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Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn, a herbaceous plant with a long history in traditional medicine for the treatment of hepatobiliary diseases, particularly in Europe, which has attracted attention for its remarkable therapeutic effect. This review systematically summarizes the research progress in the botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, comprehensive utilization and synthetic biology of S. marianum. Up to now, more than 20 types of flavonolignan components have been isolated from S. marianum. In addition, the rearch on fatty acids and triterpenoids is also constantly improving. Among them, silybin is the most active compound in flavonolignans components. Its pharmacological effects in vivo and in vitro include anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumour, hypoglycaemic, neuroprotective and immunoregulatory properties. The use of coniferyl alcohol and taxifolin as substrates to produce silybin and isosilybin under the action of enzyme catalysis is the commonly used biosynthetic pathway of silymarin, which provides support for a comprehensive analysis of the synthetic pathway of silymarin. In addition to medicinal use, the extracts of plants also have broad application prospects in the production of food, healthcare products, cosmetics and other aspects. In addition, the chemical composition, pharmacological mechanism and synthetic biology of S. marianum need to be further studied, which is very important for its clinical efficacy and resource development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While synthetic biology is hoped to hold promise and potential to address pressing global challenges, the issue of regulation is an under-appreciated challenge. Particularly in Europe, the regulatory frameworks involved are rooted in historical concepts based on containment and release. Through a series of case studies including a field-use biosensor intended to detect arsenic in well water in Nepal and Bangladesh, and insects engineered for sterility, we explore the implications that this regulatory and conceptual divide has had on the deployment of synthetic biology projects in different national contexts. We then consider some of the broader impacts that regulation can have on the development of synthetic biology as a field, not only in Europe but also globally, with a particular emphasis on low- and middle-income countries. We propose that future regulatory adaptability would be increased by moving away from a containment and release dichotomy and toward a more comprehensive assessment that accounts for the possibility of varying degrees of 'contained release'. Graphical Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cannabinoids are a therapeutically valuable class of secondary metabolites with a vast number of substituents. The native cannabinoid biosynthetic pathway of Cannabis sativa generates cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), the common substrate to multiple cannabinoid synthases. The bioactive decarboxylated analog of this compound, cannabigerol (CBG), represents an alternate gateway into the cannabinoid space as a substrate either to non-canonical cannabinoid synthase homologs or to synthetic chemical reactions. Herein, we describe the identification and repurposing of aromatic prenyltransferase (AtaPT), which when coupled with native enzymes of C. sativa can form an Escherichia coli production system for CBGA in cell lysates and CBG in whole cells. Engineering of AtaPT, guided by structural analysis, was performed to enhance its kinetics toward CBGA production for subsequent use in a proof-of-concept lysate system. For the first time, we show a synthetic biology platform for CBG biosynthesis in E. coli cells by employing AtaPT under an optimized microbial system. Our results have therefore set the foundation for sustainable production of well-researched and rarer cannabinoids in an E. coli chassis. Graphical Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing upon data collected within 20 focus groups with consumers from five European countries, in this article we investigate how perceptions of human health risk and current anxieties regarding agricultural food production affect citizens' acceptance of the use of an emerging biotechnology, synthetic biology, in the development of vaccines for animals bred for food production. In focus group discussions in Austria, the UK, Poland and Denmark, participants tended to value the positive potential of synthetic vaccines if they could solve existing problems. Participants argued that the technology could be beneficial for animal welfare and was a potential solution to the problem of risks to human health posed by the use of antibiotics on livestock. The perceived drawbacks of antibiotic use affected the discussions towards acceptance of synthetic biology and the use of vaccines in meat production despite concerns over the potential risks. The participants from Spain stood out in that their acceptance of the synthetic vaccine appeared to be disconnected from concerns about risks related to the use of antibiotics. Participants from all countries found the vaccine to have potential uses, but also expressed concerns about health risks for consumers. In general consumers were perceived as those bearing the heaviest burden of risk, while pharmaceutical companies were perceived as likely to benefit most from production of the vaccine. We found that institutional trust and national contexts of (dis)engagement with science influenced the participants' understandings of the degree to which the synthetic livestock vaccine had a fair risk-benefit balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been a number of academic discussions over the copyright of genetic sequences since early 1970s and 1980s. While most have died down with time, the emergence of new technologies of collecting and exploiting samples, along with the developments in synthetic biology, offer new possibilities in developing treatments for diseases and perhaps even eliminating them. However, some of the traditional issues continue to govern life sciences and biotechnology which requires revisiting the copyright discussions by finding its relevance to the current scenario greater than before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The encounter of amateur science with synthetic biology has led to the formation of several amateur/do-it-yourself biology (DIYBio) groups worldwide. Although media outlets covered DIYBio events, most seemed only to highlight the hope, hype, and horror of what DIYBio would do in the future. Here, we analyze the European amateur biology movement to find out who they are, what they aim for and how they differ from US groups. We found that all groups are driven by a core leadership of (semi-)professional people who struggle with finding lab space and equipment. Regulations on genetic modification limit what groups can do. Differences between Europe and the US are found in the distinct regulatory environments and the European emphasis on bio-art. We conclude that DIYBio Europe has so far been a responsible and transparent citizen science movement with a solid user base that will continue to grow irrespective of media attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The second meeting organised by the EFB on the advances of applied synthetic biology in Europe was held in Málaga, Spain in November 2013. The potential for the broad application of synthetic biology was reflected in the five sessions of this meeting: synthetic biology for healthcare applications, tools and technologies for synthetic biology, production of recombinant proteins, synthetic plant biology, and biofuels and other small molecules. Outcomes from the meeting were that synthetic biology offers methods for rapid development of new strains that will result in decreased production costs, sustainable chemical production and new medical applications. Additionally, it also introduced novel ways to produce sustainable energy and biofuels, to find new alternatives for bioremediation and resource recovery, and environmentally friendly foodstuff production. All the above-mentioned advances could enable biotechnology to solve some of the major problems of Society. However, while there are still limitations in terms of lacking tools, standardisation and suitable host organisms, this meeting has laid a foundation providing cutting-edge concepts and techniques to ultimately convert the potential of synthetic biology into practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the emergence of advances in the field of synthetic biology. Developments in synthetic biology have reportedly resulted in additional regulatory challenges, particularly in relation to ethics and governance risks. Europe is considered the most challenging area in terms of regulating biosynthetic technologies, given its diverse culture and varying ethical stands taken by each member state. Countries in Europe use either hazard or risk-based approach in risk regulation.

The article discusses the widespread practice among policymakers in defaulting to existing regulatory measures to manage a new technology in Europe. It notes the cases involving the development of sophisticated processes, materials and variants such as nanotechnologies and synthetic biology. It mentions that even though existing regulations are not specific to new technologies they still can be applied because they are broad.

We analysed the decisions of major European public funding organisations to fund or not to fund synthetic biology (SB) and related ethical, legal and social implication (ELSI) studies. We investigated the reaction of public organisations in six countries (Austria, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland and the UK) towards SB that may influence SB’s further development in Europe. We examined R&D and ELSI communities and their particular funding situation. Our results show that the funding situation for SB varies considerably among the analysed countries, with the UK as the only country with an established funding scheme for R&D and ELSI that successfully integrates these research communities. Elsewhere, we determined a general lack of funding (France), difficulties in funding ELSI work (Switzerland), lack of an R&D community (Austria), too small ELSI communities (France, Switzerland, Netherlands), or difficulties in linking existing communities with available funding sources (Germany), partly due to an unclear SB definition. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Information about the annual summer meeting of the European Research Area Network for synthetic biology (ERASynBio) from September 14 to 20, 2014 is presented. Topics of the meeting include the concepts of synthetic biology, the new technologies in plant systems and the improvements in research for plant synthetic biology. The meeting was also attended by several biologists and researchers including Claes Gustafsson, Jim Haseloff and Ben Blount.

The article describes how the idea of "naturalness" was used by three different groups in arguments over the risk of livestock vaccines developed in synthetic biology. Based on interviews with two groups of scientific experts and focus groups with lay people in five European countries, and using Toulmin's argument analysis as the analytical tool, the article maps and compares the different ways in which "naturalness" was used as a warrant. Several notions of "naturalness" are involved in lay people's reasoning and several lay people's understandings of risk relied on their perceptions of the "unnaturalness" of the synthetic vaccines. The notion of "naturalness" was used less by synthetic biology experts and not at all by vaccine experts. Lay people see the vaccine as less natural than other vaccines and therefore as a greater risk. In contrast, synthetic biology experts understand synthetic biology as natural, and relate naturalness, unpredictability and risk.

The authors comment on the obstacles facing the development of a synthetic biology (SB)-based framework for bioremediation in Europe. The authors emphasize the lack of comprehensive language and a shared conceptual framework for the description of minimally functional biological parts. The authors relate the failure of scientists and technicians responsible for the application of SB to environmental issues. The authors highlight the impact of the promotion of SB on social sensitivities.

In this article, the author discusses various aspects of synthetic biology in Europe with respect to orchestrated synthetic biology dialogues between the members of the public and social scientists. He emphasizes that most regulators in Europe have poor record of public confidence management. The author adds that development requires meaningful public involvement as well as appropriate regulation to avoid threats which can possibly posed by events or scaremongering.