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Background: The present study examines the effects of the COVID-19 confinement on health-related behaviors (physical activity, sedentary behaviors) of young French children., Methods: Parents of 348 French children under 6 years of age completed an online survey launched during the first days of the initial COVID-19-related confinement. They were asked to indicate whether their kids increased, decreased or maintained their physical activity level, time spent in sedentary behaviors, and sleep time. Information regarding the configuration of their home environment (access to outdoor facilities, implantation area) and lifestyle habits (solitary activity, parents' solicitation; nap time; night waking episodes and night duration) were also collected., Results: A total of 25.0% of the children were reported to decrease, 24.7% maintained and 50.3% increase their physical activity during the confinement. Greater proportions of kids who had access to a collective (51.4%) or individual (53.7%) outdoor area increased their physical activity. Regardless of the housing situation (urban, suburban or rural) or access to outdoor facilities, the majority of children increased their screen time (60.4%). Two-thirds (66.7%) of parents reported nap time remained unchanged for their kids. Fifty-one percent of parents admitted a link between teleworking and their kids' screen time., Conclusions: Health behaviors were differentially impacted in very young kids during a confinement period. Importantly, a majority of parents admitted a causal effect of telecommuting on their kids' screen exposure. The present results also show that the proneness to increase physical activity during confinement is positively related to access to a favorable outdoor environment.

Background: There is an alarming and constant worldwide progression of physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors in children and adolescents. The present paper summarizes findings from France's 2020 Report Card on physical activity for children and youth, comparing its results to its 2 previous editions (2016 and 2018)., Methods: France's 2020 Report Card follows the standardized methodology established by the Active Healthy Kids Global Matrix, grading 10 common physical activity indicators using the best available evidence. The grades were informed by national surveys, peer-reviewed literature, government and nongovernment reports, and online information., Results: The expert panel awarded the following grades: Overall Physical Activity: D; Organized Sport Participation and Physical Activity: C-; Active Play: INC; Active Transportation: C-; Sedentary Behaviors: D-; Family and Peers: D-; Physical Fitness: D; School: B-; Community and the Built Environment: F; Government: C., Conclusions: This 2020 edition of France's Report Card again highlights the alarming levels of physical activity and sedentary behaviors among French children and adolescents, calling for the development of effective national action. It also draws attention to the particular deleterious effects of the COVID-19 confinement on youth's movement behaviors, which significantly worsened the situation.

Aim: This study examined the effect of different epoch lengths (from 3 to 60 s) on (a) moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), (b) 10 minutes bouts of MVPA and (c) compliance with World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, as measured with an ActiGraph accelerometer., Methods: A sample of 401 adolescents (14.48±0.69 years) wore a GT3X accelerometer to measure physical activity (PA) for 7 consecutive days. Data, originally collected in 1-s epoch(s), were then reintegrated into epochs of 3-, 5-, 10-, 15-, 30-, 45- and 60-s., Results: The results showed a significant epoch effect (P=0.000) for time spent in MVPA, 10-min bouts of MVPA and the extent of compliance with guidelines percentage of compliance of guidelines. Bland-Altman analysis showed good agreement between 5- and 10-, 5- and 15-, and 10- and 15-s data, both for MVPA and 10-min bouts of MVPA., Conclusion: Epidemiological studies should take into account the sampling interval to offer accurate conclusions with regard to levels of MVPA and the extent to which adolescents comply with guidelines. Shorter epochs, such as 5-, 10- or 15-s are proposed for comparative studies carried out with adolescents in this area.

Since the first French flight in space in 1982, the CNES has developed a wide range of instruments, especially in the field of Neurosciences. The design of these instruments has considerably evolved from rather simple equipment up to much more sophisticated tools that are being specially tailored for these missions. Four major phases can be identified: -a simple adaptation of an echographe leading to the first neurosciences experiments (the ARAGATZ'88 mission), -the ILLUSIONS and VIMINAL instruments used during the ANTARES'92 and ALTAIR'93 missions, -the COGNILAB instrument developed for the CASSIOPEE'96 mission, to be re-used in 1997 and in 1999, -a preliminary design of the 1999 mission payload, including virtual reality concepts, in a modular design to adapt to the European COF. Aside from the evolution of scientific requirements, the experience gained during the flights led to progressive improvements in the different technical parts, including visual system, body restraint systems, accessories, such as a force feedback joystick, computer and software, etc. This paper describes the technical evolutions in the CNES Neurosciences program.