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• Countries with the same GDP/cap presented different levels of resource use. • The domestic extraction of natural resources impacted the socioeconomic metabolism. • Low population density was linked to higher levels of resource use per capita. • Economic crisis was particularly impactful in the use of non-metallic minerals. • Services were associated with higher resource productivity. The use of natural resources drives socioeconomic metabolism (SEM) and has been rising as economies develop, but not all countries present the same trends. Understanding how key aspects of the SEM relate to resource use and productivity is critical for promoting sustainable development. This paper analyses 15 years of the SEM dynamics in four European countries by quantifying gross domestic product (GDP) and resource use per capita. The monetary and material flows of Estonia, Croatia, Finland, and the United Kingdom were quantified in monetary and physical input-output tables, enabling the characterization of the flows between the economic sectors and of their cross-correlation indicators, namely through resource productivity. Key findings included the observation of a correlation between high productivity and more developed economies, where infrastructure has been developed for high-productivity services, the effects of economic structure on resource productivity, and on how the SEM developed after an economic recession. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Little is known about the effect of economic recessions on cardiovascular disease. Therefore, we investigated the association of the economic recession in Finland in the 1990s with the incidence of cardiovascular disease among middle-aged and older women. Methods: A total of 918 women aged 53–73 years were examined for health and socioeconomic position in 1998–2001, as part of the population-based prospective Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. The participants were asked whether Finland's economic recession in the early 1990s had affected their lives socially or economically. The cohort was followed for 18 years, and incident physician-diagnosed cases of cardiovascular disease were obtained through record linkage with the national hospital discharge registry that covers every hospitalisation in Finland. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the risk of cardiovascular disease among those with and without exposure to socioeconomic hardships during the recession, after adjusting for possible confounders. Results: At the baseline, 587 women reported having experienced socioeconomic hardships due to the recession. During the 20 years' follow-up, 501 women developed cardiovascular disease. After adjustment for age, the risk of cardiovascular disease was 27% higher among women exposed to socioeconomic hardships compared to those who were not (hazard ratio 1.27, 95% confidence interval 1.06–1.53, P =0.012). Further adjustments for overall socioeconomic position at baseline, prior cardiovascular health, and lifestyle factors did not attenuate the association (hazard ratio 1.23, 95% confidence interval 1.02–1.5, P =0.029). Conclusions: The early 1990s economic recession was associated with a subsequently increased risk of cardiovascular disease among Finnish women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Long-term development of psychiatric disorders and alcohol-related diseases after economic recessions is insufficiently studied. We investigated the overall impact of the economic recession between 1991 and 1994 in Finland on the long-term incidence of psychiatric and alcohol-related diseases. Methods: A population-based sample of 1,774 women and men aged 53–73 years were examined between 1998 and 2001 from the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study (KIHD). Participants completed comprehensive questionnaires on the possible impact of the 1990s recession in Finland on their lives. They were followed-up until 2018. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) of new incident psychiatric and alcohol-related disorders during the 20-years follow-up after linkage to the National Hospital Registry. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) of psychiatric disorders at baseline. Results: At baseline, 93 participants had psychiatric disorders. During 20-years follow-up, 138 new psychiatric disorders and 45 alcohol-related diseases were developed. The covariate-adjusted risk of psychiatric disorders was over twice higher among men who experienced recession-induced hardships compared to those who did not (HR = 2.20, 95%CI = 1.04–4.70, p = 0.04). The risk of alcohol-related diseases was more than four times higher among men with hardships (HR = 4.44, 95%CI = 1.04–18.90, p = 0.04). No such associations were observed among women. No association was observed between recession-induced hardships and having psychiatric disorders at baseline in both genders (multivariate-adjusted p = 0.63 for women, multivariate-adjusted p = 0.36 for men). Conclusion: Long-term risk of psychiatric disorders and alcohol-related diseases was increased after the 1990s economic recession in Finland, but only among middle-age and older men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To estimate whether large macroeconomic fluctuations in the 2000s affected inequalities in alcohol‐related mortality in the Baltic countries and Finland. Design Longitudinal register‐based follow‐up study. Setting: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Finland. Participants: General population in the 35–74 age group. Measurements Socioeconomic status was measured by the highest achieved educational level and was categorised using the International Standard Classification of Education 2011 as low (included categories 0–2), middle (3–4), and high (5–8). Educational inequalities in alcohol‐related mortality in 2000–2003, 2004–2007, 2008–2011 and 2012–2015 were examined using census‐linked longitudinal mortality data. We estimated age‐standardised mortality rates and the relative and slope index of inequality. Findings Alcohol‐related mortality increased in all countries in 2004–2007 except among Estonian women and decreased/remained the same from 2008 onward except among Latvian men. By 2012–2015 alcohol‐related mortality was still higher than in 2000–2003 in Finland, Latvia and Lithuania (women only). Relative inequalities increased across the study period in all countries (significantly in Lithuania and Latvia). The 2004–2007 increase in relative inequalities was mostly driven by a larger mortality increase among the low educated, whereas in 2008–2011 and in 2012–2015 inequalities often increased because of a larger relative mortality decline among the high educated. However, these period changes in relative inequalities and between educational groups were often not statistically significant. Absolute inequalities were larger in 2012–2015 versus 2000–2003 in all countries except Estonia (decrease). Conclusion: In the Baltic countries and Finland, alcohol‐related mortality tended to increase faster among the low educated during a period of economic expansion (2004–2007) and decrease more among the high educated during a period of economic recession (2008–2011). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of European Journal of Social Work is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A steady improvement in the economy and employment since 2010 did not stop the drop in total fertility rate in Finland. Declining fertility now includes women in almost all age and educational groups in the country. This decline has continued long enough to also indicate a dramatic decrease in completed fertility, which is a departure from decades of sustained levels of completed fertility. Drawing from a range of publicly available descriptive data, this article assesses the extent to which old and new theories of fertility are relevant in explaining this development. In conclusion, the fertility development in Finland is surprising, and challenges traditional theories on fertility, which analyse fertility from economic and gender perspectives. Social interaction theory holds more promise. However, it is very difficult to find data sources which could elucidate the role of social interaction in the fertility decline. Designing pro-natalistic policies is challenging before there is more detailed evidence and understanding concerning the key drivers of the fertility decline in Finland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A financial recession has been associated with a decrease in all-cause mortality, but little is known about how psychosocial fluctuations in stress tolerance or orientation to life affect this association. Sense of Coherence (SOC) is a core construct in the Salutogenic Model of Health and is determined by generalized resistance resources and measures one's orientation to life by comprehensibility, manageability, and meaningfulness. We followed the mortality of a cohort of middle-aged Finnish men (n = 854) from the 1980s to the end of 2019. The cohort baseline was stratified into four age groups at baseline: 42, 48, 54, and 60. SOC was measured twice, at the baseline and at the 11-year follow-up visit. Between these SOC measurements, Finland confronted a deep financial recession, the effects of which were examined at the follow-up visit by questionnaires related to economic hardship (sum of nine items) and experience of the recession (one item). Using age group, marital status, employment status, and education as covariates, the change in SOC mediated both the economic hardship and the experience of recession relations to mortality: the indirect effects -19.57 (95% CI -43.23 to -0.92), and -26.82 (95% CI -59.52 to -0.61), respectively. Every one-point increase in economic hardship predicted about 2 and a half weeks shorter life expectancy, and those who experienced very strong disadvantages of economic recession had about 3 and a half months lower life expectancy by the end of 2019 than those who fully avoided the disadvantages. Furthermore, the younger age groups, 42 and 48, experienced the recession more severely than the older groups, 54 and 60. We conclude that following how orientation to life changes among middle-aged might be an informative approach after a recession. • Examined how the experience of financial recession is associated with mortality. • Followed a cohort of middle-aged men who lived through a recession. • Measured sense of coherence (SOC) before and after the recession. • Change in SOC was a mediator between recession and mortality. • Psychosocial change is a potential explanation for the recession-induced mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses individual-level longitudinal data on working-age Finns to examine the health effects of economic fluctuations during a period of economic decline (1989-1996) and recovery (1997-2007) in Finland. We used a nationally representative, longitudinal sample formed by linking population, employment and mortality registers (n = 698,484; 7,719,870 person-years). We implemented a region fixed-effect model that exploits within-regional variations over time in the unemployment rate to identify the effect of economic fluctuations on mortality, controlling for individual employment transitions. Unemployment rates increased from 5.2 % in 1989 to 19.8 % in 1996, declining gradually thereafter and reaching 9.7 % in 2007. Results indicate that these large fluctuations in the economy had no impact on the overall mortality of most working age Finns. The exception was highly educated men, who experienced an increase of 7 % (Rate ratio = 1.07, 95 % confidence interval 1.04, 1.10) for every one-point increase in the regional unemployment rate during the period 1989-1996 due to increased mortality from cardiovascular disease and suicide. This increase, however, was not robust in models that used the employment to population ratio as measure of the economy. Unemployment rates were unrelated to mortality among females, lower educated men, and among any group during economic recovery (1997-2007). For most Finns, we found no consistent evidence of changes in mortality in response to contractions or expansions in the economy. Possible explanations include the weak impact of the recession on wages, as well as the generous unemployment insurance and social benefit system in Finland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The network of small rural schools in Finland has been radically weakened since the global recession of the 1990s. This article focuses on the social role of rural schools and the phenomenon of school closures. Our aim is to look at rural schools from the viewpoint of local residents and examine how they experience school closures. We seek to hear the local voice that often remains silent in closure processes. The contributions to rural education research rise from the Finnish context and from the interview data, which incorporate multiple local stakeholder perspectives regarding rural schools and the rural school-community connection. The study uses empirical data collected from interviews with people who have experienced school closures in their villages or municipalities. Social capital is used to understand the role of a school in the community: We study its role as a producer and maintainer of local social capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the impact of long-term unemployment on physical activity. We examined the effects 6 and 15 years following a severe business cycle downturn in Finland over the period 1991-1994. The study sample comprised residents of Northern Finland. The unemployed individuals were 23-26 years old during the downturn. Physical activity, measured by MET minutes and meeting WHO guidelines, was higher 15 years later among those people who experienced the longest periods of unemployment in 1991-1994. Physical activity was somewhat lower among people with relatively shorter periods of unemployment., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This article addresses the issue of how children and young people are constructed and governed in Finland’s crime prevention and securitizing programmes and projects. The analysed data consists of abstracts and appraisals of 88 local securitizing programs. The results of the analysis suggest that, in many ways, the programmes reflect a post-recession situation in Finnish society. Children and young people are dominantly positioned as ‘risks’ or as ‘exposed to risks’ and the goals and means of the programmes are connected with intensifying their control. The results suggest that the status of security speech and crime prevention technologies within the entity of governing childhood and youth require critical consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The history of Finnish psychiatry has been characterized by polarizations: priority in hospitals vs. outpatient care, centralized vs. decentralized organization, independent vs. integrated administration, biological vs. psychological treatments, private vs. public production, special psychiatric policies vs. general health policies. The independent psychiatric organizations on District level lasted from the 1920s until 1990. Since then, the formerly independent psychiatry was subordinated to General Hospital administration and the centralized system of state planning and financing of healthcare was gradually decentralized and run down. During the heavy Finnish economic recession of the early 1990s, the cuts of the public sector were unfortunately focused most heavily on psychiatric services. The main focus of research and teaching has shifted from earlier emphasis on psychoanalytical approach to biological psychiatry since the late 1980s. The administrative position of psychiatry has been repeatedly changing and unstable during the last 20 years. At the level of the contents of the services, however, there have been many very positive and promising developments. Psychiatry has come closer to other specialties from its formerly isolated position, when the separate administrations have been integrated. Provision of outpatient services has increased remarkably, while the number of hospital beds has decreased radically. Interest and resources in research have increased remarkably, and numerous new and good quality psychiatric research reports are being published. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic developers are facing a continuously changing business environment. It is even more difficult than previously to predict the economic conditions which regions and companies located within them will face. Industries are undergoing some radical changes. As a result of the recession, regional economic patterns have to be changed and modernized in a timely fashion. In common with many other regions in the European Union, the need for action arose in Jyväskylä wheneconomic turbulence in the world economy had its radical effects here in 2008. Economic developers responded with an operational scheme to manage structural change in the region. The aim was, within a short period of time, to find new business models based on the particular strengths and advantages of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper discusses the lessons of the Nordic financial crisis which hit Sweden and Finland in the beginning of the 1990s. The main causes of this exceptionally deep recession were the deregulation of the financial markets in the 1980s and the subsequent overheating, during which the asset prices and debts doubled. The consequences of the bursting of this financial bouble were currency and banking crises, collapsing asset prices, mass unenployment and large fiscal deficits. There are some lessons which can be learnt by analyzing these events, and they are presented in this paper. Among the lessons are the importance of asset prices and wealth effects to the stability of the whole financial system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the operations of a sample of rental independent living senior apartments in Tampere, Finland. We compare 10 properties containing 421 units owned by one nonprofit and two for-profit housing providers. We examine costs and revenues across properties using data collected through interviews and a survey of company representatives and property managers. The results indicate that until the recent economic downturn, these senior houses generally experienced fast initial lease-up and low turnover but relatively long vacancies for some units when re-leasing. Performance varies among properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a research project on the political consequences of an economic crisis. The project covers the economies of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden in the period from 2010 to 2013. It depends on three theoretical literatures, including the literature on domestic policy responses to past economic crises. It also examines the dualization of labor markets. In addition, the project aims to investigate the impact of the economic crisis on election campaigns and mass political behavior.

Copyright of Sosiologia is the property of Westermarck Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article briefly describes the regime of welfare policy derived in the Nordic welfare ethos emerging from the 1960s. Certain ways of seeing and thinking, specific ways of acting and intervening, evolved from this ethos thus forming 'subjects' within juvenile criminal justice. The article then considers the changes in ways of governing during and after the 1990s deep economic recession. This brought a gradual move to a new type of governance and this transformation will be analysed. Of particular significance will be the impact of these changes on juvenile crime and child protection institutions. The article concludes with consideration of the significance and consequences of these changes on policy and practice within Finland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Our aim was to study whether the development in the rates of harm still follows the development in per capita alcohol consumption, and to clarify the relationship between alcohol consumption and related harms by paying attention to third factors affecting this relationship. Data: Statistics on alcohol consumption and alcohol-related harm associated with the maintenance of public order and safety alcohol-related deaths and hospitalizations, and treatment for alcohol problems in the period 1990–2004. Analysis: In the last 15 years, alcohol consumption in Finland first decreased during the economic recession of the early 1990s, and then increased almost constantly. Some harm series roughly followed these consumption trends, and for some others the connection with alcohol consumption became obvious when the effect of some third factor was taken into account. Harm rates also increased in 2004 when alcohol consumption increased by 10% after a decrease of alcohol excise duty rates of 33% on average. Conclusions: In Finland changes in alcohol consumption are still today followed by changes in rates of alcohol-related harm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author advances a critical concept about cultural identity, through her own national perspective. The work puts forward a construction of collective memories of the nation and the people, from inside the author's national landscape. The paper explores the relationship between two poles. On the one hand, she looks at how the nation was portrayed in the visual form of popular culture during a time of economic recession. On the other hand, she explores how the history of the country had been organized in order to serve the purpose of mobilization and unity of the nation in this new situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the applicability of the family economic stress model (FESM) in understanding the influences of economic hardship on child mental health during a nationwide economic recession in Finland. The information was gathered from 527 triads of 1 2-year-olds and their mothers and fathers from a population sample. The structural equation models showed that the FESM fit the data well, indicating its generalizability in Finnish society. The results confirmed that a reduction in disposable family income constitutes a risk for child mental health through increased economic pressure and negative changes in parental mental health, marital interaction, and parenting quality. Controlling the children's prerecession mental health substantiated that economic hardship can lead to deterioration in children's mental health. Alternative models based on fully recursive analyses revealed reciprocal influences between parents and their children over time: Children's prerecession mental health problems predicted compromised parenting, which in turn contributed to children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms during the recession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the changes in the status of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Finland during the 20th century. Specifically, the article investigates the ways in which the recession of the 1990s affected the Church's societal role and analyses the role of the social work of the church and its associations as an indicator of its status. The theoretical framework of the article includes secularisation and post-secularisation (sacralisation) theories. In contract to most previous post-secularisation studies, the level of analysis in this article is organisational and societal arguing that the changes in the societal role of the church indicate an increase in influence. The direction has been towards church social work having increasing importance in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies job and worker flows during a deep recession in the early 1990's in the business sector in Finland. Effect of different characteristics of plants and their employees on flows of plant workers; Determinants of hiring from unemployment and separation to unemployment; Excess worker turnover and excess job reallocation; Countercyclicality of job reallocation.

This article looks at the state of social quality and the policy domain of employment in Finland. There are two, quite contradictory views of Finnish working life. On the one hand, the Finns are considered a hard-working people, and almost all adults participate in paid employment, usually full-time. Thus, Finland is and has been for a long time, a work society par excellence. On the other hand, according to many studies and interviews, workers are stressed in their work places or have difficulties in fulfilling new requirements, and pre-retirement is more frequent than in many other European countries. In addition, Finland experienced a very deep economic recession in the first half of the 1990s, and unemployment came to be one of the major problems of society and a main issue of policy making. In the following, the concepts of flexibility and security are discussed. It should be emphasized that there are no largely accepted definitions for these terms in Finland, but this seems to be the case also in international literature. Additionally, the next section presents the figures of temporary employment and accidents at work. Next, different working patterns consisting of part-time work, night work, shift work and work on Sundays are described.

The article focuses on the relationship between the alleged neo-conservative turn in Finnish politics and the newspaper stories about the unemployed during the Finnish recession in the 1990s. It describes the metaphors used in the writing to describe the situation and recurring complaint about the media and politicians were that, they were implying that the unemployed are work-shy.

Finland, one of the welfare states of northern Europe, faced an exceptionally deep economic recession at the beginning of the 1990s. Based on the Family Stress Model (Conger & Elder, 1994) we studied specific mediating paths between economic hardship and the different domains of parenting in 527 mother-father-child triads. The results show that economic hardship created economic pressures for both parents. For fathers, both the general and specific pressures were further associated with symptoms of anxiety and social dysfunction, whereas for mothers, only the specific economic pressures were negatively reflected in mental health by increasing depressing mood and anxiety symptoms. Paternal anxiety was then associated with hostile marital interaction, perceived by the wife, and maternal anxiety with low marital support, perceived by the husband. The negative marital interaction finally was associated with poor parenting, especially among the fathers. Fathers' anxiety was also directly related to their punitive and noninvolved fathering, and social dysfunction to noninvolved fathering. Depressive symptoms in mothers were negatively reflected in authoritative mothering. Finally, the results revealed that supportive and nonhostile marital interaction was able to moderate the negative impact of economic hardship on parenting. The findings suggest that mothers and fathers fulfil gendered roles in dealing with the family economy and relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines equality in education during a national recession when the supply of special services has decreased. Who gets selected for the scanty services? The need for and the availability of special services (remedial instruction, special education and psychological counselling) were studied with reference to students' social, family and personal factors. The sample included 906 sixth-graders from southern Finland and the study was carried out by means of questionnaires to students and teachers. A considerable gap was found between need and supply of special services. The need for services was widely related to the background factors. The selection process was biased against boys in remedial instruction, internalising children in psychological counselling, and it favoured students with more resources: those achieving well, being motivated and having a higher socio-economic status. The study reveals one possible pathway aggravating inequality in education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study investigated attempted suicide trends during a deep economic recession in the 1990s in a well-defined urban catchment area.Methods: The data covered every suicide attempt treated in health care during sample periods in 1989-1997 in Helsinki, Finland. Annual rates were estimated, 3-year moving averages for trends calculated, and significances tested.Results: The overall attempted suicide rate remained stable over the 9-year study period. Against expectations, male rates decreased significantly (P < 0.01), especially among those aged 15-34. There was a convergence of female and male rates, although male rates remained higher. The proportion of poisonings as method increased (P < 0.01).Conclusions: Despite the deep economic recession, with rapidly rising unemployment attempted suicide rates remained unexpectedly stable. The total attempted suicide rate did not increase as might have been anticipated, and the male rate even decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of mental disorder and associated factors during an economic recession. Random samples of Finnish general population were collected in 3 consecutive years, 1993-95. The prevalence of mental disorders was assessed by means of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). The prevalence of mental disorders varied among Finnish men from 15.6% to 19.2% and among women from 21 to 24.5%. Mental disorder was more common among women than among men in every study year. Mental disorder was more common among the unemployed than among other respondents both in women and men in every year. Subjective poor health, suicidal thoughts and poor economic situation were constantly associated with mental disorder in both sexes every year. Using logistic regression analyses, problems with a partner, uncertain future orientation and use of psychoactive drugs, in particular, were found to be fairly permanent independent risk factors in relation to mental disorder. As studied by gender no major changes occurred in the mental health status of Finns during economic recession, although in many specific groups mental disorder was markedly more common than in the general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the connection between aggregate economic fluctuations and regional productivity convergence in Finland during the period 1988-95. Markov chain transition matrices and mobility indices were used to examine the regional distribution of productivity. The results indicated that high intra-distribution mobility occurred during booms, when regional convergence potential was also at its highest. Conversely, recession years were characterized by much lower mobility and a more divergent regional pattern. These findings bear important implications in terms of regional policy planning, as it seems that poor regions do not manage to keep up with the rich ones during slumps, whereas regional disparities diminish naturally during boom years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]