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A 'Zeitgeist' is defined as 'the defining spirit or mood of a particular period of history as shown by the ideas and beliefs of the time', and I am pleased to say I think this is what is currently happening with probation and mental health. For too long, mental health has been the poor relation in probation practice -- a situation that seems to be gradually changing. This paper draws from a series of research studies, undertaken locally, nationally and across Europe, to show that we are beginning to understand more and more about probation and the mental health of its clientèle. There are still serious gaps in our research knowledge, for example, about effective interventions, but the last decade has clarified the direction of travel that is required. The paper questions whether clients with mental health problems in probation require 'equivalence'. That is, the same services that other members of the general population can access, who live in the community. I argue that the complexity of clients' presentations does not equate to what is currently available in the community. Thus, new thinking is required, and much more research is needed to examine, for example, the role of assertive-outreach principles and models of service provision -- perhaps alongside a sub-group of specialist Probation Staff specifically trained in mental health. There is a long way to travel before we can say that all probation clients are receiving the mental health services they need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dementia, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), is one of the most burdensome medical conditions. Usually, the reviews that aim at calculating the prevalence of dementia include estimates from studies without assessing their methodological quality. Alzheimer's Disease International (ADI) proposed a score to assess the methodological quality of population-based studies aimed at estimating the prevalence of dementia. During the last three years, the European Commission has funded three projects (Eurodem, EuroCoDe, and ALCOVE) in order to estimate the prevalence of dementia in Europe.Objective: The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of data on the prevalence of dementia in Europe derived from studies that included only subjects with a diagnosis of dementia according to the DSM IV criteria, and that had a high quality score according to ADI criteria.Methods: We considered the studies selected by the two projects EuroCoDe (1993-2007) and Alcove (2008-2011), and we performed a new bibliographic search. For the systematic review, we only selected the subset of articles that included subjects with a diagnosis of dementia according to the DSM IV criteria. The studies were qualitatively assessed using the ADI tool.Results: The meta-analysis considered 9 studies that were carried out in Europe between 1993 and 2018 including a total of 18,263 participants, of which 2,137 were diagnosed with dementia. The prevalence rate standardized for age and sex resulted 7.1%.Discussion: This is the first systematic review on the prevalence of dementia in Europe considering only high-quality studies adopting the same diagnostic criteria (i.e., DSM IV). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence and prevalence of Huntington's disease (HD) based on a systematic review and meta-analysis of 20 studies published from 1985 to 2010 was estimated at 0.38 per 100,000 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.16-0.94) and 2.71 per 100,000 persons (95% CI, 1.55-4.72), respectively. Since 2010, there have been many new epidemiological studies of HD. We sought to update the global estimates of HD incidence and prevalence using data published up to February 2022 and perform additional analyses based on study continent. Medline and Embase were searched for epidemiological studies of HD published between 2010 and 2022. Risk of bias was assessed using a quality assessment tool. Estimated pooled prevalence or incidence was calculated using a random-effects meta-analysis. A total of 33 studies published between 2010 and 2022 were included. Pooled incidence was 0.48 cases per 100,000 person-years (95% CI, 0.33-0.63). Subgroup analysis by continent demonstrated a significantly higher incidence of HD in Europe and North America than in Asia. Pooled prevalence was 4.88 per 100,000 (95% CI, 3.38-7.06). Subanalyses by continent demonstrated that the prevalence of HD was significantly higher in Europe and North America than in Africa. The minor increase in prevalence (more so than incidence) demonstrated in this updated review could relate to the enhanced availability of molecular testing, earlier diagnosis, increased life expectancy, and de novo mutations. Limitations include variable case ascertainment methods and lacking case validation data. © 2022 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Public Health Agency of Canada., (© 2022 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Public Health Agency of Canada.)

Background: To study the trend of diagnosing dementia in the secondary health care sector over time, we conducted a nationwide longitudinal study of the incidence and prevalence of registered dementia diagnoses in the Danish national hospital registers. Methods: All Danish residents born before 1964 and alive at their 40th birthday were followed from their 40th birthday or January 1, 1970, whichever came later, to the date of the first dementia diagnosis recorded in the hospital registers, the date of emigration, date of death, or December 31, 2004, whichever came first. The age- and period-specific incidence and prevalence of dementia were calculated and compared to estimates from large community-based cohort studies in Europe. Results: The study population consisted of 4,723,838 persons with 81,090,583 person-years of follow-up. 154,152 dementia cases were registered from 1970 to 2004. The incidence and prevalence of registered dementia diagnoses showed an increasing trend over time. In 2003, the age-standardized incidence rate ratio was 0.66 when compared to estimates from large European community-based cohort studies. Conclusions: The study shows a marked improvement in the diagnostic rate of dementia in secondary care over time and indicates that this sector can be an important point of entry for patients with dementia. Copyright © 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]