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Purpose: The purpose of this study consisted of an organisational development intervention in a growing small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) where the top management's objective was to become an attractive workplace for the next generation of employees. The central problem is how to develop a smart working environment (SWE) based on the needs of this target group. The aim is both practical and theoretical. Design/methodology/approach: The action research (AR) approach was used as a frame for the organisational learning process. The problem identification, targets and activities were developed in an iterative process together with the management team and employees. Starting from the main problem, a methodological plan was outlined for the intervention, including several instruments for collecting both qualitative and quantitative data. AR is an emergent process in which data, researchers and participants are equally contributing in deciding on the next steps to be taken. Findings: The theoretical findings pertain to the definition of what an SWE is in this specific context and how it evolved during the intervention period. It is identified as expansive learning of the concept, which is illustrated through the iterative phases allowing for the expansion of understanding and implementing new ways of being, doing and relating in the organisation. Research limitations/implications: The results are based on a limited and contextually specific sample and are thus descriptive in relation to the organisation subjected to study. Further research is needed to see how the findings are transferable to other contexts. Practical implications: This study highlights how participative approaches and managerial sensitivity to employees' needs are valuable for defining and implementing an SWE and how this approach can improve organisational dynamics and contribute to organisational learning. Originality/value: The study gives insight into factors that the new generation of employees finds most important at work. While prior research on SWE mostly focuses on efficiency and effectiveness framed by digitalisation and workspace, the present findings emphasise the importance of working with the socioemotional dimension at work for ensuring employee sustainability.

This paper analyses disfluencies and ungrammatical expressions in the speech of 11-13-year-old Finnish-speaking boys with ASD (N = 5) and with neurotypical development (N = 6). The ASD data were from authentic group therapy sessions and neurotypical data from teacher-led group discussions. The proportion of disfluencies and ungrammatical expressions was greater in the speech of participants with ASD (26.4%) than in the control group (15.5%). Furthermore, a qualitative difference was noted: The ASD group produced long, complex disfluent turns with word searches, self-repairs, false starts, fillers, prolongations, inconsistent syntactic structures and grammatical errors, whereas in the control group, the disfluencies were mainly fillers and sound prolongations. The disfluencies and ungrammatical expressions occurring in the ASD participants' interactions also caused comprehension problems.

Although many studies have investigated teaching in one-to-one computing classrooms, not many have considered the material dimension as equally important to the human dimension. Thus, by using a sociomaterial perspective, we aim to broaden the discussion about emergent teaching practices in Nordic classrooms where students use tablets as personal devices. We therefore provide three vignettes from ethnographic classroom studies in Sweden, Finland and Denmark. These illustrate how tablets were used in specific classrooms. In our qualitative analysis of the vignettes, we draw on the concept of patterns of relations to describe the dynamic entanglements of the emergent teaching and learning practices. These are patterns of 1) interrogation, 2) spacemaking and 3) materialisation. Our findings show that tablets do not enter empty learning spaces but are woven into and participate in forming ways of teaching in one-to-one classrooms. Teachers must therefore learn to engage with and manage complex relationships rather than learn how to use an iPad.

The study presented is part of a work-in-progress project of developing a mobile application for smartphones, Talking Tools (TT). The first context TT is developed for and tested in is sloyd education [Swedish: slöjd], a compulsory subject taught in Finnish schools. In sloyd learners design and manufacture unique artifacts in various materials (textiles, wood, metal, and electronics). The process-based work flow of sloyd lends itself well to this kind of educational tool, which aids multimodal documentation, communication, and instruction. The empirical study targets what student teachers (N=11) microblogged about and the character of the blog posts during a sloyd project. A sociocultural perspective of appropriating new tools for learning is used as a theoretical frame, as well as views on multimodality and transmedia. Their sloyd process is discussed in terms of transmedia storybuilding, as learners build their own story as a flow of content through their documentation and interactions.

The purpose of this article was to present the project Vi r Music, with a focus on electric guitar teaching (Case 1) and master classes (Case 2). What were the benefits and shortcomings in the two cases and how did online teaching differ from face-to-face teaching? A guitar teacher with a specialisation in jazz music introduced distance teaching to three of his students. Under supervision the students taught upper-secondary students living 290 km from the university. The guitar lessons were held with the use of Skype. In the project, 11 distance master classes were also studied. The devices used were a video-conference system, external microphones and speakers, and 50-52" TV screens. The methods for data collection in both cases were above all qualitative interviews with teachers and students and to some degree observation of the teaching sessions. The overall impression from the study was that teachers and students seemed to consider the online teaching in the project a positive experience. The informants looked upon the distance-learning situation as a fruitful complement to face-to-face teaching. Because of the time delay, the most difficult part of the online teaching was playing together or marking the rhythm. The results suggested that video-conference teaching is more intensive than face-to-face teaching and requires both thorough planning and readiness to improvise during the lesson.

Summary: The association between lactation and bone size and strength was studied in 145 women 16 to 20 years after their last parturition. Longer cumulative duration of lactation was associated with larger bone size and strength later in life. Introduction: Pregnancy and lactation have no permanent negative effect on maternal bone mineral density but may positively affect bone structure in the long term. We hypothesized that long lactation promotes periosteal bone apposition and hence increasing maternal bone strength. Methods: Body composition, bone area, bone mineral content, and areal bone mineral density of whole body and left proximal femur were assessed using DXA, and cross-sectional area and volumetric bone mineral density of the left tibia shaft were measured by pQCT in 145 women (mean age 48 years, range 36-60 years) 16 to 20 years after their last parturition. Hip (HSI) and tibia strength indexes (TBSI) were calculated. Medical history and lifestyle factors including breastfeeding patterns and durations were collected via a self-administered questionnaire. Weight change during each pregnancy was collected from personal maternity tracking records. Results: Sixteen to 20 years after the last parturition, women who had breastfed in total more than 33 months in their life, regardless of the number of children, had greater bone strength estimates of the hip (HSI = 1.92 vs. 1.61) and the tibia (TBSI = 5,507 vs. 4,705) owing to their greater bone size than mothers who had breastfed less than 12 months ( p < 0.05 for all). The differences in bone strength estimates were independent of body height and weight, menopause status, use of hormone replacement therapy, and present leisure time physical activity level. Conclusion: Breastfeeding is beneficial to maternal bone strength in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cardiovascular diseases may originate in childhood. Biomarkers identifying individuals with increased risk for disease are needed to support early detection and to optimise prevention strategies., Methods: In this prospective study, by applying a machine learning to high throughput NMR-based metabolomics data, we identified circulating childhood metabolic predictors of adult cardiovascular disease risk (MetS score) in a cohort of 396 females, followed from childhood (mean age 11·2 years) to early adulthood (mean age 18·1 years). The results obtained from the discovery cohort were validated in a large longitudinal birth cohort of females and males followed from puberty to adulthood (n = 2664) and in four cross-sectional data sets (n = 6341)., Findings: The identified childhood metabolic signature included three circulating biomarkers, glycoprotein acetyls (GlycA), large high-density lipoprotein phospholipids (L-HDL-PL), and the ratio of apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoB/ApoA) that were associated with increased cardio-metabolic risk in early adulthood (AUC = 0·641‒0·802, all p<0·01). These associations were confirmed in all validation cohorts with similar effect estimates both in females (AUC = 0·667‒0·905, all p<0·01) and males (AUC = 0·734‒0·889, all p<0·01) as well as in elderly patients with and without type 2 diabetes (AUC = 0·517‒0·700, all p<0·01). We subsequently applied random intercept cross-lagged panel model analysis, which suggested bidirectional causal relationship between metabolic biomarkers and cardio-metabolic risk score from childhood to early adulthood., Interpretation: These results provide evidence for the utility of a circulating metabolomics panel to identify children and adolescents at risk for future cardiovascular disease, to whom preventive measures and follow-up could be indicated., Funding: This study was financially supported by the Academy of Finland, Ministry of Education of Finland and University of Jyv€askyl€a, the National Nature Science Foundation of China (Grant 31571219), the 111 Project (B17029), the Shanghai Jiao Tong University Zhiyuan Foundation (Grant CP2014013), China Postdoc Scholarship Council (201806230001), the Food and Health Bureau of Hong Kong SAR's Health and Medical Research Fund (HMRF grants 15162161 and 07181036) and the CUHK Direct Grants for Research (2016¢033 and 2018¢034), and a postdoctoral fellowship from K. Carole Ellison (to T.W.). The UK Medical Research Council and Wellcome (Grant ref: 217065/Z/19/Z) and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC. NFBC1966 received financial support from University of Oulu Grant no. 24000692, Oulu University Hospital Grant no. 24301140, ERDF European Regional Development Fund Grant no. 539/2010 A31592. This work was supported by European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme LongITools 874739., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declared no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and gut microbiota composition in premenopausal women. The participants consisted of 71 premenopausal Finnish women (aged 19-49 years). Gut microbiota were analyzed using flow cytometry, 16S rRNA gene hybridization and DNA-staining. Maximum oxygen uptake (VO 2max ) was assessed by respiratory gas analyzer and body composition by Bioimpdance. We found that participants with low VO 2max had lower Bacteroides , but higher Eubacterium rectale-Clostridium coccoides than the high VO 2max group ( p < 0.05 for all). VO 2max was inversely associated with EreC ( r = -0.309, p = 0.01) but not with other bacteria. VO 2max also negatively correlated with fat% ( r = -0.755, p < 0.001), triglycerides ( r = -0.274, p = 0.021) and leptin ( r = -0.574, p < 0.001). By contrast, EreC was positively associated with fat% ( r = 0.382, p = 0.002), dietary fat intake ( r = 0.258, p = 0.034), triglycerides ( r = 0.390, p = 0.002) and leptin ( r = 0.424, p = 0.001), but negatively with carbohydrate intake ( r = -0.252, p = 0.034) and HDL ( r = -0.26, p = 0.028). After adjusting for age and dietary intake, all the significant associations remained. However, after adjusting for fat%, the associations between VO 2max and EreC disappeared. Our results suggest that cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with gut microbiota composition, independent of age and carbohydrate or fat intake. The association between VO 2max and EreC , however, appears to be mediated by body fatness., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest. The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.

Context: Knowledge about the interrelationship between adiposity and systemic low-grade inflammation during pubertal growth is important in detecting early signs of obesity-related metabolic disorders., Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the developmental trajectories of fat mass (FM) and high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels and factors that could explain the relationship between FM and hsCRP in girls from prepuberty to early adulthood., Design: This was a 7.5-year longitudinal study., Setting: The study was conducted at the University of Jyväskylä Sports and Health Science laboratory., Participants: Three hundred ninety-six healthy Finnish girls aged 11.2 ± 0.8 years participated in the study., Methods: Body composition was assessed by a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and serum concentrations of hsCRP, adipokines, and sex hormones by ELISA., Results: Both FM and hsCRP increased with age and had similar trajectories but different inter- and intravariance patterns. A joint analysis of fat distribution and hsCRP indicated that the linkage probabilities across different trajectory subgroups between regional FM and the corresponding hsCRP levels varied from 16% to 53%. In a longitudinal regression model, the common predictor for both FM and hsCRP was T (β = .065, P < 0.01, and β = -.213, P < 0.05, respectively) before menarche. Other factors predicting FM before menarche were SHBG (β = -.196, P < 0.01) and leptin (β = .381, P < .01); and after menarche hsCRP (β = .048, P < 0.01), T (β = .089, P < .01), leptin (β = .340, P < .01), and adiponectin (β = -.086, P < .05). Of the factors assessed, only FM was associated with hsCRP both before and after menarche (β =1.058, P < .01 and β =1.121, P < .01, respectively)., Conclusions: The differences in regional body fat depots and hsCRP levels in adulthood are largely established early in childhood. However, the intra- and interindividual variances differed between FM and hsCRP. FM explained the variance of hsCRP during pubertal growth, but the reverse was not true, which suggests that FM contributes to low-grade inflammation and not vice versa.

Background: Sleep is essential for normal and healthy living. Lack of good quality sleep affects physical, mental and emotional functions. Currently, the treatments of obesity-related sleep disorders focus more on suppressing sleep-related symptoms pharmaceutically and are often accompanied by side effects. Thus, there is urgent need for alternative ways to combat chronic sleep disorders. This study will investigate underlying mechanisms of the effects of exercise and diet intervention on obesity-related sleep disorders, the role of gut microbiota in relation to poor quality of sleep and day-time sleepiness, as well as the levels of hormones responsible for sleep-wake cycle regulation., Methods/design: Participants consist of 330 (target sample) Finnish men aged 30 to 65 years. Among them, we attempt to randomize 180 (target sample) with sleep disorders into exercise and diet intervention. After screening and physician examination, 101 men with sleep disorders are included and are randomly assigned into three groups: exercise (n = 33), diet (n = 35), and control (n = 33). In addition, we attempt to recruit a target number of 150 healthy men without sleep disorders as the reference group. The exercise group undergoes a six-month individualized progressive aerobic exercise program based on initial fitness level. The diet group follows a six month specific individualized diet program. The control group and reference group are asked to maintain their normal activity and diet during intervention. Measurements are taken before and after the intervention. Primary outcomes include objective sleep measurements by polysomnography and a home-based non-contact sleep monitoring system, and subjective sleep evaluation by questionnaires. Secondary outcome measures include anthropometry, body composition, fitness, sleep disorder-related lifestyle risk factors, composition of gut microbiota and adipose tissue metabolism, as well as specific hormone and neurotranmitter levels and inflammatory biomarkers from venous blood samples., Discussion: It is expected that the improvement of sleep quality after exercise and diet intervention will be evident both in subjective and objective measures of quality of sleep. Additionally, the change of sleep quality induced by exercise and diet intervention is expected to be related to the changes in specific hormones and inflammatory biomarkers, and in the composition of gut microbiota.