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An estimated 30 % (∼11 million metric tons/year) of copper slag is still landfilled globally. Fayalitic copper slags are well-characterized, and they can be recycled into multiple safe end-products. Conversely, the major type of copper slag produced in Europe is lead-rich and warrants a deep understanding of phases present in it, properties, adverse environmental implications, and potential recycling strategies. The objective of this study is to thoroughly investigate such industrial slags by XRF, XRD, Mössbauer spectroscopy, SEM-EDS, novel automated image analysis using Aphelion, hot stage microscopy (HSM) and assess prospects for their valorization. These industrial slags were found to contain 26.1–50.5 wt% PbO, 3.4–5.4 % As 2 O 5 (both hazardous solid wastes), 5.7–42 % CuO (present partly as Cu 2 O, an irritant), 3.2–18.2 % Fe 2 O 3 , 14–15.9 % SiO 2 and oxides of chromium, cobalt (both carcinogenic), zinc and nickel (both toxic to aquatic life). The limitation of Rietveld XRD for glass quantification was overcome by newly-developed automated SEM-image processing which revealed that all three slags consisted of a lead silicate glass (36.3–65.8 vol%). Strikingly, rarely published arsenic- and lead-based compounds like (Ca,Pb) 4 As 2 O 9-x , (Ca,Cu) 2 PbO 4-x and Pb 3 Ca 2 Si 3 O 11 were found when slag's PbO/CuO was 0.6, and Ca 3 As 2 O 8 -Pb 2 SiO 4 formed when PbO/CuO equaled 9. The challenge of toxicity and landfilling can be overcome as these slags have high potential to be used for recovery of copper, cobalt, and lead. Radioactive waste immobilization glasses, gamma-ray shielding concrete and glass-ceramic consumer products may also be prepared from them. HSM revealed that a higher PbO/CuO ratio results in lower melting point and smaller melt contact angle indicating such slag can be useful for manufacturing recycled ceramics but corrosive towards refractories in copper converter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing interest in quinoa in Europe has generated a large number of studies with this seed as a partial substitute for refined wheat flour in bakery products as a strategy to improve their nutritional value. However, the wide genetic diversity of this seed offers very different compositions in different varieties, which would lead to different technological behaviours in the breadmaking process. The aim of this work was to make a comparative study of the protein profile and rheological and thermal properties of three varieties of quinoa widely available commercially in Europe to study their technological potential as breadmaking ingredients with 25% replacement of wheat flour by whole quinoa flour. The results obtained during the analysis offered a view of the proteins present in the various quinoas, and of the processes of hydrolysis and generation of new bonds between wheat and quinoa proteins during the breadmaking process. The changes in the thermal and pasting properties of the bread doughs that included whole quinoa flour led to the development of baked products with different physico-chemical and textural properties, producing an increase on crumb staling. However, replacement of 25% of the wheat flour with whole quinoa flour produced only a slight decrease in the technological quality of the products. A significant increase (p < 0.05) in dietary fibre, minerals, lipids, and proteins in comparison with a whole wheat product, together with the overall consumer acceptance of the products that were developed, was conclusive for proposing replacement with quinoa flour as a strategy for nutritional improvement in the manufacture of bakery products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study proposes ply-lam CLT with domestic plywood as the core material of CLT. • The thermal conductivities of ply-lam CLT in the radial was lowest at 0.104 W/m K. • The ply-lam CLT walls had lower thermal bridges than wood frame structure walls. • The ply-lam CLT walls with exterior insulation had lower thermal bridges. • The connection method using STS was able to maintain excellent insulation performance. Cross-laminated timber (CLT), developed in Europe for the utilization of low-grade wood, is an engineered wood product (EWP) with high carbon storage and low carbon emissions. CLT wooden houses have advantages such as reduction of greenhouse gases, shortening of construction period through precast and modular construction, improved of insulation performance and airtight performance, the realization of the high-rise wooden house. In this study, ply-laminate cross-laminated timber (ply-lam CLT) was prepared using domestic plywood as the core material of CLT, and the thermal properties and heat transfer performance of ply-lam CLT were analyzed. The thermal conductivities of the ply-lam CLT in the radial, tangential, and longitudinal directions were 0.104 W/(m K), 0.111 W/(m K), and 0.122 W/(m K), respectively. The results of the heat transfer analysis through ISO 10211 indicated that the ply-lam CLT walls had lower thermal bridges than wood frame structure walls. Moreover, the ply-lam CLT walls with exterior insulation had lower thermal bridges. In addition, the self-tapping screw (STS) joining method on all connections was able to maintain excellent insulation performance because of low thermal transmittance coefficient. In addition, it should be noted that the STS applied from inside overlapped with the geometric thermal bridges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper-based materials, due to their availability, environmental benefits and high thermal properties, have already been implemented in several building envelope designs. However, most of them either did not optimise the use of the material or did not provide sufficient thermal insulation for use in permanent buildings. The presented research analyses six original paper-based building envelope core proposals, suitable for use in permanent buildings in temperate climate of Europe, in terms of thermal and environmental efficiency. Proposals include cores with embedded paper tubes structural elements, timber-cardboard studs and sandwich designs. The heat transfer coefficient of the envelopes was obtained for repeatable modules via 2D computer simulations (ThermCAD software), and the environmental impact was assessed for a representative square metre of the envelope via LCA analysis, based in ecoinvent 3.8 database. All analysed designs showed high thermal insulation properties and met the requirements for U max = 0.20 W/m2K, did not cause the risk of surface condensation, nor have excessive thermal bridges. The analysed building envelope designs based on embedded frame wall structure showed environmental superiority over conventional envelopes (timber frame and SIP panels). The research may serve as a proof of concept, for using paper-based building envelopes in sustainable architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the methodology, description, and results of experimental studies aimed at determining the impact of the copper concentration in a carbon–metal composite contact strip on the maximum temperature of the copper contact wire during a contact event when used for operation in the railway industry in Europe. Based on these tests, we determined the minimum percentage of copper that is required for the composite to meet the normative requirements for current loads. In addition to experimental research, a 3D FEM numerical model was also developed in which the contact strip and contact wire geometry were mapped, along with imposed loads resulting from the test for current loads mentioned above. Fifteen simulation variants were carried out for the established model, where the value of the thermal conductivity coefficient and the specific heat coefficient were varied. On this basis, we analyzed the sensitivity of thermal coefficients to the contact wire temperature and determined the minimum conductivity coefficient value, which allowed the maximum copper contact wire temperature of 120 °C to be obtained during the verification tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Knowledge of temperature at drillable depth is a prerequisite in site selection for geothermal exploration and development of enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). Equally important, the thermo-mechanical signature of the lithosphere and crust provides critical constraints for the crustal stress field and basement temperatures where borehole observations are rare. The stress and temperature field in Europe is subject to strong spatial variations often linked to polyphase extensional and compressional reactivation of the lithosphere, in different modes of deformation. The development of innovative combinations of numerical and analogue modelling techniques is key to thoroughly understand the spatial and temporal variations in crustal stress and temperature. In this paper we present an overview of advances in developing and applying analogue and numerical thermo-mechanical models to quantitatively assess the interplay of lithosphere dynamics and basin (de)formation. Field studies of kinematic indicators and numerical modelling of present-day and paleo-stress fields in selected areas yield new constraints on the causes and the expression of intraplate stress fields in the lithosphere, driving basin (de)formation. The actual basin response to intraplate stress is strongly affected by the rheological structure of the underlying lithosphere, the basin geometry, fault dynamics and interplay with surface processes. Integrated basin studies show that the rheological structure of the lithosphere plays an important role in the spatial and temporal distribution of stress-induced vertical motions, varying from subtle faulting to basin reactivation and large wavelength patterns of lithospheric folding. These findings demonstrate that sedimentary basins are sensitive recorders of the intraplate stress field. The long lasting memory of the lithosphere, in terms of lithospheric scale weak zones, plays a far more important role in basin formation and reactivation than hitherto assumed. A better understanding of the 3-D linkage between basin formation and basin reactivation is, therefore, an essential step in connecting lithospheric forcing and upper mantle dynamics to crustal vertical motions and stress, and their effect on sedimentary systems and heat flow. Vertical motions in basins can become strongly enhanced, through coupled processes of surface erosion/sedimentation and lower crustal flow. Furthermore, patterns of active thermal attenuation by mantle plumes can cause a significant spatial and modal redistribution of intraplate deformation and stress, as a result of changing patterns in lithospheric strength and rheological layering. The models provide useful constraints for geothermal exploration and production, including understanding and predicting crustal stress and basin and basement heat flow. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The Pontides can be divided tectonically into three main sectors: Eastern, Central, and Western Pontides. Each of these represents an amalgamated tectonic mosaic consisting of remnants of oceanic, continental, and island arc segments. The Eastern and the Western Pontides meet in the Central Pontides, where they are structurally mixed and form a tectonic knot. The Central Pontides of northern Turkey is one of the best exposed segments of the southern margin of Eurasia adjacent to the Tethys Ocean. The study area also extends to parts of the Sakarya and Kirsehir continents. Magnetic spectral analysis, which has been used to estimate the Curie point depths and heat flow values, is employed to identify the thermal regime of the Central Pontides. The magnetic data of the region are separated into five subregions and the power spectra of each region is achieved by using 2D Fourier transform method to attain the average curie depth. The curie depth values changes across the studied region from 14.8 km in the south to 21.8 km in the north. The obtained results imply a high thermal gradient (39.2 °Ckm-1) and corresponding heat flow values (94.1 mWm-2) in the south of the research area. The northern part of the study area displays a low thermal gradient (26.6 ° Ckm-1) and low heat flow value (63.9 mWm-2), corresponding to the Central Pontides consisting of accreted oceanic crustal material. The determined values show the heat flow decrease within the accretionary prism toward the island arc-like Pontides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In the framework of the Broader Approach Agreement, Europe is involved in the design activities for the Japanese Tokamak JT-60SA, investigating, among several issues, the operation of the superconducting TF magnets and their subsystems, aimed at the reactor conceptual design definition. In particular, one of the main critical aspects to study is the heating of the conductor due to both direct component of energy deposited by neutrons and by secondary gamma generated during plasma operation, and heat generated by the radiation on casing and transferred to the winding pack. Indeed, the operating temperature and the relevant temperature margin (i.e. the operating safety margin) of the magnet will depend strongly on the heat loads and on the capability of the coolant to remove it. Furthermore, the heat power to the conductor will depend on several aspects, namely the thickness of insulating material, the mass flow rate of helium flowing in the conductors and its thermodynamic properties at operating conditions, and the layout of the superconductors constituting the winding. Moreover, a crucial aspect in the final design will be the presence and position of the casing cooling channels. In this paper a 2D sensitivity analysis of heat transfer from casing to winding pack with respect to cooling channels number and position is presented, based on the reference layout of the magnet. As a result, we evaluated the optimum number and positioning of cooling channels needed, as a trade-off between magnet operating limits and available cryogenic power and if, at limit, they could be even neglected in normal operation, keeping dwell-time within reasonable values. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Temperature exerts a first order control on rock strength, principally via thermally activated creep deformation and on the distribution at depth of the brittle-ductile transition zone. The latter can be regarded as the lower bound to the seismogenic zone, thereby controlling the spatial distribution of seismicity within a lithospheric plate. As such, models of the crustal thermal field are important to understand the localisation of seismicity. Here we relate results from 3D simulations of the steady state thermal field of the Alpine orogen and its forelands to the distribution of seismicity in this seismically active area of Central Europe. The model takes into account how the crustal heterogeneity of the region effects thermal properties and is validated with a dataset of wellbore temperatures. We find that the Adriatic crust appears more mafic, through its radiogenic heat values (1.30E-06 W/m3) and maximum temperature of seismicity (600 °C), than the European crust (1.3–2.6E-06 W/m3 and 450 °C). We also show that at depths of <10 km the thermal field is largely controlled by sedimentary blanketing or topographic effects, whilst the deeper temperature field is primarily controlled by the LAB topology and the distribution and parameterization of radiogenic heat sources within the upper crust. • Bulk lithology asserts a primary control on maximum temperature of seismicity. • The thermal effect of alpine topography is present to lower crustal depths (20 km). • The Adriatic crust is more mafic than the European crust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of quinoa flour is greatly determined by its non-starch components, mainly protein and lipids. Dry fractionation has an important impact on the composition and physicochemical properties of quinoa flour and grits. Quinoa cv. Titicaca, the most extensively grown in Europe and little studied so far, was used in this work. Hydration, techno-functional, rheological and thermal properties of three quinoa fractions obtained by dry fractionation (fine, medium and coarse) were evaluated and related to their particle size and composition. The medium fraction (~500 μm) was enriched in protein (50%) and lipids (80%) and depleted in starch (30%) with respect to the original grain; while the coarse fraction (~1000 μm) was enriched in starch (7%) and reduced in protein (15%). The fine fraction showed the most similar functional, pasting and rheological properties to the whole grain quinoa flour. The coarse fraction led to the most consistent gels, with the elastic (G′) and viscous (G'') moduli being ten and twenty times higher than those found in the other quinoa fractions and the whole grain flour. The degree of retrogradation as well as the formation of the amylose-lipid complex were markedly affected by the particle size and not so by the composition of each fraction. This work allows to conclude that dry fractionation of quinoa grains is a feasible procedure to tailoring the nutritional profile of the flour and its techno-functional and rheological properties. Image 1 • An efficient dry milling process of quinoa produces nutritional enriched fractions. • Fraction with medium particle size (~500 μm) was enriched in protein and lipids. • The coarse fraction (~1000 μm) led to gels much more consistent. • Amylose-lipid complex formation decreased in the larger particle size fractions. • Amylopectin retrogradation extent increased in the larger particle size fractions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, thermal and structural properties, as well as molecular dynamics of co-amorphous binary mixtures composed of itraconazole (ITZ) and four other active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) with antifungal activity (posaconazole (POS), ketoconazole (KET), fluconazole (FLU), and voriconazole (VOR)), have been investigated. Calorimetric measurements indicated that with increasing concentration of each excipient (EXC), the glass transition temperature and phase transition temperatures, related to the formation of nematic and smectic order, are affected in the binary systems. Comprehensive analysis of the enthalpy of isotropic-nematic transition and the temperature dependence of the order parameter, calculated from infrared data for selected mixtures, supported by the results of X-ray diffraction , enabled us to confirm the suppression of liquid crystalline (LC) ordering in ITZ by KET, FLU, and VOR. On the other hand, ITZ enforced the nematic-like molecular arrangement of POS. Further dielectric measurements revealed that the type of EXC and its content in the mixture have no impact on the ratio of α - and δ -relaxation times (τ α and τ δ , respectively) in ITZ. Moreover, it was shown that δ -process is more sensitive to the isotropic-nematic phase transition than the α -one, and the formation of the nematic phase in this API occurs at different τ α and τ δ , dependently on the type of EXC and its concentration in the mixture. Summarizing, the results of our studies are much different with respect to those reported previously by Kozyra et al. [Mol. Pharm. 15 (2018) 5192–5206] and by some of us [Kaminska et al. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 88 (2014) 1094–1104] for ITZ mixed with various polymers and acetylated maltose, respectively. This finding clearly indicates that there is a different impact of the low and high molecular weight excipients on the ability in the formation of LC phases in ITZ, which may have important implications for the further development of the formulations of this pharmaceutical. Unlabelled Image • The degree of spatial arrangement of ITZ molecules is affected in binary systems. • The smectic ordering in ITZ is being suppressed by POS, KET, FLU and VOR. • In the ITZ-POS binary mixture, ITZ enforces the molecular (nematic) order of POS. • Results of our studies are in contrast to those reported for ITZ-polymer systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]