Search

The suitability of industrial hemp (IH) as a source of fibres for European industrial-scale papermaking, including, in particular, European kraft pulp mills (EKMPs) (i.e., plants producing the predominant amount of virgin pulps in Europe), was discussed, considering the causal, cultivation, technological, and application aspects of this issue. The work showed that there are generally premises for using straw from nonwood crops in European papermaking. As for the IH, it was found that IH stalks are the best IH fibrous raw material for EKMPs. There are a few cultivation factors favouring the use of IH stalks in them and a few, though important (e.g., small cultivation areas), factors not conducive to this use. Most technological factors favour the use of IH stalks in EKPMs, apart from the large differences in the length of the IH bast and woody-core fibres. The analysis of application factors indicates lower usefulness of IH stalks than wheat, rye or triticale straws, stalks of Miscanthus × giganteus, Virginia mallow, and kenaf. This is due to the much greater availability of these cereal straws than IH and less variation in the fibre length of cereal straws, Miscanthus × giganteus, Virginia mallow, and kenaf than in IH stalks. The main conclusion from the conducted query is the statement that the presence of IH varieties with fibre lengths more similar to wood would reduce the number of technological and application factors unfavourable to their use in EKPMs and increase the competitiveness of hemp straw vs. wood as a raw material for European large-scale papermaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main roles of libraries are developing and providing access to collections of cultural heritage. While the specific policies necessary to accomplish these roles may vary across different types of libraries, these institutions have at their core a dual role in preserving and supporting access to documents illustrating an era of knowledge and culture. Libraries are thus significant institutions in the process of learning, but also in that of remembering and forgetting at a social level. This article provides an overview of the structure and organization of the public library system in the last two decades of the Communist regime in Romania. As part of a larger information history project, the research discusses the characteristics of this system created to support mass education and the ways in which public libraries also became institutions of memory in Communist Romania. The description of the library system structure is enriched by an overview of the professional training available for librarians and descriptions of the main library services related to access to collections and memories. The analysis of archival materials and oral history interviews with librarians document how these services were implemented and delve into the challenges encountered. Partial access to knowledge and information was a core part of the offered library services. As a consequence, services that were part of the Communist library system could be a source of long-term memory impairment at the social level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of copper cementation has already been known since the period of antiquity in Europe. Nevertheless, the first historically relevant reports come from the 14th century from the mining town of Smolník in Upper Hungary (present-day Slovakia), which makes this site the oldest place of the commercial production of copper using cementation in Europe. It is one of the oldest known sites in the world after China, where this process has been used since the 11th century. The cementation copper from Smolník was considered to be a high-quality copper in the period between the 14th and 19th century and was an important export product of Hungary. The study processes the history of cementation and discusses the production process of the artificial cementation water, as well as its subsequent mining and sedimentation. A detailed description of the technological progress of cementation from the earliest times up to the first half of the 19th century is given. The study is based upon the historical works of medieval alchemists and the first miners and naturalists, which were published as early scientific books in Europe from the 16th to the 18th century. These findings are complemented by original archival research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 2011 and 2012 "Lucian Blaga" University Library in Sibiu joined important European libraries in the Europeana Libraries project. This project aimed to reach a new audience, the research community, and therefore established new approach and services via the newly designed The European Library portal. "Lucian Blaga" University Library contributed to this project with two of its digital collections, and together with the Romanian Academy Library helped promoting the national cultural and research heritage. The authors mention here the steps taken by the "Lucian Blaga" University Library in Sibiu and describe the collections delivered and now available through both The European Library/Europeana portals. The collaboration with these institutions will continue in the near future, more precisely in 2013-2015 with Europeana Cloud where the university library will continue to deliver digital content from its collections. The article mentions also the local collaborations established between the "Lucian Blaga" University Library and "ASTRA" County Library, Brukenthal National Museum, Teutsch Cultural Centre and their efforts to reach new partnerships with "Lucian Blaga" University Library in Cluj-Napoca and "1 Decembrie 1918" University Library in Alba Iulia to create a Transylvanian Digital Library [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of TECHNE. Seria Nowa is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

'Postage stamps', basically as a token for payment of postal taxes, are now being recognized as an information source and historical document in recording national achievements that visually convey four core elements: denomination, country name, graphical design, and the textual element. They are a valuable means of communication easily available anywhere to anybody. Realizing them as source of extra revenue, commemorative stamps are made available over time. The information technology (IT) wave changed the hobby of stamp collection to Digital Philately, while information and communication technology (ICT) developments accelerated the hobby further to Virtual Philately. This paper focuses on the aspects of digital and virtual philately. This study aims to evaluate The World Association for the Development of Philately (WADP) Numbering System (WNS) database, which provides free access to authentic postage stamps issued by (Europe Countries) member countries and territories. A total of 30460 stamps with Top ten themes were found registered by Top ten countries the highest number of countries, Belgium2631 (8.638%), was observed to be the most popular theme at Architecture (Classical)960 (3.152%), For Europe Digital stamps, The paper also presents a detailed analysis of the 30460Europe Continent stamps commemorating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In March 2003 the University of Mississippi Libraries made our MetaSearch tool publicly available. After a year of working with this product and integrating it into the library Web site, a wide variety of libraries interested in our implementation process and experiences began to call. Libraries interested in this product have included consortia, public, and academic libraries in the United States, Mexico, and Europe. This article was written in an effort to share the recommendations and concerns given. Much of the advice is general and could be applied to many of the MetaSearch tools available. Google Scholar and other open Web initiatives that could impact the future of MetaSearching are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses how Russian and European scholars have studied EU-Russia cooperation in the field of higher education. Cooperation in this field occupies a small share of scholarship on EU-Russia cooperation but has been evaluated as 'the least conflicting' among all areas of cooperation and the least affected by crises in EU-Russia relations. We first review the phases of cooperation and argue that cooperation has transformed from technical aid in the 1990s towards a more equal partnership since the mid-2000s. We present our analysis of previous studies in this field by looking at how scholars, often practitioners of cooperation themselves, have presented the objectives, results and challenges of cooperation and its future prospects. In particular, we are interested in whether cooperation has been presented as something between equal partners or as an asymmetrical relationship, and the binaries 'donor-recipient' or 'master–pupil' applied. We argue that these roles given by different actors are relevant to understanding the past and current of EU-Russia relations. Our findings confirm that the shared objective of the nature of cooperation is that of being between equal partners. Cooperation is also viewed as beneficial to both Russia and EU member states at the national/supranational, institutional and individual levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder, affecting up to 10 million people worldwide according to the Parkinson’s Disease Foundation. Epidemiological and genetic studies show a preponderance of idiopathic cases and a subset linked to genetic polymorphisms of a familial nature. Traditional Chinese medicine and Ayurveda recognized and treated the illness that Western Medicine terms PD millennia ago, and descriptions of Parkinson’s symptomatology by Europeans date back 2000 years to the ancient Greek physician Galen. However, the Western nosological classification now referred to in English as “Parkinson’s disease” and the description of symptoms that define it, are accredited to British physician James Parkinson, who in 1817 authored The Shaking Palsy. Later in the nineteenth century, French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot re-labeled paralysis agitans “Parkinson’s disease” and over a century of scientific research ensued. This review discusses European, North American, and Asian contributions to the understanding and treatment of PD from ancient times through the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Most genetic analyses of ancient and modern dogs have focused on variation in the autosomes or on the mitochondria. Mitochondrial DNA is more easily obtained from ancient samples than nuclear DNA and mitochondrial analyses have revealed important insights into the evolutionary history of canids. Utilizing a recently published dog Y-chromosome reference, we analyzed Y-chromosome sequence across a diverse collection of canids and determined the Y haplogroup of three ancient European dogs. Results: We identified 1121 biallelic Y-chromosome SNVs using whole-genome sequences from 118 canids and defined variants diagnostic to distinct dog Y haplogroups. Similar to that of the mitochondria and previous more limited studies of Y diversity, we observe several deep splits in the Y-chromosome tree which may be the result of retained Y-chromosome diversity which predates dog domestication or post-domestication admixture with wolves. We find that Y-chromosomes from three ancient European dogs (4700–7000 years old) belong to distinct clades. Conclusions: We estimate that the time to the most recent comment ancestor of dog Y haplogroups is 68–151 thousand years ago. Analysis of three Y-chromosomes from the Neolithic confirms long stranding population structure among European dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a summary of the conceptual framework within which a study of book prices should take place and the research issues, as well as the methodological problems, which need to be addressed. Although the nature of books as semiindustrial goods puts them in a different class of product as seen from the point of view of a pre-industrial economy, the broad categories of supply and demand have been used to identify a series of factors giving rise to specific research questions which need input from various aspects of economic historical analysis. The history of the book is placed in relation to some classic topics of economic history, in an attempt to put the book trade and the prices of books in the context of a broader historiographical debate. Among available sources for early modern book prices, the inventory of the book shop of Bernardo Giunti (Department of Special Collections, UCLA, Collection 170/622) is evidence of the thriving book market in Venice of the period. The almost 12,000 entries included in the list of books for sale reflect the purposes and aims of the firm. The structure of this document is somewhat complex as it was in continual use for more than twenty years. Over this period of time, it appears to have become not merely a catalogue or finding-list of books for the use of the firm's clerks, but also an important tool for the management of the shop and its stock. Almost every title is priced, making this inventory one of the most extensive and significant sources for the study of book prices in early modern Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Almost nothing is known about the effect of occupational noise on diabetes, and this is particularly relevant given the wide spread of both noise exposure and diabetes. This study has aimed to determine whether occupational noise exposure is associated with higher risk of diabetes in Europe.Material and Methods: This study is based on 7th European Social Survey (ESS7, 2014) - a multi-country population-based questionnaire survey, which covered 28 221 Europeans aged ≥ 15 years old. Data on self-reported noise exposure, diabetes and other sociodemographic and work-related factors was available. The odds of prevalent diabetes were explored using unconditional logistic regression.Results: In the total sample (N = 23 486), participants ever exposed to very loud noise had no substantive increase in the odds of diabetes (odds ratio (OR) = 1.01, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.78-1.32). There were subgroups with non-significantly increased odds: men (OR = 1.12, 95% CI: 0.87-1.45), the elderly (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 0.91-1.31), ethnic minority members (OR = 1.55, 95% CI: 0.91-2.62), those with secondary education (OR = 1.05, 95% CI: 0.78-1.41) and those living in small cities/towns (OR = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.89-1.29). Low-skilled white-collar workers had OR = 1.34 (95% CI: 1.09-1.64). Among participants employed during the preceding 5 years the odds were OR = 1.24 (95% CI: 0.95-1.61).Conclusions: Self-reported occupational noise was not associated with increased odds of prevalent diabetes in the total sample. Sensitivity analyses revealed some subgroups with non-significantly higher odds. Our results suggest that further delve into the relationship between occupational noise and diabetes is feasible and warranted. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2017;30(4):537-551. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Since the middle of the 20th century, most discussions of spasmodic dysphonia (SD) reference a paper by Ludwig Traube published in1871 as the first historical citation, crediting him with priority for this clinical syndrome. However, our recent research has determined that the original observation by Traube was published in 1864 and does not in fact describe what is currently recognized as SD. It appears that many clinics throughout Europe and North America were investigating and publishing observations on a range of voice disorders. Methods: The wider context of work on laryngeal disorders in the 1860s-1870s is considered. One of Traube’s contemporaries, Morell Mackenzie, made significant contributions to the understanding of laryngeal movement disorder and its consequences for the voice. These will be examined to gain a clearer focus on the characterization of this disorder. Results: The clinical descriptions published by Morrell Mackenzie in the 1860s provide details that conform quite closely to our current-day understanding of SD. Conclusions: The citation of Traube’s “hysterical” patient links to mid 20th–century views of the functional nature of SD and the utility of psychiatric treatment. The description presented by Mackenzie is consistent with current views of SD as a movement disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores models of female friendships in Medieval Europe in the works of French author Christine de Pizans and English writer Margery Kempe. It references Kempe's views on how England was engaged in androcentric traditions to expose the pitfalls that "sameness" could inflict on the community. It also examines how de Pizans legitimized her authorial rule in replacing masculine tradition with a portrayal of friendship as a network of women with mutual regard across barriers.

The article highlights aspects of international serials and electronic resource management for the library-oriented organizations, publisher services and library schools. Topics discussed include award presentation at the London Book Fair (LBF), the new elected officers for the Association for Library Collections and Technical Services (ALCTS) and the revision of the recommended formats statement of the Library of Congress.

This article is a think-piece, exploring the potential for developing inter-operable systems or unitary databases for collecting, storing, analysing, and cross-referencing various historical bibliometric data. It particularly focuses on the conceptual development, use, and benefits of such a database or databases in library history. The author surveys a range of leading digital library history and book history projects, establishing their uses and commonalities, before exploring how far the tools for developing a common database system are already being developed out of his 'French Book Trade in Enlightenment Europe' (FBTEE) project by a team centred on the University of Western Sydney. In the process he also outlines much of the current work being done in library history by members of an international research network devoted to community libraries, and lays out a vision and hypothetical case study of how, and with what results, this work could be applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts on medical topics which include a study on neurological outcome in traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage patients, research to compare outcome in patients following osteoplastic, and a study to examine use of intraoperative high-resolution ultrasound in nerve injuries.

This article describes how the Civil Service examination system in Vietnam responded to the crisis French military aggression posed to that nation in the late 19th Century, and how it adapted to the French protectorate in the early 20th Century. It presents evidence that contests the notion that the examination declined in relevance along with "Chinese influence" over Vietnam, and that adoption of European-style modernity led to its elimination. Instead, this essay proposes that officials adapted the examination to fit with the circumstances of the time. Furthermore, the changes within the examination were not a realignment in emphasis from "China" to "Europe" but rather a shift from envisaging a universalistic world to imagining a particularistic, nationalist one. In support of this central argument, it will consider specifically the way that examination answers represented France. The examinations of 1862, 1877, and 1904 will receive particular attention as case studies demonstrating this shift. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To visit leisure reading collections in academic science and health sciences libraries to determine how they function and what role they play in their libraries. Methods The author visited seven libraries with leisure reading collections and carried out a semistructured interview with those responsible either for selection of materials or for the establishment of the collection. Results These collections contained a variety of materials, with some libraries focusing on health-science-related materials and others on providing recreational reading. The size of the collections also varied, from 186 to 9700 books, with corresponding differences in budget size. All collections were housed apart, with the same loan period as the regular collection. No collections contained electronic materials. Although there was little comparable statistical data on usage, at the six libraries at which active selection was occurring, librarians and library staff felt that the collection was well used and felt that it provided library users with benefits such as stress relief and relaxation and exposure to other perspectives. Conclusion Librarians and library staff at the libraries that undertook active selection felt that their leisure reading collection was worthwhile. It would be interesting for future work to focus on the user experience of such collections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

National libraries represent fundamental institutions for preserving the documents of a nation and, usually by legislation, they are in charge with specific missions in the framework of the national library and information system. In order to fulfill their specific mission and functions, many of the European national libraries have proper spaces for documents' storage, as well as endowments which ensure the access to all users to the collections, an adequate number of proper trained staff who support the fitting development of the services provided by the institution, all these established taking into consideration the population of the country where that national library works and the collection of documents. Although, the European national libraries fulfill the same functions, there are important differences among them regarding their resources. Similarly to other European national libraries, The National Library of Romania holds an important collection of documents which is difficult to be highlight without sufficient human and financial resources and without the necessary technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The educational institutions that train archivists and records managers in Europe and North America have not engaged with the challenges of orality until very recently. As their counterparts in Africa are modelled on the earlier version of European and North American practice, they do not address the relationship between oral cultures and written records either. This article attempts to address this significant omission. It is grounded on evidence gathered during a fellowship at Chancellor College in Malawi and arises from the author's work in preparing courses on archives and records management for a planned postgraduate degree. The methodological limitations imposed by the author's lack of the appropriate African language skills are acknowledged. It is observed that the colonial archive has been subjected to vociferous criticism and that oral history programs have been advocated to fill perceived gaps. Yet, paradoxically the colonial archive is itself largely the product of a process of turning oral communications into written records. The nature of the processes and of the products is discussed. It is argued that these archives, like all archives, need to be interpreted as products of their historical and cultural setting. If users can read them 'with the grain', then they may be able to utilise them for a range of purposes never envisaged by the creators of the records. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information from various aspects of the field of international serials and electronic resource management. Abstracts for several research articles are included on topics such as scholarly electronic books (e-books) and open source data in academic publishing. Additionally, awards and grants presented by the American Library Association (ALA) in 2011 are highlighted along with notes on the reorganization of the United Kingdom Serials Group (UKSG). Brief information regarding the 2012 conference for the UKSG and a list of online resources related to serials librarians are also included.

The article discusses a Czech artistic company referred to as the "Klatovy Bagpipers," who toured the U.S. in 1920. It examines company members Josef Šnabl, or Josef Šnabl-Antes, and Ondřej Ludvík. The author comments on Czech bagpipers, particularly in the Czech region of Chodsko, and examines bagpipe maker Wolfgang Šteffek, reflecting on the dudy and pukl types of bagpipes. He also discusses use of the violin. The author's research process is considered.

Early modern Europe in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries witnessed an unprecedented increase in the rate of economic growth, and governments entertained a wide range of proposals aimed at developing and harnessing foreign trade and emerging financial markets. In his magisterial survey of foreign trade doctrine titled Studies in the Theory of International Trade (1936), Jacob Viner pointed out that enlightened authors of that time were often nonbullionist mercantilists: they favored export promotion and import reduction not on the grounds that it would lead to an accumulation of gold, but on the grounds that it would increase trade and employment. My focus here is on how some key economists of this time period-William Petty, John Law, and Richard Cantillon-adumbrated disputes between supply-side and demand-side macroeconomics that have continued to the present day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a synoptic history of racial geography in the 'fifth part of the world' or Oceania — an extended region embracing what are now Australia, Island Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, Aotearoa/New Zealand and Papua New Guinea. The period in question stretches from classical antiquity to the Enlightenment, to focus on the consolidation of European racial thinking with the marriage of geography and raciology in the early 19th century. The paper investigates the naming of places by Europeans and its ultimate entanglement with their racial classifications of people. The formulation of geographical and anthropological knowledge is located at the interface of metropolitan discourses and local experience. This necessitates unpacking the relationships between, on the one hand, the deductive reasoning of metropolitan savants, and, on the other hand, the empirical logic of voyagers and settlers who had visited or lived in particular places, encountered their inhabitants, and been exposed, often unwittingly, to indigenous agency and knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the history of the use of medicated smoking and the inhalation of burning medicinal substances as a treatment of lung diseases, focusing particularly on the treatment of asthma. It considers the evolution in the philosophy of medicine regarding therapeutic smoking taking into consideration the cross-cultural sharing of traditional medical knowledge between Asia and the West during the European colonial period. The smoking use of stramonium was introduced to Europe through Great Britain from India. The use of inhalant treatments for asthma by French author Marcel Proust are explored. Medical theories of asthma, innovations within the pharmaceutical industry, and the acknowledgement of the inherent dangers of smoking to public health are considered.

Purpose - This paper aims to examine the reasons for the high costs of scholarly journals. Design/methodology/approach - A brief review of the literature on journal publishing costs is carried out. The paper focuses on the economics of scholarly English language journals published mainly in the USA and Europe, but which are sold worldwide, largely to academic and research libraries. Findings - Journal literature has long played a prominent role in the scholarly communication chain. In recent decades, however, the scholarly communication system has been facing a crisis due to the ever-escalating costs of journals. Two of the features of the journal publishing industry cited a decade ago and still valid today are a lack of competition and perverse incentives. "First-copy cost" is reported to be the main reason for high journal prices both in print and electronic publishing. Originality/value - The paper provides a useful overview to researchers and,document supply librarians, enabling them to achieve quickly a clear picture of journal publishing industry costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to identify and assess current developments in scholarly publishing in Europe. Current models for disseminating content have limitations and Open Access models of publishing have been endorsed by the European Universities Association. The Harvard mandate for the deposit of materials in Open Access repositories is a bold new development, and the community is watching it with interest. It is possible that e-books may be the next large form of content to be made available to the user. Users certainly express interest in using this form of material. However, current library systems need to be developed in order to cope with this mass of new content. E-theses, available in Open Access from institutional repositories, are a form of content that is made much more visible than the paper equivalents. The DART-Europe portal, supported by LIBER (Association of European Research Libraries) currently provides access to 100,000 research theses in 150 European Universities. At an institutional and academic level, however, much remains to be done to embed Open Access into the landscape: the current situation is described in a new report for UCL (University College London), produced by RAND Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of IFLA Journal is the property of Sage Publications, Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on the electronic thesis and dissertation project at the Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva in Israel. It also surveys the status of the electronic theses and dissertation (ETD) movement in the country as part of the worldwide spread of ETDs outside the U.S., particularly in Europe, Latin America, Australasia, and Asia. The author likewise explores the percentages of academic publishers who consider ETD's existence as prior publication of the book or article derived from that thesis.

Eisenstein's account of the connection between scientific progress and printing does not apply well to map publication and knowledge of geography. Most of the celebrated figures in map design and publishing in the 16th century were fundamentally copyists and collectors of others' works. In Renaissance Europe, geographers did not strive to be original, but relied on others' measures, adding their own information to extant maps whenever this was possible. They also made maps in multiple genres, and used geographical works not simply as practical tools for trade and politics, but as evidence for Creation and demonstrations of human dominion. Printed atlases displayed the array of map forms, provided exemplars of good work, and made visible points of translation across different genres of geographical representation. In this context, copying and collection were helpful rather than detrimental to knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The general European discourse of childhood presents children as innocent and vulnerable, but within this discourse different images of 'the perfect child' exist. In this article ideals for upbringing are studied as they are represented in French, German and Dutch printed advertisements for children's products. The sample consists of 290 advertisements collected in the period 1995-8 from women's magazines, and the analysis is both quantitative and qualitative. Different interpretations of play, intellectual development and well-being are central in the ads. The differences found in the ads point to the fact that significant differences exist with regard to what `good' childhood is. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay looks at the mid-nineteenth-century American bourgeois mania for imitating "Old World" aristocratic fashion, a trend exemplified by the sartorial antics of celebrated New York dandy and magazinist Nathaniel Parker Willis. Although Willis, and bourgeois Europhilia generally, are usually regarded by critics as a rather sad, colonial throwback, the cult of Old World imitation, I argue, was very much a vernacular phenomenon, one whose aim was to elaborate fakery itself as a principle of personal authenticity. Exported to the scene, of transatlantic cultural relations via Willis's travelogues in the 1830s, the cult of fakery produced the political opposite of what historians generally assume. Neither a sign of naive colonial dependence nor a form of troubled engagement, the bourgeoisie's showy Europhilia developed fakery as a principle of national potency and global ascendance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is widely acknowledged that there is a global divide on health care and health research known as the 10/90 divide. Methods: A retrospective survey of articles published in the BMJ, Lancet, NEJM, Annals of Internal Medicine & JAMA in a calendar year to examine the contribution of the developing world to medical literature. We categorized countries into four regions: UK, USA, Other Euro-American countries (OEAC) and (RoW). OEAC were European countries other than the UK but including Australia, New Zealand and Canada. RoW comprised all other countries. Results: The average contribution of the RoW to the research literature in the five journals was 6.5%. In the two British journals 7.6% of the articles were from the RoW; in the three American journals 4.8% of articles were from RoW. The highest proportion of papers from the RoW was in the Lancet (12%). An analysis of the authorship of 151 articles from RoW showed that 104 (68.9%) involved authorship with developed countries in Europe or North America. There were 15 original papers in these journals with data from RoW but without any authors from RoW. Conclusions: There is a marked under-representation of countries in high-impact general medical journals. The ethical implications of this inequity and ways of reducing it are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Scott Polar Research Institute (SPRI) Library has been collecting materials on the Russian Far North since 1934. Publications were obtained mainly through exchanges and from one main purchase supplier. After 1991, these channels became increasingly ineffective with the demise of the British book supplier, lack of resources of Russian exchange partners, and enormous problems with book publishing and distribution in Russia. However, this period also coincided with an increase in foreign research activities in this region and the development of a significant group of researchers working on the Russian Far North at SPRI. This provided opportunities for acquiring materials directly from research institutes and local book shops. There are also several new vendors in America and Europe who focus on different regional centers and are quite competitive. Based on the experience of working closely with researchers and using book vendors, the author discusses the problems of acquiring material published in the region, the impact on the library collection's profile, and the benefits of using these various channels. The author also relates the recent experience of researchers trying to acquire material on SPRI's behalf while on field trips in Russia's regions, including Sakhalin, Magadan, Noril'sk, and Iakutsk. The paper also discusses the need to be selective in the acquisitions process, to consider the users of the collection, and to take into account regional collections of other similar libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The Paisley motif originated in woven Kashmiri shawls, which became known in Europe around the end of the seventeenth century. A hundred years later, production started in Europe, and it reached Paisley in 1805. Throughout the last century, there was increasing diversity in the production techniques. Printing was used as an alternative to weaving. The modern Ratti era of Paisley started in the late 1940s, with printed ties and handkerchiefs, and has now diversified into a range of products. The success of the operation depends on creative development of the design and attention to detail by the whole production team. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports on the creation of Gabriel, a World Wide Web site which provides information pertaining to national libraries in Europe, by the European Union's Conference of European National Libraries (CENL). Functions; Electronic linkages; Description of the purpose and history of library collection; Expansion.

For an invention to be patentable it must be both novel and inventive. In this article we take an in depth look at how the novelty of an invention is established in Europe and discuss what constitutes prior art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports the launching of survey course on the social history of European medicine by the Open University in Milton Keynes, England. Delivery of instruction through CD-ROM; Use of images as resources for studying medicine history; Features of the CD-ROM.