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This study starts the investigation of the correlations between taxation and the competitiveness of businesses by clarifying some general issues. It examines the different channels of tax regulation that affect the competitiveness of businesses. Although the study has an international scope, it focuses primarily on the Visegrád countries. The relationship between the investors' willingness and taxation is also analysed. The study concludes that in a European context there is no close correlation between the competitiveness of the tax system and capital inflow. In the opinion of the author, the regulatory system should be simplified primarily, with a view to improving the investment environment of the Visegrád countries. One important conclusion of the study is that the competitiveness of the businesses of the region is encumbered less by the size of tax burdens and much more by the complicacies of tax regulation and the time-consuming nature of the administrative tasks connected to taxation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The uptake of complex technologies and platforms has resulted in several challenges in the pricing and reimbursement of innovative pharmaceuticals. To address these challenges, plenty of concepts have already been described in the scientific literature about innovative value judgment or payment models, which are either (1) remaining theoretical; or (2) applied only in pilots with limited impact on patient access; or (3) applied so heterogeneously in many different countries that it prevents the health care industry from meeting expectations of HTA bodies and health care payers in the evidence requirements or offerings in different jurisdictions., Areas Covered: This paper provides perspectives on how to reduce the heterogeneity of pharmaceutical payment models across European countries in five areas, including 1) extended evaluation frameworks, 2) performance-based risk-sharing agreements, 3) pooled procurement for low volume or urgent technologies, 4) alternative access schemes, and 5) delayed payment models for technologies with high upfront costs., Expert Opinion: Whilst pricing and reimbursement decisions will remain a competence of EU member states, there is a need for alignment of European pharmaceutical payment model components in critical areas with the ultimate objective of improving the equitable access of European patients to increasingly complex pharmaceutical technologies.