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Objectives: The purpose of this systematic review was to examine how the scientific community in Europe that is involved with research with animals perceives and experiences the implementation of 3R (Replace, Reduce, Refine). Methods: A systematic search of the literature published in the past ten years was performed in PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus. Publications were screened for eligibility using a priori inclusion criteria, and only empirical evidence (quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methodologies) was retained. Quantitative survey items were investigated by conducting a meta-analysis, and the qualitative data was summarized using an inductive meta-synthetic approach. Included publications were assessed using the Quality Assessment for Diverse Studies tool. Results: 17 publications were included (eight quantitative, seven qualitative, two mixed-methods). The meta-analysis revealed that scientists are skeptical about achieving replacement, even if they believe that 3R improve the quality of experimental results. They are optimistic concerning the impact of 3R on research costs and innovation, and see education as highly valuable for the implementation of 3R. The meta-synthesis revealed four barriers (systemic dynamics, reification process, practical issues, insufficient knowledge) and four facilitators (efficient use of animals, caring for animals, regulatory uptake, supportive workplace environment). Conclusion: These findings show actionable levers at the local and systemic levels, and may inform regulators and institutions in their 3R policies. Trial registration: The protocol was registered into the PROSPERO database under the number CRD42023395769. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To fully understand northeastern Europe's cultural pluralism, it helps to apply a concept first coined for a very different time and place: "intersectionality." This idea begins with a simple recognition that every person embodies a cluster of identities, some personally embraced and some imposed by others. All of these identities are positioned within cross-cutting relationships of power and privilege that interact in complicated ways. Although the term "intersectionality" dates back only three decades, those of us who study northeastern Europe are familiar with the underlying issues. Both the people of that region, and those who study them, were thinking about this problem long before anyone had a word for it. The virtue of the intersectional approach is that it prevents us from even attempting to walk the tightrope balanced between the blunt reification of national communities on the one hand, and the totalizing story of a singular (unmarked) "Polish" history on the other. It allows us to see, and when appropriate to prioritize, the various categories of gender, religion, language, status, or class that swirled around everyone living along the Vistula River basin. At the same time, it allows us to avoid the fraught dualisms of a "Polish-Jewish History" approach, which by its very label assumes that those two adjectives will everywhere and always be the most important ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reification of humanitarian borders generates a politics of crisis that weakens the capacity to produce structural political changes and legitimizes exceptionalism and the reproduction of hierarchized borders. In this article, I argue that a critique of crisis implies the possibility of thinking about migration beyond the limits of humanitarian borders, therefore locating debates about political action and change within the realm of ordinary politics rather than that of emergency and exceptionalism. In contemporary Europe, a critique of crisis is a critique of power. It is thus a way to develop a political vision of borders and mobility beyond the humanitarian order of things. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article critically studies the hegemonic discursive construction of the EU's current (2012) economic crisis, as it is articulated by political and economic elites and by mass media. The study focuses on the political economy of the particular crisis and through the critical concept of reification, the study emphasizes the hegemonic naturalization of the economic crisis by the "free market" economistic ideology. The article problematizes the positioning of Greece as the "crisis epicentre" in Europe, understanding Greece as a scapegoat and as a laboratory where political strategies of capitalist restructuring of the EU are performed. Through the frame analysis of Bild-Zeitung's headlines on the coverage of crisis-struck Greece, the article discusses a) the "culturalization" of the crisis and the diversion from a structural public debate on the global economic crisis b) the disciplinary function of crisis' publicity, related to social control and the production of new, neoliberal social subjectivities c) the alienating effect of the culturalist crisis discourses to transnational publics, resulting to the misrecognition of the ideological and structural reasons of the given crisis, the misrecognition of the effects of the crisis and crisis-politics in people's lives, the misrecognition of popular socio-political struggles in countries worse struck by crisis politics, and the eclipse of transnational solidarity and identification to the common issues that European people in particular are facing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]