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Resilience measures based on topological indices from graph theory are proposed to measure three essential aspects of the network resilience, namely connection extent measured by the extent of nodal connection, connection efficiency measured by the connection time aspect, and connection scale measured by service capacity aspect. Real liner service data are utilized to capture the intrinsic structure of the intra-Europe port network and measure its resilience against three potential "attack strategies". We conclude that the intra-Europe network has a low resiliency towards potential port disruptions as it relies heavily on a few large ports, and is highly sensitive to the easiest human-led attack strategy or a regional natural disaster surrounding the German port region. Also, Piraeus port is found to hold a critical role in the network connection. Another interesting port is Bremerhaven which provides unique connections to many small ports in the network. This study has important political and managerial implications, especially for Europe facing a new era of high uncertainties and continuous turbulences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new perspective for assessing the convenience of international multimodal transport with the novel international multimodal transport connectivity (IMTC) index is provided. • In both the pre-and post-COVID years, the time-based IMTCs via CR Express were significantly higher than those via maritime shipping for all nine cargo categories. • In the pre-COVID year, monetary-based IMTCs via CR Express were significantly lower than those via maritime shipping and vice versa. In this study, we propose a novel International Multimodal Transport Connectivity (IMTC) index and assess the IMTC of multimodal transport from mainland China to Europe. We first present the definition of IMTC, which represents the ease of transporting export cargoes from a domestic origin to an overseas destination by an international multimodal transport network. Second, we propose two kinds of IMTC indexes and then give detailed measurement methods by considering the main modes (i.e., railway express and maritime shipping) in the international multimodal transport process. One is the monetary-based IMTC measured by the monetary cost shippers must pay for transporting export cargo to an overseas region. The other is the time-based IMTC, which is measured by the time cost of the international multimodal transport process and incorporates the time value of different export cargo categories and transport time uncertainty. Third, we assess the IMTC of the international multimodal transport from mainland China to Europe and we mainly compare the monetary-based and the time-based IMTCs via the CR Express or maritime shipping in the pre- and post-COVID years. The results indicate that monetary-based IMTCs from China to Europe via CR Express are significantly lower than those via maritime shipping in the pre-COVID year, while the trend reverses in the post-COVID year, and the monetary-based IMTCs via CR Express are much higher than those via maritime shipping. Moreover, in both the pre-and post-COVID years, the time-based IMTCs from China to Europe via CR Express were significantly higher than those via maritime shipping for all nine cargo categories. Our study offers a new perspective for assessing the convenience of international multimodal transport with the novel IMTC index and provides policy and managerial implications (e.g., real-time cargo tracking technology with blockchain, unified price control mechanism and subsidy strategy, and expansion of the CR Express capacity) to guide policymakers in improving the resilience of international multimodal transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]