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The most recent sub-prime crisis, the Euro-debt crisis and the global recessionary period have resurrected a debate on the nature of fiscal cyclicality in the South African economy. Previous literature on the South African economy has been inconclusive and we attribute this inconclusiveness to possible asymmetries existing in the fiscal cyclicities. Our study questions whether the cyclicality of public policy has evolved asymmetrically and holds differently over the recessionary and expansionary phases of the South African business cycle for a quarterly period of 2001:01 - 2018:04. To ensure that the business cycle is inherent to our estimation process we rely on the nonlinear autoregressive distributive lag (N-ARDL) model as empirical framework. For comparative purposes, we firstly examined fiscal cyclicality in fiscal expenditures by estimating the conventional ARDL using H-P filter to extract cyclical terms. Our preliminary results point to fiscal procyclicity in fiscal expenditures over the short-run but not over the long-run. However, in proceeding to our main empirical N-ARDL estimates, we observe nonlinear behaviour in the cyclicality of fiscal expenditures in which fiscal authorities behave procyclical in the upswing of the business cycle whilst behaving countercyclical during economic downswings. These findings are robust to alternative specifications, inclusion of control variables and estimations across different subsamples corresponding the pre- and post- 2007 financial crisis. Our findings have two important policy implications. Firstly, our findings reveal fiscal authorities have been implementing wrong policies during the upswing of the business cycle whilst implementing correct fiscal policies during the downswing. Secondly, our findings implore fiscal authorities to incorporate asymmetric fiscal cyclicality within the design of optimal fiscal policy rules in order to avoid making policy decisions based on inaccurate diagnosis of fiscal behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports the impact of the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between the European Union and South Africa on selected Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa countries. Concept of the FTA; Specification of the model; Selection of countries and products.