaud, Edouard, Blanchard, Yannick, Scoizec, Axelle, Le Bouquin, Sophie, Eterradossi, Nicolas, and Grasland, Béatrice
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AVIAN influenza ,VIRAL transmission ,GENOTYPES ,AGRICULTURAL industries ,AVIAN influenza epidemiology ,BIRDS ,ANIMAL populations ,RESEARCH ,BIOLOGICAL evolution ,ANIMAL experimentation ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDICAL cooperation ,EVALUATION research ,COMPARATIVE studies ,EPIDEMICS - Abstract
We detected 3 genotypes of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) virus in France during winter 2016-17. Genotype A viruses caused dramatic economic losses in the domestic duck farm industry in southwestern France. Our phylogenetic analysis suggests that genotype A viruses formed 5 distinct geographic clusters in southwestern France. In some clusters, local secondary transmission might have been started by a single introduction. The intensity of the viral spread seems to correspond to the density of duck holdings in each production area. To avoid the introduction of disease into an unaffected area, it is crucial that authorities limit the movements of potentially infected birds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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6. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 A/Chicken/France/150169a/2015 Presents In Vitro Characteristics Consistent with Its Predicted Tropism for Avian Species.
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Massin, Pascale, Guillou-Cloarec, Cécile, Martenot, Claire, Niqueux, Eric, Schmitz, Audrey, Briand, François-Xavier, Allée, Chantal, Guillemoto, Carole, Lebras, Marie-Odile, Le Prioux, Aurélie, Ogor, Katell, and Eterradossi, Nicolas
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H5N1 Influenza ,AVIAN influenza ,AVIAN influenza A virus ,PATHOGENIC viruses ,SPECIES ,INFECTION - Abstract
Copyright of Avian Diseases is the property of American Association of Avian Pathologists, Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
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7. Host specificity of avian metapneumoviruses.
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Brown, Paul A., Allée, Chantal, Courtillon, Céline, Szerman, Nathan, Lemaitre, Evelyne, Toquin, Didier, Mangart, Jean-Michel, Amelot, Michel, and Eterradossi, Nicolas
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VIRUS isolation ,GALLIFORMES ,DUCK plague ,VIRAL transmission ,TURKEYS - Abstract
To date, four subgroups of avian metapneumoviruses have been defined (AMPV-A, B, C and D) based on genetic and antigenic differences. The extent of infection in the three principal species (turkeys, chickens and ducks) by these subgroups is, however, not well defined. Here, a series of controlled and ethically approved experimental infections were performed in specific pathogen-free turkeys, chickens and ducks with each of the four AMPV subgroups. For subgroup C, one strain isolated from turkeys in the USA (turkey AMPV-C) and one isolated from ducks in France (duck AMPV-C) were compared. Globally, these extensive experimental trials demonstrated that AMPV-A, B, turkey C and D were well adapted to Galliformes, especially turkeys; however, chickens showed limited clinical signs and differences in seroconversion and transmission. Notably, chickens did not transmit AMPV-A to contacts and were shown for the first time to be susceptible to AMPV-D. The duck AMPV-C was well adapted to ducks; however, chickens and turkeys seroconverted and were positive by virus isolation. In addition, seroconversion of contact turkeys to duck AMPV-C demonstrated horizontal transmission of this virus in a non-palmiped species under our experimental conditions. Interestingly, in chickens and turkeys, duck AMPV-C isolation was possible despite a lack of detection of viral RNA. Likewise, the turkey AMPV-C virus was well adapted to turkeys yet was also isolated from chickens despite a lack of detection of viral RNA. These results would suggest a selection for viral genetic sequences that differ from the original strain upon adaptation to a 'non-conventional host'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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8. Role of Backyard Flocks in Transmission Dynamics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Clade 2.3.4.4, France, 2016-2017.
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Souvestre, Marie, Guinat, Claire, Niqueux, Eric, Robertet, Luc, Croville, Guillaume, Paul, Mathilde, Schmitz, Audrey, Bronner, Anne, Eterradossi, Nicolas, and Guérin, Jean-Luc
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AVIAN influenza ,AVIAN influenza A virus ,VIRUS diseases ,FRONT yards & backyards - Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) clade 2.3.4.4 spread in France during 2016-2017. We assessed the biosecurity and avian influenza virus infection status of 70 backyard flocks near H5N8-infected commercial farms. One flock was seropositive for clade 2.3.4.4. Backyard flocks linked to commercial farms had elevated risk for H5 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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9. An experimental study of the survival of turkey coronavirus at room temperature and +4°C.
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Guionie, Olivier, Courtillon, Céline, Allee, Chantal, Maurel, Stéphan, Queguiner, Marilyne, and Eterradossi, Nicolas
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CORONAVIRUSES ,SURVIVAL analysis (Biometry) ,CORONAVIRUS diseases ,REVERSE transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ,EGG microbiology ,TURKEYS ,NUCLEOCAPSIDS ,VACCINATION ,DISEASES - Abstract
Turkey coronavirus (TCoV) is a gammacoronavirus (Coronaviridae,Nidovirales) responsible for digestive disorders in young turkeys. TCoV has been associated with poult enteritis complex, a syndrome that severely affects turkey production. No medical prophylaxis exists to control TCoV, therefore sanitary measures such as cleaning and disinfection are essential. It is thus important to evaluate temperatures that allow persistence of TCoV in the environment. Two series of aliquots of a suspension of a French isolate of TCoV (Fr TCoV) were stored at room temperature or +4°C for 0 to 40 days. As TCoV does not grow in cell culture, the presence of residual infectious TCoV in the stored samples was tested by inoculating embryonated specific pathogen free turkey eggs. As TCoV does not induce lesions in the embryo, virus replication in the jejunum and ileum of the embryos was detected 4 days post inoculation, using RNA extraction and a real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction based on the nucleocapsid gene. No surviving virus was detected after 10 days storage at +21.6±1.4°C or after 40 days storage at +4.1±1.6°C, these temperatures being representative of the mean summer and winter temperatures, respectively, in the major French poultry-producing region. The relatively short survival of the virus at room temperature should contribute to limited virus survival during summer months. However, infectious virus was still detected after 20 days storage at the cooler temperatures, a finding that suggests prolonged survival of Fr TCoV and easier transmission between poultry farms in a cool environment are possible. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2013
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10. Serological Evidence of Backyard Pig Exposure to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N8 Virus during 2016–2017 Epizootic in France.
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Hervé, Séverine, Schmitz, Audrey, Briand, François-Xavier, Gorin, Stéphane, Quéguiner, Stéphane, Niqueux, Éric, Paboeuf, Frédéric, Scoizec, Axelle, Le Bouquin-Leneveu, Sophie, Eterradossi, Nicolas, Simon, Gaëlle, and Zmora, Pawel
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POULTRY farms ,AVIAN influenza A virus ,SWINE ,SWINE farms ,INFLUENZA A virus ,MIXED infections - Abstract
In autumn/winter 2016–2017, HPAI-H5N8 viruses belonging to the A/goose/Guandong/1/1996 (Gs/Gd) lineage, clade 2.3.4.4b, were responsible for outbreaks in domestic poultry in Europe, and veterinarians were requested to reinforce surveillance of pigs bred in HPAI-H5Nx confirmed mixed herds. In this context, ten pig herds were visited in southwestern France from December 2016 to May 2017 and serological analyses for influenza A virus (IAV) infections were carried out by ELISA and hemagglutination inhibition assays. In one herd, one backyard pig was shown to have produced antibodies directed against a virus bearing a H5 from clade 2.3.4.4b, suggesting it would have been infected naturally after close contact with HPAI-H5N8 contaminated domestic ducks. Whereas pigs and other mammals, including humans, may have limited sensitivity to HPAI-H5 clade 2.3.4.4b, this information recalls the importance of implementing appropriate biosecurity measures in pig and poultry farms to avoid IAV interspecies transmission, a prerequisite for co-infections and subsequent emergence of new viral genotypes whose impact on both animal and human health cannot be predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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11. Natural and Experimental Persistence of Highly Pathogenic H5 Influenza Viruses in Slurry of Domestic Ducks, with or without Lime Treatment.
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Schmitz, Audrey, Pertusa, Marion, Le Bouquin, Sophie, Rousset, Nathalie, Ogor, Katell, LeBras, Marie-Odile, Martenot, Claire, Daniel, Patrick, Cepeda Hontecillas, Ana Belen, Scoizec, Axelle, Morin, Hervé, Massin, Pascale, Grasland, Béatrice, Niqueux, Eric, and Eterradossi, Nicolas
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DUCK plague , *SLURRY , *INFLUENZA viruses , *AVIAN influenza A virus , *BIRDS - Abstract
Infections by A/H5 and A/H7 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) can cause acute disease and are therefore notifiable in poultry and wild birds. During winter 2015-2016, several cases of infection caused by highly pathogenic (HP) AIVs belonging to the A/H5N1, A/H5N2, and A/H5N9 subtypes were detected in southwestern France. Throughout winter 2016-2017, several cases of infections caused mainly by A/H5N8 HP AIV (A/goose/GD/1/1996, clade 2.3.4.4) were detected across Europe. On both occasions, the viruses were widely detected on palmiped farms in France. This study was designed to evaluate the persistence of A/H5 HP AIV in slurry from various duck productions. This was achieved (i) in the laboratory setting by artificially spiking four AIV-free slurry samples with known amounts of A/H5N9 HP AIV and monitoring virus infectivity, with or without lime treatment to achieve pH 10 or pH 12, and (ii) by sampling slurry tanks on five naturally A/H5N8 HP-contaminated farms. Experimental results in artificially spiked slurry suggested virus survival for 4 weeks in slurry from Muscovy or Pekin duck breeders and for 2 weeks in slurry from ducks for foie gras production during the assisted-feeding period, without lime treatment. Persistence of infectious A/H5N9 HP AIV in all slurry samples after lime treatment at pH 10 or pH 12 was less than 1 week. The A/H5N8 HP AIV persisted in naturally contaminated untreated slurry for 7 weeks. The results obtained provide experimental support for the 60-day storage period without treatment or the 7-day interval after lime treatment defined in French regulations for slurry sanitization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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12. Concomitant NA and NS deletion on avian Influenza H3N1 virus associated with hen mortality in France in 2019.
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Briand, François-Xavier, Schmitz, Audrey, Scoizec, Axelle, Allée, Chantal, Busson, Rachel, Guillemoto, Carole, Quenault, Hélène, Lucas, Pierrick, Pierre, Isabelle, Louboutin, Katell, Guillou-Cloarec, Cécile, Martenot, Claire, Cherbonnel-Pansart, Martine, Thomas, Rodolphe, Massin, Pascale, Souchaud, Florent, Blanchard, Yannick, Steensels, Mieke, Lambrecht, Benedicte, and Eterradossi, Nicolas
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AVIAN influenza A virus , *AVIAN influenza , *COVID-19 , *AGRICULTURAL exhibitions , *POULTRY farms , *HENS , *MORTALITY - Abstract
An H3N1 avian influenza virus was detected in a laying hens farm in May 2019 which had experienced 25% mortality in Northern France. The complete sequencing of this virus showed that all segment sequences belonged to the Eurasian lineage and were phylogenetically very close to many of the Belgian H3N1 viruses detected in 2019. The French virus presented two genetic particularities with NA and NS deletions that could be related to virus adaptation from wild to domestic birds and could increase virulence, respectively. Molecular data of H3N1 viruses suggest that these two deletions occurred at two different times. • Avian Influenza H3N1 virus detected in poultry farm exhibited mortality in France. • Concomitant NA and NS deletion on French avian Influenza H3N1 virus. • tMRCA analyses suggest two independent event dates for the occurrence of NA and NS deletions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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13. Genetic diversity and evolution of Hare Calicivirus (HaCV), a recently identified lagovirus from Lepus europaeus.
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Droillard, Clément, Lemaitre, Evelyne, Chatel, Marina, Quéméner, Agnès, Briand, François-Xavier, Guitton, Jean-Sébastien, Marchandeau, Stéphane, Le Pendu, Jacques, Eterradossi, Nicolas, and Le Gall-Reculé, Ghislaine
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CALICIVIRUSES , *HARES , *CYTOSKELETAL proteins , *PATHOGENIC viruses , *PROTEIN models - Abstract
First recognized as highly pathogenic viruses, hare lagoviruses belonging to genotype GII.1 (EBHSV) infect various Lepus species. Genetically distinct benign lagoviruses (Hare Calicivirus, HaCV) have recently been identified but few data have been available so far on these strains. The analysis of 199 samples from hunted hares collected throughout France allowed the detection of 20 HaCV and showed that they were widely distributed in this country. Ten HaCV capsid protein gene sequences were characterized. A first HaCV capsid protein structural model was proposed, revealing a global structure similar to that of a pathogenic GII.1 strain. The HaCV sequences showed an even higher genetic diversity than previously appreciated, with the characterization of two genotypes (GII.2, GII.3) and several additional putative genotypes. The most recent common ancestor for HaCV VP60 gene was estimated to be much older than that for GII.1 pathogenic strains. These results give new insights into the phylogenetic relationships of HaCV within the Lagovirus genus. • Ten new HaCV capsid protein VP60 gene sequences described • Characterization of two new genotypes and several putative genotypes • First capsid protein structural model proposed for a benign lagovirus • TMRCA for HaCV capsid protein gene estimated long before that of pathogenic strains • Probable common genetic origin of European and Australian HaCV [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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14. Transmission Kinetics and histopathology induced by European Turkey Coronavirus during experimental infection of specific pathogen free turkeys.
- Author
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Brown PA, Courtillon C, Weerts EAWS, Andraud M, Allée C, Vendembeuche A, Amelot M, Rose N, Verheije MH, and Eterradossi N
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- Animals, Antigens, Viral analysis, Coronavirus Infections pathology, Coronavirus Infections transmission, Coronavirus Infections virology, France, Poultry Diseases pathology, Poultry Diseases virology, Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms, Basic Reproduction Number, Coronavirus Infections veterinary, Coronavirus, Turkey physiology, Poultry Diseases transmission, Turkeys
- Abstract
Numerous viruses, mostly in mixed infections, have been associated worldwide with poult enteritis complex (PEC). In 2008 a coronavirus (Fr-TCoV 080385d) was isolated in France from turkey poults exhibiting clinical signs compatible with this syndrome. In the present study, the median infectious dose (ID
50 ), transmission kinetics and pathogenicity of Fr-TCoV were investigated in 10-day-old SPF turkeys. Results revealed a titre of 104.88 ID50 /ml with 1 ID50 /ml being beyond the limit of genome detection using a well-characterized qRT-PCR for avian coronaviruses. Horizontal transmission of the virus via the airborne route was not observed however, via the oro-faecal route this proved to be extremely rapid (one infectious individual infecting another every 2.5 hr) and infectious virus was excreted for at least 6 weeks in several birds. Histological examination of different zones of the intestinal tract of the Fr-TCoV-infected turkeys showed that the virus had a preference for the lower part of the intestinal tract with an abundance of viral antigen being present in epithelial cells of the ileum, caecum and bursa of Fabricius. Viral antigen was also detected in dendritic cells, monocytes and macrophages in these areas, which may indicate a potential for Fr-TCoV to replicate in antigen-presenting cells. Together these results highlight the importance of good sanitary practices in turkey farms to avoid introducing minute amounts of virus that could suffice to initiate an outbreak, and the need to consider that infected individuals may still be infectious long after a clinical episode, to avoid virus dissemination through the movements of apparently recovered birds., (© 2018 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.)- Published
- 2019
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15. Presence of the new human metapneumovirus in French children with bronchiolitis.
- Author
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Freymouth F, Vabret A, Legrand L, Eterradossi N, Lafay-Delaire F, Brouard J, and Guillois B
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- Bronchiolitis diagnosis, Bronchiolitis epidemiology, Child, Disease Outbreaks, Female, France epidemiology, Humans, Infant, Male, Metapneumovirus pathogenicity, Paramyxoviridae Infections epidemiology, Paramyxoviridae Infections virology, Retrospective Studies, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction methods, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Sequence Homology, Bronchiolitis virology, Metapneumovirus isolation & purification, Paramyxoviridae Infections diagnosis
- Abstract
We developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect human metapneumovirus (hMPV) in French children hospitalized for acute respiratory tract disease during the winter of 2001 to 2002. This assay showed that 19 (6.6%) of 337 respiratory specimens that were negative for other respiratory viruses were positive for hMPV. Seven hMPV infections were also detected in the previous winter. The patients had the following clinical syndromes: bronchiolitis, 16; acute exacerbation of asthma, 4; bronchitis, 1; laryngitis, 1; high fever with diarrhea, 2; high fever with rhinopharyngitis, 1; rhinopharyngitis with conjunctivitis and otitis, 1. The sequences of the seven amplified products were similar for all cases and had 99% homology with the previously described N gene sequence.
- Published
- 2003
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