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Land abandonment has been increasing in recent decades in Europe, usually accompanied by biodiversity decline. Whether livestock grazing and mowing can safeguard biodiversity across spatial scales in the long term is unclear.Using a 48‐year experiment in a salt marsh, we compared land abandonment (without grazing and mowing) and seven management regimes including cattle grazing, early season mowing, late season mowing, both early and late season mowing, and grazing plus each of the mowing regimes on plant diversity at the local and larger scales (i.e. aggregated local communities). Also, we compared their effects on community composition (both in identities and abundances) in time and space.Under land abandonment, plant diversity declined in the local communities and this decline became more apparent at the larger scale, particularly for graminoids and halophytes. All management regimes, except for late season mowing, maintained plant diversity at these scales.Local plant communities under all treatments underwent different successional trajectories, in the end, diverged from their initial state except for that under grazing (a cyclic succession). Year‐to‐year changes in local community composition remained at a similar level over time under land abandonment and grazing plus early season mowing while it changed under other treatments. Vegetation homogenized at the larger scale over time under land abandonment while vegetation remained heterogeneous under all management regimes.Synthesis. Our experiment suggests that late season mowing may not be sustainable to conserve plant diversity in salt marshes. Other management regimes can maintain plant diversity across spatial scales and vegetation heterogeneity at the larger scale in the long term, but local community composition may change over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2023, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) granted approval to 77 new molecular entities (NMEs), consisting of 45 new chemical entities (NCEs) and 32 new biological entities (NBEs). These pharmacological agents encompass a broad spectrum of therapeutic domains, including oncology, cardiology, dermatology, diagnostic medicine, endocrinology, gastroenterology and hepatology, metabolic disorders, and neurology. Among the 77 approved pharmaceuticals, three received accelerated review status, and 17 (22 %) were granted orphan drug designation for the treatment of rare diseases. This review provides an overview of the clinical applications and synthetic routes of 42 newly approved NCEs by the EMA in 2023. The objective is to offer a comprehensive understanding of the synthetic approaches used in the development of these drug molecules, thereby inspiring the creation of novel, efficient, and applicable synthetic methodologies., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)