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Background: Intensive application of acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides has resulted in herbicide-resistance in many weeds, including Bromus sterilis. The present study was conducted to identify the mechanisms conferring resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides in a Bromus sterilis biotype., Results: Dose-response studies revealed the resistant biotype to be 288 times less sensitive to pyroxsulam than the susceptible biotype. Furthermore, experiment with a single-dose, proved this biotype was also cross-resistant to propoxycarbazone, iodosulfuron plus mesosulfuron and sulfosulfuron. Prior treatment with malathion, a known inhibitor of cytochrome P450s, reduced the level of resistance to pyroxsulam. No mutations were detected from the partial ALS gene sequencing. Flow cytometry and chromosome counting rejected ploidy level variation between the susceptible and resistant biotypes. Relative copy number variation ruled out gene amplification. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detected a significant difference in ALS gene expression between the susceptible and resistant biotypes., Conclusions: Target gene overexpression and enhanced metabolism by cytochrome P450s are likely mechanisms of resistance to pyroxsulam in Bromus sterilis. The current findings highlight the need to monitor additional brome populations for herbicide resistance in Europe and endorse the need for alternate herbicides in integrated weed management to delay the possible evolution of herbicide resistance in these species. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.)

Drug dependence of anaesthetists occurs more often than in other physicians, especially the noxious usage of common substances in anaesthesiology and pain management like opioids and anaesthetics. Opioids are the most frequent abusively taken medication followed by benzodiazepines, illegal drugs, Propofol and Ketamine. Determining for the behavioral pattern is the easy access to the drugs. Especially as some of the addictive-drugs (e. g. Propofol, Ketamine) are not underlying any release-control. Recent German surveys confirm the American figures. For the development of drug dependence many factors like biographic, social and genetic aspects as well as the substances and their potential itself are significant. Furthermore, the presence of many stimuli encourages the relapse-risk for addicted people despite earlier abstinence. At least 16% of all cases and 37% of the Propofol-addiction cases proceed deadly. American studies with structured therapy-, rehabilitation- and follow-up surveillance-programs show a positive prognosis for anaesthetists. In Germany it requires rethinking and the establishment of comparable therapy-offers and facilities., (© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York.)