Search

The Europeana digital library features cultural heritage collections from over 3,000 European institutions described in 37 languages. However, most textual metadata describe the records in a single language, the data providers' language. Improving Europeana's multilingual accessibility presents challenges due to the unique characteristics of cultural heritage metadata, often expressed in short phrases and using in-domain terminology. This work presents the EuropeanaTranslate project's approach and results, aimed at translating Europeana metadata records from 23 EU languages into English. Machine Translation engines were trained on a cleaned selection of bilingual and synthetic data from Europeana, including multilingual vocabularies and relevant cultural heritage repositories. Automatic translations were evaluated through standard metrics and human assessments by linguists and domain cultural heritage experts. The results showed significant improvements when compared to the generic engines used before the in-domain training as well as the eTranslation service for most languages. The EuropeanaTranslate engines have translated over 29 million metadata records on Europeana.eu. Additionally, the MT engines and training datasets are publicly available via the European Language Grid Catalogue and the ELRC-SHARE repository. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, stories of individuals travelling to Switzerland for an assisted death have been the subject of a notable number of news reports, particularly in the UK, giving the impression that this is largely a British practice. Coverage of individuals undertaking this journey, colloquially known as 'suicide tourists', frequently features in newspaper media in other European countries however, presented as a rousing reminder of the incongruity between the modern desire for greater choice over one's death, and the law on assisted suicide making this practice a crime in all but a few European nations. In this mixed-methods study I explore the framing of suicide tourism in the newspaper media of four Western European countries between 2002 and 2021. A quantitative analysis of trends in reporting was carried out initially, complemented by a qualitative thematic analysis of news stories using a critical discourse framework. Four themes indicative of a wider 'European' discourse employing common frames, language, and meaning were identified: 1/suicide tourism as an individual choice grounded on a desire for autonomy and self-determination 2/Dignitas as an 'emergency exit' 3/the law on assisted suicide as outdated and coercive, and 4/dying in Switzerland as a 'good death'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a syntactic analysis of the inclusory plural pronominal construction in Fenno‐Swedish and Finnish. In this construction, a plural pronoun has a singular reading: vi ...med Anna (literally "we ...with Anna") means 'Anna and I'. In addition to the plural pronoun, the construction includes a comitative PP. Similar constructions can be found in several other languages, especially in the eastern parts of Europe which suggests it is an areal feature. The structural diversity of the construction in Fenno‐Swedish and Finnish seems to require an analysis that differs from previous analyses of other languages. Instead of a derivation involving movements, the study suggests that the analysis must employ an unvalued feature. In some well‐formed examples, the necessary movements would be far too complex for an appealing explanation. Additionally, the Fenno‐Swedish construction seems to allow an insight into a degree of development where the construction has not necessarily been fully grammaticalised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a syntactic analysis of the inclusory plural pronominal construction in Fenno‐Swedish and Finnish. In this construction, a plural pronoun has a singular reading: vi ...med Anna (literally "we ...with Anna") means 'Anna and I'. In addition to the plural pronoun, the construction includes a comitative PP. Similar constructions can be found in several other languages, especially in the eastern parts of Europe which suggests it is an areal feature. The structural diversity of the construction in Fenno‐Swedish and Finnish seems to require an analysis that differs from previous analyses of other languages. Instead of a derivation involving movements, the study suggests that the analysis must employ an unvalued feature. In some well‐formed examples, the necessary movements would be far too complex for an appealing explanation. Additionally, the Fenno‐Swedish construction seems to allow an insight into a degree of development where the construction has not necessarily been fully grammaticalised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the current study was to identify specific ways Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy (EFT; S. Johnson) could be adapted to better meet the needs of clients in Spanish‐speaking countries throughout Europe and the Americas. The results were drawn from responses to a qualitative questionnaire regarding the experiences of learning and applying EFT; 103 therapists in 12 different countries where Spanish is spoken responded to the survey. Overall, the results suggest that the therapists surveyed consider EFT to be a "good fit" for many Spanish‐speaking clients because of its focus on emotion, attachment theory, close interpersonal relationships, and model‐specific interventions that match cultural values. Participants suggested a few culture‐specific modifications regarding how to access and process emotion with men in therapy, translation of key EFT concepts and phrases into Spanish, and navigating the intersection of two cultural values (respeto and personalismo). Fewer modifications were suggested by therapists as they discussed application of the model than while learning it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Getting a diagnosis of dementia does not equate to equitable access to care. People with dementia and unpaid carers face many barriers to care, which can vary within, and across, different countries and cultures. With little evidence across different countries, the aim of this scoping exercise was to identify the different and similar types of inequalities in dementia across Europe, and provide recommendations for addressing these. Methods: We conducted a brief online survey with INTERDEM and INTERDEM Academy members across Europe, and with members of Alzheimer Europe's European Working Group of People with Dementia and Carers in February and March 2023. Members were asked about whether inequalities in dementia care existed within their country; if yes, to highlight three key inequalities. Responses on barriers were coded into groups, and frequencies of inequalities were calculated. Highlighted inequalities were discussed and prioritised at face‐to‐face and virtual consensus meetings in England, Ireland, Italy, and Poland, involving people with dementia, unpaid carers, health and social care providers, and non‐profit organisations. Results: Forty‐nine academics, PhD students, people with dementia and unpaid carers from 10 countries (Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Malta, Netherlands, UK) completed the survey. The most frequently identified inequalities focused on unawareness and lack of information, higher level system issues (i.e. lack of communication among care professionals), lack of service suitability, and stigma. Other barriers included workforce training and knowledge, financial costs, culture and language, lack of single‐point‐of‐contact person, age, and living location/postcode lottery. There was general consensus among people living dementia and care providers of unawareness as a key barrier in different European countries, with varied priorities in Ireland depending on geographical location. Conclusions: These findings provide a first insight on dementia inequalities across Europe, generate cross‐country learnings on how to address these inequalities in dementia, and can underpin further solution‐focused research that informs policy and key decision makers to implement changes. Key points: There are numerous similar barriers to accessing dementia care across different European countries.Some of the key challenges to equitable dementia care are lack of workforce knowledge, lack of information, stigma, financial barriers, and lack of communication among care professionals.Cultural challenges, postcode lottery, and service suitability were also raised as key barriers to dementia care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: According to European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) reports, women and migrants are more likely to have delayed HIV diagnosis (CD4 <350 cells/mm3). As a follow‐up to a previously published systematic review revealing a range of barriers to HIV testing among migrant women, the aim of the present study was to identify barriers to HIV testing from the perspective of service providers and to formulate possible interventions to improve access to HIV healthcare among migrants in Europe, with an emphasis on migrant women. Methods: Between November 2021 and February 2022 an online survey, consisting of 20 questions, was forwarded to 178 stakeholders and non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) working with migrant populations in 33 countries from the World Health Organization (WHO) European region. Results: Forty‐three responses from 14 countries were analysed. Most respondents (70%) judged migrants' access to healthcare as worse than that for the resident native population. Only 2/11 prevention interventions were available to all in at least 50% of participating countries. The three main barriers to accessing healthcare for migrant women and reasons for late HIV diagnosis among migrant women were stigma and discrimination, language barriers, and cultural barriers. Conclusions: Many HIV prevention interventions are not free of charge for all within Europe. The results of this survey show that migrant women face many barriers to accessing healthcare and that these might contribute to late HIV diagnosis. Simplification of access to free healthcare for all, more awareness raising about HIV screening and prevention among migrant women, and more migrant‐focused outreach programmes are suggested to improve migrant women's access to HIV healthcare in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the resurgence of the extreme right in Europe, we have witnessed several attempts to classify these parties and group them together under a common label. These efforts have shown that there are significant differences within this "family". Some of these differences, such as the variations in the degree of radicalisation of their discourses, have not received the attention they merit. The goal of this research is to show that these differences in radicality indicate how individual parties adapt, through the use of language, in response to the specific cultural contexts in which they operate. To this end, we have performed an analysis of the language employed in five party platforms, linking the differences to the determinants of their environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Shared decision-making is one key element of interprofessional collaboration. Communication is often considered to be the main reason for inefficient or ineffective collaboration. Little is known about group dynamics in the process of shared decision-making in a team with professionals, including the patient or their parent. This study aimed to evaluate just that. Methods: Simulation-based training was provided for groups of medical and allied health profession students from universities across the globe. In an overt ethnographic research design, passive observations were made to ensure careful observations and accurate reporting. The training offered the context to directly experience the behaviors and interactions of a group of people. Results: Overall, 39 different goals were defined in different orders of prioritizing and with different time frames or intervention ideas. Shared decision-making was lacking, and groups chose to convince the parents when a conflict arose. Group dynamics made parents verbally agree with professionals, although their non-verbal communication was not in congruence with that. Conclusions: The outcome and goalsetting of an interprofessional meeting are highly influenced by group dynamics. The vision, structure, process, and results of the meeting are affected by multiple inter- or intrapersonal factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous work using lexical data from around the world has suggested that distances between language varieties are distributed such that varieties are typically either rather similar, qualifying as dialects of the same language, or rather dissimilar, qualifying as different languages, with a scarcity of varieties that are around halfway similar. Using a potentially biased sample, Wichmann (2019) observed that there is a bimodal distribution of distances with two roughly normal distributions separated by a valley. Here we test whether a similar distribution is found when using another source of data and an unbiased sample drawn from the cells of a geographical grid (of central Europe). The data consists of 18 lexemes from 274 doculects. Using Bayesian beta regression and leave-one-out cross-validation, we show that the data follows a bimodal distribution which is robust to sampling, and also to at least some aspects of the data (coarse- vs. fine-grained phonetic transcriptions). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of English as a global language in the lexicon of the languages of Europe is undeniable, Spanish being no exception to this general trend. The increasing impact of English on the European Spanish word-stock is evidenced by semantic and lexical borrowings. The aim of the present article is to study such semantic and lexical borrowings from English into European Spanish. In order to carry out the research, examples were retrieved from the sub-corpora of tourism and fashion, both part of the ANGLICOR corpus and its associated database. Following identification, the examples were analyzed qualitatively following Gómez Capuz's classification (2004). The results of this analysis reveal, on the one hand, the fact that semantic borrowings may belong to the category of adjectives as well as the category of nouns. In the case of lexical borrowings, on the other hand, only nouns or noun groups, following various patterns, were recorded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the impact of ChatGPT on the current language regimes in Europe for patent translation. With the growing number of patent applications being filed annually, there is a high demand for cost-effective and high-quality patent translation services. Despite advancements in translation technology, including ChatGPT, there remains a scarcity of research on the use of these technologies in patent translation, particularly with regard to the legal validity of machine-generated translations. The article takes an interdisciplinary approach, incorporating a review of regulatory documents, a preliminary evaluation of ChatGPT's performance using the LISA QA matrix and a review of relevant doctrinal literature. The regulatory examination in this study centers on the provisions of the European Patent Convention and related legal documents that specify the language criteria for acquiring a patent within Europe. The preliminary evaluation uses a sample of 20 patents translated from English into Portuguese to assess accuracy, fluency and acceptability. The examination of available legal literature strives to attain a thorough comprehension of how laws and principles of the legal system are being put into practice in association with the progression of translation technologies. This article endeavors to examine the potential effects of utilizing ChatGPT in patent translation on existing language regulations in Europe and if new regulations will be necessary. It highlights the need for further research in this field to better understand the advantages and implications of using advanced language models in patent translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the development of behavioral and mental health issues among adolescents, particularly those from immigrant families, is a key area of concern. Many prior studies have focused on the role of societal (country-of-destination) language skills, but we know less about the role played by the use of the heritage language in families. We examined this latter relationship with a focus on changes in heritage language use and internalizing and externalizing problems, and how family relations moderate this relationship. We used the first two waves (2010/2011 and 2011/2012) of the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Survey in Four European Countries (CILS4EU) data collected from Germany (n = 1614; Mage = 14.8 years, 50% female), the Netherlands (n = 1203; Mage = 14.7 years, 54% female), Sweden (n = 1794; Mage = 14.2 years, 53% female), and England (n = 1359; Mage = 14.6 years, 50% female). Our results suggest that increased use of heritage language is associated with fewer externalizing problems only in families with greater family cohesion and parental warmth (in Germany and the U.K.) and with fewer internalizing problems only in families with higher parental monitoring (in the Netherlands and Sweden). Good family relations are thus an important precondition for increased heritage language use to lead to improved behavioral and mental health for children of immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies carried out in Europe are of great importance in terms of the history of the Book of Dede Korkut studies. The present study is based on the analytical evaluation of studies conducted in Europe on the Book of Dede Korkut and in foreign languages spoken in Europe. For the list of academic studies in this article, previous bibliographic studies, European and USA-centered databases/online catalogs were utilized. The bibliographic list obtained was classified as "translations" and "selected other works". This study, which has a descriptive character in terms of presenting a bibliographic list on the Book of Dede Korkut, can also be accepted as an analytical review in terms of a holistic evaluation of the studies in question. The present study, which aims to bring the studies on the Book of Dede Korkut in foreign languages to the attention of scholars who read and write in Turkish, to determine the general tendencies of the Dede Korkut researches in Europe and to make a general evaluation based on these determinations, has the purpose of contributing to the corpus of the Book of Dede Korkut researches. In addition, in the light of the data and evaluations put forward, it can be considered as another aim of the article to direct new studies on the Book of Dede Korkut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the examples of German prose translated into Azerbaijani, the works of the world-famous writer Hermann Karl Hesse have a special place. H.Hesse, who started writing in 1904 and gained fame as an author of stories, novels, and poems, has won many readers in different countries of the world, and his works have been the subject of various studies, as they are mostly devoted to important internal and psychological problems of people such as self-awareness, self-affirmation, and self-expression. H.Hesse's works were hardly accepted by readers and the literary community at first due to the peculiar description of human feelings, complex moral and psychological states, many problems such as the search for oneself, but soon gained fame in Europe and America. The great writer received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1946 and the Pour le Merite Prize in 1954. Since there were some complexities in the life of the writer, his thoughts, nature were influenced by these issues, and the difference in his life was also manifested in his work, H.Hesse has signed a multifaceted literary creation in terms of content, ideas, and images. Therefore, the translation of this writer's works into another language requires the translators to learn not only the important principles of the art of translation, but also the layers of ideas of H.Hesse's work, many important moments in his personal life, the social environment in which he was born and grew up, the philosophical and psychological trends that influenced his thoughts, and such other issues as well. Therefore, in the dissertation, we found it appropriate to study the translation issues of H.Hesse's works into our language as a separate paragraph. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław is the property of Oficyna Wydawnicza ATUT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The cultural-demographic profile of Europe has been heavily influenced by migration dynamics over the past decades. The question is whether language diversity in a host country - in particular, language proficiency and foreign language use at work - has implications for the workers' wages. Our study examines the heterogeneous impacts of foreign language use at work on earnings of both native-born workers and foreign-born workers. To that end, a Mincer earnings equation is specified. The model is tested by means of an extensive data set that captures all relevant variables. Despite the dated nature of the data used, several interesting outcomes on wage differentials in Europe - as a result of foreign language use at work - are found. First, for native-born workers with a tertiary diploma, using a foreign language at work is found to have an unambiguously positive impact on their earnings (2%). Second, for foreign-born workers, returns to foreign language use at work is highly complementary to education. Foreign language users below the upper secondary educational level earn significantly less (-8%) than those who use the local language at work. Third, a linguistically distant foreign language gives native-born workers the highest wage premium, while the use of EU official languages pays off the most for foreign-born workers. Fourth, our results do not show evidence that the lack of local language knowledge of low-educated migrants causes these results, as immigrants for whom the mother tongue is similar to the local language show similar outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Clinical supervisors allow trainees to fail during clinical situations when trainee learning outweighs concerns for patient safety. Trainees perceive failure as both educationally valuable and emotionally draining; however, the nuance of supervised failures has not been researched from the trainee perspective. This study explored trainees' awareness and their experience of failure and allowed failure to understand those events in‐depth. Methods: We interviewed 15 postgraduate trainees from nine teaching sites in Europe and Canada. Participants were a purposive sample, representing 1–10 years of clinical training in various specialties. Consistent with constructivist grounded theory, data collection and analysis were iterative, supporting theoretical sampling to explore themes. Results: Trainees reported that failure was a common, valuable, and emotional experience. They perceived that supervisors allowed failure, but they reported never having it explicitly confirmed or discussed. Therefore, trainees tried to make sense of these events on their own. If they interpreted a failure as allowed by the supervisor, trainees sought to ascertain supervisory intentions. They described situations where they judged supervisor's intentions to be constructive or destructive. Discussion: Our results confirm that trainees perceive their failures as valuable learning opportunities. In the absence of explicit conversations with supervisors, trainees tried to make sense of failures themselves. When trainees judge that they have been allowed to fail, their interpretation of the event is coloured by their attribution of supervisor intentions. Perceived intentions might impact the educational benefit of the experience. In order to support trainees' sense‐making, we suggest that supervisory conversations during and after failure events should use more explicit language to discuss failures and explain supervisory intentions. Residents' interpretation of being allowed to fail is shown to be colored by attributions of supervisor intention, thereby influencing what is learned from failure and emphasizing the importance of explicit conversation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages has been a major influence on language teaching in Europe and beyond and its Companion Volume will probably have the same significance. It is important therefore that education professionals understand the underlying concepts, including the conceptualisation of the language user/learner. This article analyses the concept of learners' identities against the background of the Council of Europe's policy of social inclusion, which became significant between the dates of publication of the two documents. It demonstrates that the CEFR has a more nuanced and detailed concept of identity than the Companion Volume, and that the suggestion in the Companion Volume that teachers do not need to know the CEFR itself is problematic. The CEFR works with a concept of social and personal identity. The Companion Volume lacks such a concept, and an analysis of pluricultural competence in search of clarification of how a 'pluricultural person' is conceptualised proves unsuccessful. The relationship between 'pluricultural' and 'plurilingual' is not fully addressed in the CEFR, nor developed further in the Companion Volume. There is still a need for a rich description of the identities of learners and of the notion of pluricultural competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature on mandibular incisive canal (MIC) studies using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: A PROSPERO-registered systematic review (#42017056619) was conducted following the PRISMA statements to summarize current knowledge on the CBCT aspects of the MIC. A search was performed in PubMed's Medline and Scopus databases, without date or language restrictions, using the algorithm {[(Interforaminal region) OR (mandibular incisive channel) OR (mandibular incisive nerve) OR (mental mandible) OR (anterior mandible) (cone beam computed tomography)]}. Also, the references were crosschecked. The Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument and meta-analysis was used to evaluate the selected studies. Results: A total of 410 articles were found, and 25 studies were selected after a two-step selection process. The CBCT systems differed regarding field of view (FOV) (large, n = 3; medium, n = 2; small, n = 4; not informed, n = 16) and voxel size (0.15 to 0.4 mm). Geographically, the studies were distributed across four continents (South America, North America, Asia, and Europe), and there was a statistical significance of studies from the American and Asian continents (P < .0001). From 3,421 CBCT exams, the number of female patients was slightly higher than male, and the mean age ranged from 29.8 to 59.1 years. The overall mean prevalence of MIC was 89.6% ± 15.08%, and bilateral occurrence was statistically significant (P < .0001). The studies using a voxel size lower than 0.3 mm showed the highest mean prevalence (93.88%) in comparison with voxel size described as ≥ 0.3 mm (89.33%). Diameter (0.45 to 4.12 mm) and length (6.6 to 40.3 mm) showed great variability among the included studies. Conclusion: The results of this systematic review evidenced a high worldwide prevalence of MIC. There was no prevalence of MIC in relation to sex, and its presence was mainly related to adults between the fourth and sixth decades of life. In addition, great heterogeneity of methodologies was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the terminology used for oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) across European languages. Topics include the heterogeneity of translations for "disorder" in Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, and Croatian, revealing discrepancies and proposing more accurate terms like "Alterações orais potencialmente malignas," "Trastornos orales potencialmente malignos," and "Oralni potencijalno zloćudni pomernećaji," respectively.

Copyright of Croatian Journal of Education / Hrvatski Časopis za Odgoj i Obrazovanje is the property of Uciteljski Fakultet u Zagrebu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this article we examine the extent to which students of Dutch as a Foreign Language are able to distinguish between both European standard varieties of Dutch, i.e. Netherlandic Dutch and Belgian Dutch, and which phonetic indicators they use in doing so. In total, 66 students of Dutch in Central Europe participated in a distinction test, which was carried out in 2019 and 2022. The participants were native speakers of Hungarian or a Slavic language and had a minimal level of B1. Their task was to determine the national accent of 12 sound clips of ca. 30 seconds. The results show a correlation between language level and students’ ability to correctly distinguish between both varieties: upper-intermediate (B2) and advanced students (C1) scored significantly better (on average 76% and 84,5%) than intermediate students (B1), who determined only 61,7% of the stimuli correctly. Secondly, the students’ knowledge of (segmental) pronunciation differences between Netherlandic Dutch and Belgian Dutch was tested and they were asked which phonetic markers they use to determine the right accent. In both cases they were given a list of twenty consonants, consonants in certain positions and vowels, each category containing two “false” indicators (phonemes that do not show a north-south pattern of variation). This part was added to the distinction test in 2022, in which 24 students participated. We can conclude that students know and use a limited number of phonetic markers to distinguish between Netherlandic Dutch and Belgian Dutch and that the distinction between both varieties is not as obvious as for native speakers of Dutch, though this competence grows with language level (and supposedly, language exposure). In the last part of the article, we discuss the didactic implications of our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a case study which brings together the fields of contrastive pragmatics and historical pragmatics. Specifically, we contrastively investigate the ways in which the speech act set of "farewell" – representing the closing phase of an interaction – was realised in nineteenth-century historical letters in different linguacultures, including the English, German and Chinese ones. We argue that contrastive pragmatics provides a fruitful contribution to historical research for two inter-related reasons. First, contrastive pragmatics allows us to identify similar pragmatic patterns between typologicially "close" linguacultures, such as the English and the German ones. Second, it prompts researchers to attest the validity of such patterns by comparing such typologically close linguacultures with more distant ones such as the Chinese. Our study is based on a corpus of family letters written to elderly relatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Carnets: Revue Electronique d'Etudes Françaises / Revista Electrónica de Estudos Franceses is the property of Associacao Portuguesa de Estudos Franceses (APEF) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Slawistik is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article is dedicated to the historical realtions of well-known czech philosopher and father of modern pedagogy to Ottoman turkish language. Here we can see the reasons and the stages of translation Bible into turkish by the leading protestant of Europe, which was the high contribution for the devolopment of turcology and Ottoman turkish language knowledges in Czech lands and in all European continent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article collection "Latin influence on the syntax of the languages of Europe" provides an overview of the interaction between European languages and Latin from the Middle Ages to the 18th century. The contributions cover various topics such as periphrastic aspectual and temporal constructions, word order, and non-finite subordination. Some articles argue in favor of Latin influence, while others present arguments against it. The collection offers valuable empirical contributions and highlights the interplay between variation and contact in language development. It is a useful resource for scholars studying language contact in polyglossic settings. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Evidence suggests that plants can behave intelligently by exhibiting the ability to learn, make associations between environmental cues, engage in complex decisions about resource acquisition, memorize, and adapt in flexible ways. However, plant intelligence is a disputed concept in the scientific community. Reasons for lack of consensus can be traced back to the history of Western philosophy, interpretation of terminology, and due to plants lacking neurons and a central nervous system. Plant intelligence thus constitutes a novel paradigm in the plant sciences. Therefore, the perspectives of scientists in plant-related disciplines need to be investigated in order to gain insight into the current state and future development of this concept. Methods: This study analyzed opinions of plant intelligence held by scientists from different plant-related disciplines, including ethnobiology and other biological sciences, through an online questionnaire. Results: Our findings show that respondents' personal belief systems and the frequency of taking into account other types of knowledge, such as traditional knowledge, in their own field(s) of study, were associated with their opinions of plant intelligence. Meanwhile, respondents' professional expertise, background (discipline), or familiarity with evidence provided on plant intelligence did not affect their opinions. Conclusions: This study emphasizes the influential role of scientists' own subjective beliefs. In response, two approaches could facilitate transdisciplinary understanding among scientists: (1) effective communication designed to foster change in agreement based on presented information; and (2) holding space for an interdisciplinary dialogue where scientists can express their own subjectivities and open new opportunities for collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many researchers and practitioners consider ethnic segregation in neighbourhoods or schools detrimental to migrants' acculturation in host societies. Empirically, however, segregation is a 'mixed bag' and its effects depend crucially on the investigated acculturation domain (e.g., negative for language skills, positive for well‐being). As most prior studies have focused on a restricted spectrum of acculturation, a comprehensive assessment within one single study is needed to establish comparability across different acculturation domains. Among over 8000 immigrant‐background students from four countries, we investigated the association of classroom segregation, defined as opportunities for contact with natives and other migrants, with a broad spectrum of acculturation (academic, attitude‐related, identity‐related, social, health‐related, and psychological criteria). Some findings were consistent (e.g., academic acculturation), some were contrary to prior research (e.g., social acculturation). In sum, our results shed light on the 'mixed bag' of segregation and contribute to the understanding of a crucial social issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to verify the influence of different cultural backgrounds and languages on the perception of voice quality. Another aim was to evaluate the correlation between clinical auditory-perceptual judgments with acoustic measurements, such as the acoustic voice quality index (AVQI) and the acoustic breathiness index (ABI), i.e., their effect on the concurrent validity. Methods: Brazilian and European participants rated 2 culturally and linguistically different datasets (i.e., 150 Brazilian Portuguese and 218 German voice sample sets), with each dataset containing concatenated voice samples of continuous speech and sustained phonation. The raters evaluated the vocal quality in terms of the overall voice quality and breathiness. Intra- and interrater reliabilities were also tested. The psychometric qualities of the AVQI and the ABI (concurrent validity and diagnostic accuracy) were analyzed, considering the perceptual ratings of Brazilian and European participants for each dataset. Results: Rater reliability decreased for nonnative participants when evaluating the nonnative dataset. Brazilian raters perceived the German voices as more severe, whereas German raters considered the overall voice quality of Brazilian voices as less severe than native raters. The concurrent validity of the AVQI and the ABI, i.e., the agreement with the auditory-perceptual evaluations, was high irrespectively of the group of participants. The diagnostic accuracy, which refers to the ability to identify a deviated voice, was higher, considering the perceptual evaluations of native listeners. Conclusions: Brazilian raters classified voice quality as more deviated, and the Brazilian voice samples were measured to be less severe (a possible language characteristic). Further studies are necessary to verify whether there was a task or sample consequence or if adjustments to the AVQI and ABI equations are required for Brazilian Portuguese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Lidcombe Program is a stuttering treatment approach for children between the ages of 3 and 6 years. Most papers about the Lidcombe Program, however, are based on studies conducted in native English-speaking countries. The aim of this paper is to systematically review the delivery and implementation of the Lidcombe Program in non-native English-speaking countries. Summary: A resource search was conducted between October and November 2019. Scopus, PubMed, ASHA, Cochrane Library, ERIC, Google Scholar, and SpeechBITE databases and reference lists of relevant papers were searched for the identification process. Joanna Briggs Institute tools were used for the appraisal of the studies. The search yielded 8 studies conducted in non-native English-speaking countries. The Lidcombe Program is efficacious in non-native English-speaking countries when delivered to both preschool and young school age children who stutter. It is reported to be delivered with minor changes and challenges. The number of weekly clinic visits and the total time needed to reach zero or near-zero stuttering levels with the Lidcombe Program can be up to 3 times greater in non-native English-speaking countries than in native English-speaking countries, mostly due to the increased time needed to introduce the parental verbal contingencies. Key Messages: Speech and language therapists practicing in non-native English-speaking countries are encouraged to use the Lidcombe Program for both preschool and young school age children who stutter, although this can take more time than that reported in native English-speaking countries. Further investigation to explore the therapy process with children and parents in non-native English-speaking countries is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to identify and describe the European evidence on opportunities and barriers to access and utilization of palliative care among non- western migrants. A systematic review in accordance with PRISMA guidelines was conducted in June 2020, searching Medline, CINAHL, PsychINFO and EMBASE databases. PROSPERO# CRD42020193651. Studies included empirical research published between 2011 and 2020. Search words were, for example, ethnic groups and palliative care. Thematic analysis was used to analyze data. Twenty nine qualitative and six quantitative studies were included. Four main themes were identified: communication and language; knowledge and awareness; patient preferences, cultural and religious issues; and lack of resources at different levels of palliative care service provision. Migrants' access to palliative care is impeded at system, community and individual levels, yet, recommendations are mostly at the individual level. Closer attention is required to these different levels when designing future palliative interventions for migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Europe seems to be going through a historical period characterized by the fear of otherness, conceived as an attack on the positive values of liberal society. This fear manifests itself, according to several researchers, through neo-assimilationist tendencies in public policies in many European nations: an example of this trend can be considered the reintroduction of the language and knowledge requirements of the country for new immigrants as a prerequisite for obtaining permanent residence and citizenship. At the same time, in both academic and public debates, the tendency is spreading to affirm that it is necessary to overcome the multicultural approach in favour of a new paradigm capable of dealing with the complexities typical of the superdiversity that characterizes European nations: the interculturalism. This trend is in contrast to the thinking of several researchers who believe that the theoretical principles and the practical aims, which are at the basis of multiculturalism and interculturalism are complementary to each other. Multiculturalism tends to focus more on the level of public discourse and political debate while interculturalism is aimed more at more meso and micro-level. It is believed that teachers, social workers and educators play a fundamental role in making the members of the majority of a State more open to comparison and exchange with subjects coming from other historical and geographical contexts. The purpose of this review is to identify the intercultural competencies that these professionals should have to counter the fear and closure towards diversity, which is constantly increasing in European societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Philological Research & Studies. Romance Languages Series / Studii şi Cercetări Filologice. Seria Limbi Romanice is the property of Philological Research & Studies. Romance Languages Series and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The spatial agency bias predicts that people whose native language is rightward written will predominantly envisage action along the same direction. Two mechanisms contribute jointly to this asymmetry: (a) an embodied process related to writing/reading; (b) a linguistic regularity according to which sentence subjects (typically the agent) tend to precede objects (typically the recipient). Here we test a novel hypothesis in relation to the second mechanism, namely, that this asymmetry will be most pronounced in languages with rigid word order. A preregistered study on 14 European languages (n = 420) varying in word order flexibility confirmed a rightward bias in drawings of interactions between two people (agent and recipient). This bias was weaker in more flexible languages, confirming that embodied and linguistic features of language interact in producing it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upon his untimely death, Michal Boym (1612–1659) left behind an enormous written legacy; covering a diverse range of interests in fields such as Chinese linguistics, cartography, botany, zoology, philosophy and medicine. This article attempts to examine Boym's De indiciis morborum ex linguae coloribus & affectionibus (The signs of disease on the tongue, colors and affections), a translation of a previously unidentified Chinese text. The text specifically deals with the subject of tongue diagnosis, in relation to contagious diseases that were still raging in the 17th century China. Arriving to China at the end of the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), Boym was able to personally witness the early development of tongue examination as an independent specialty; he recognized its significance and tried to incorporate it into his ultimately unfinished Chinese medical corpus. Boym's work eventually facilitated the assimilation of tongue observation in European medicine during the 19th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interest in the motivational aspect of learning a foreign language has increased significantly in recent years in all disciplines related to language in one way or another -- not only in psychology and pedagogy, but also in linguodidactics, methods of teaching foreign languages at school, and psycholinguistics. In order to properly adapt to the current situation, when Europe becomes a single multinational, multicultural and multilingual whole, representatives of society at all its levels must realize the importance of learning foreign languages, since the study of languages is a way to foster tolerance, the ability to cooperate, to achieve mutual understanding between peoples, respect for the individual regardless of his race, national, religious, political affiliation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers how the modern phenomena of multilingualism, multiculturalism and media diversity are different from those of previous periods. With the promotion of multiculturalism as a constructive interaction of cultures, the “clash of civilizations” is also actively discussed as is the fact that, despite the expansion of compulsory multilingualism in education, the dominance of only one language is consistently growing, including officially multilingual Europe. In this regard, it is important to consider such sociocultural processes against wider sociopolitical, cultural and philosophical contexts. The mobility of modern people and their communication with each other is much greater than before, but the language barrier is overcome not so much by their multilingualism or a new lingua franca (English), but by the creation of tourist and business infrastructures, whose employees learn several foreign languages, and only in a small necessary amount. In addition, a small number of professional translators are used when and where a highly qualified translation with a very precise semantic understanding is required. In the future this role might well belong to translation machines. With these realities, as well as with some of the rights of the child, the obligatory study of two or more languages, in most cases the English, provides a stark contrast. The main justification for such a policy is that it supposedly increases the chances of employment. Yet this is an ideological construct, the implementation of which is consuming an ever-increasing proportion of budgetary funds and personal time of students and teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals' developing themselves globally and multi-dimensionally has been one of the crucial purposes of the education systems of several countries. According to this purpose, in Europe, the European Qualifications Framework was constituted to develop individuals. In our country, the Turkish Qualifications Framework was constituted in harmony with this framework. Eight key competences were determined in this framework constituted in our country. With the update of the curricula in our country in 2018, eight key competences were included in curricula within the scope of the life-long learning framework. One of the curricula consisting of the key competences is the Social Studies Lesson Curriculum (SSLC). In this context, to what extent the key competences included in the SSLC are related to the program is significant. For this reason, it is aimed to investigate the relationship between the gains in the 5th grade SSLC with the key competences in the study. The qualitative research model and document review method were employed in the research. The 2018 SSLC was determined as the data source of the research. The data analysis was performed with the descriptive data analysis technique. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that the gains in the 5th grade SSLC were in harmony with the key competences included in the curriculum. It was determined that the gains having the relationship with social and civic competences were included, however, gains directly related to the competences of "communication in mother language" and communication in foreign languages were not included in the curriculum. In addition, it was observed that social and civic competences were associated with more learning fields than other competences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives: To explore how communication in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) between immigrant mothers and nurses take place without having a common language, and how these mothers experience their NICU stay. Background: Admission of infants to NICU affects both parents and infants. Immigrant mothers constitute a vulnerable hospital population in need of culturally, linguistically and individually tailored information. Design and methods: The study had a qualitative design reported according to the COREQ criteria. Eight mothers who spoke neither Scandinavian nor English went through individual semi‐structured interviews. Six mother–nurse interactions were observed, and eight nurses' experiences were explored through focus‐group interviews. All interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. The analysis was thematic and hermeneutic in character. Results: Interpreters were present during the consultations with the physicians, but rarely during the daily nurse‐mother interactions. Nurses focused on daily routines, infant care guidance and mother–infant attachment. The mothers learned through demonstrations and hands‐on guidance. Language barriers made it difficult to assess the mothers' understanding, but the mothers expressed that they felt adequately included in the care of their infant and well informed and guided. Even so, both mothers and nurses expressed desire to use interpreters more regularly. The pictorial communication boards available lacked important vocabulary needed in neonatal nursing contexts and their use furthermore interrupted the mother–nurse conversation. Conclusion: Body language, simple words, guesswork, trial and error characterised the nurse–mother interaction. The nurses adopted various communication strategies to help the mothers understand and give them a voice. Competent interpreters were used during meetings with physicians, but not during daily bedside guidance and information giving by nurses. Relevance to clinical practice: Knowledge of immigrant mothers' and nurses' communication strategies and how both parties think, feel and act to overcome communication problem is necessary to improve clinical practice and reduce communication barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess current clinical practices throughout Europe with respect to acquisition, implementation, evaluation, and interpretation of language functional MRI (fMRI) in epilepsy patients. Methods: An online survey was emailed to all European Society of Neuroradiology members (n = 1662), known associates (n = 6400), and 64 members of European Epilepsy network. The questionnaire featured 40 individual items on demographic data, clinical practice and indications, fMRI paradigms, radiological workflow, data post-processing protocol, and reporting. Results: A total of 49 non-duplicate entries from European centers were received from 20 countries. Of these, 73.5% were board-certified neuroradiologists and 69.4% had an in-house epilepsy surgery program. Seventy-one percent of centers performed fewer than five scans per month for epilepsy. The most frequently used paradigms were phonemic verbal fluency (47.7%) and auditory comprehension (55.6%), but variants of 13 paradigms were described. Most centers assessed the fMRI task performance (75.5%), ensured cognitive-task adjustment (77.6%), trained the patient before scanning (85.7%), and assessed handedness (77.6%), but only 28.6% had special paradigms for patients with cognitive impairments. fMRI was post-processed mainly by neuroradiologists (42.1%), using open-source software (55.0%). Reporting was done primarily by neuroradiologists (74.2%). Interpretation was done mainly by visual inspection (65.3%). Most specialists (81.6%) were able to determine the hemisphere dominance for language in more than 75% of exams, attributing failure to the patient not performing the task correctly. Conclusion: This survey shows that language fMRI is firmly embedded in the preoperative management of epilepsy patients. The wide variety of paradigms and the use of non-CE-marked software underline the need for establishing reference standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]