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This paper examines the question of heterodoxy and orthodoxy from the point of view of the Yezidis, attempting to consider their place vis-a-vis Islam and at the same time make a valid general characterisation of their form of social life. It is particularly interested in the transition from the rural background to urban European cities by the Yezidi community, and concludes that there is a strong chance that the need to interact with European society will force a codification of doctrine upon the Yezidis, with effects which are not yet clear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first, long-term successful kidney transplantation happened 37 years ago in Hungary. At the same time an organized renal program was initiated followed by transplantations of other solid organs. The authors remember previous milestone operations and the preceding events. In 1982, Hungary was the first country in the Eastern block to introduce cyclosporine. After the Iron Curtain fell new circumstances and possibilities opened for the transplant community also. Young transplant surgeons were sent to Western countries returning with new experiences. In 1992 the heart transplantation program started in Budapest. The Universities of Debrecen and Pécs joined Budapest and Szeged with renal transplant programs. In 1994, a new Department was initiated at Semmelweis University with an immediate increase of 50%. The next year a liver transplantation program was launched. Pancreas transplants were performed in 1998 in Pécs, followed by Budapest. In 2003, a collaboration was initiated between Geneva and Budapest for islet transplantation and another with Vienna for lung transplantation. This article provides an overview of Hungarian transplant activities., (Copyright 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)