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Entrepreneurial universities are a significant element of entrepreneurial ecosystems and aspire to foster entrepreneurial initiative through their "third mission". However, while entrepreneurial ecosystems are scrutinized using a contextual approach to detect differences and similarities and how they affect entrepreneurship, little is known about how entrepreneurial universities impact entrepreneurial initiatives in general, considering multiple environments. Drawing on entrepreneurial university and entrepreneurial ecosystem theories, a conceptual framework is proposed that aims to explain the effect of the entrepreneurial university on an entrepreneurial initiative through its three "missions", using an entrepreneurial ecosystem taxonomy. Based on individual data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, this entrepreneurial initiative analyzed 18 European countries in 2017. The results do not generally support the importance of entrepreneurial universities to entrepreneurial initiative. The relevance of entrepreneurial universities increases in more fragile entrepreneurial ecosystems since individuals need support over multiple dimensions. Conversely, the entrepreneurial universities that are embedded in stronger entrepreneurial ecosystems lose relevance and negatively affect the entrepreneurial initiative. Therefore, the value of entrepreneurial universities is reduced when individuals receive greater support from other dimensions. The variations across both groups suggest that the concept of entrepreneurial universities is not a contemporaneous phenomenon; however, their effect is progressively revealed by the maturity of each university's mission. This perspective substantially changes the understanding of entrepreneurial universities as a thwartwise strategy, suggesting that the universities' impact is expanded as their missions gradually evolve. Overall, the study contributes to an understanding of the implications for universities that blindly follow entrepreneurship, neglecting the exogenous environment, namely, the entrepreneurial ecosystem and individual drive.

Wolves have been the archetype of wildlife persecution by humans for centuries all over the world, and still are heavily persecuted in some regions. Facultative diurnal/nocturnal wild mammals are known to become more nocturnal when persecuted. Conversely, little is known regarding the possibility of wolves becoming more diurnal if not persecuted. We took advantage of a 9-year natural experiment of restricted human access to a restored coal mine debris dump to study the daily activity patterns of wolves under conditions of infrequent human presence. Results were compared with a paired control site with frequent human use. Circadian wolf activity was monitored using camera traps (3 years in human-restricted site; 2 years in control). Additionally, data from two GPS–GSM-collared wolves monitored in a second control site were also analyzed. In our control sites, wolves were nearly inactive during daylight hours. In contrast, in the human-restricted site wolves extended their activity toward noon, with a daily activity peak between 10:00 and 12:00, and showed some activity throughout the entire circadian 2-h interval cycle considered. Wolves clearly had higher diurnality in the human-restricted area with 78% greater incidence of capture with remote cameras during the day than in the control site. We suggest that the shift toward increased diurnality was related to the loss of fear of humans. Evidence in support of this hypothesis comes from flight initiation distance (FID) data. Wolves showed relatively short FIDs when faced with a human observer (range 70–183 m) in broad daylight at the human-restricted site, but were so afraid of humans in the control site that we were unable to conduct FID trials there. Based on these results, we suggest that wolves may increase their diurnality in those European countries with currently increasing movement of human populations from rural to urban areas and that do not conduct lethal control of wolves. This would represent a historical landmark for a species that has been persecuted for many centuries. However, such behavioral shifts could bring new human–wolf conflicts that would require new policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine Recreational Fishing (MRF) is an important activity in Europe, with 9 million fishers and generating annually € 6 billion in direct expenditures. However, there is a lack of data and understanding of MRF in Europe, particularly in Southern countries, which prevents a number of fish stocks from being effectively assessed and managed. In November 2016, a participatory workshop on MRF was held in Vigo (Spain) to identify challenges and opportunities for data collection, and to diagnose key research gaps and management issues for MRF in the Southern European Atlantic. Experts from a wide range of disciplines (researchers, policy makers, fisheries managers and commercial and recreational fishers) highlighted that the management of MRF is a challenge due to complex and dispersed legal frameworks, with multiple administrations involved, and overlapping uses of space with commercial fishing, aquaculture, navigation and tourism, among others. The lack of strong and representative fishing associations hampers research and management initiatives. Effective communication between recreational fishers, researchers and fisheries managers is also lacking. Despite the ecological, social and economic relevance of MRF, there is no systematic and comprehensive collection of information on fishing effort, recreational catches, expenses, social profile and access conditions of European recreational fishers. These data would be useful to avoid biases in the assessment of recreational fisheries due to the great diversity of ecosystems, species and typologies of users. Strategic recommendations and research priorities were also identified to address knowledge gaps and are discussed in the context of the management of MRF across Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an increasing demand for highly skilled workers in all advanced industrialised economies. Although most jobs require occupation-specific skills to carry them out, it is widely recognised that generic skills are ever more needed by job seekers, to increase job opportunities and maintain employability; this applies to all sectors of the economy, from selling cars to undertaking marine research. Several recent European Union strategy documents emphasise the importance of generic skills. However, the apparent mismatch between the skills sets that employers seek and that job seekers offer remains a major challenge. This paper focuses on perceptions of and attitudes to generic skills training for university graduates intending to gain employment in aquaculture, fisheries or other marine sectors and presents the results of a survey administered to academics, industry representatives, students (at different stages of their academic career) and graduates. The various respondents regarded most of the 39 generic skills under investigation as important, with none classified as unimportant. However, students undertaking different types of degree (i.e. B.Sc., M.Sc. and Ph.D.) prioritized different generic skills and the level of importance ascribed to generic skills training increased as students progressed in their university careers. On the other hand, university staff and other employers were fairly consistent in their choice of the most important generic skills. We argue that there remains a need to place generic skills and employability attributes and attitudes at the centre of the higher education curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the influence that health risk policies have on the citizens’ perceptions of those health risks. Previously, detailed mixed methods research revealed that noise annoyance policies shaped noise perception. This idea is now applied to nine different environmental health risks in six European countries. When attention is given to a risk in policy, peoples’ concerns about that risk are assumed to be amplified or shaped. To assess this hypothesis, the research employs a constructionist ‘resonance’ model. It compares how risks are ranked on the policy agenda with how citizens rank the risks in terms of the relative threat they pose to individuals’ health when assessed alongside other threats. The relationship between policy and perception is explored with a mixed methods approach comprising survey data about risk perception and interview data on national policy from six countries. The survey asked people to rank nine risks according to their own priorities (n = 5964). In interviews with experts, the policy priorities concerning the same risks were assessed (n = 35). Citizens’ trust towards health risk authorities, media use and recent incidents was assessed as mediators between policy and perception. On an aggregate level, the expected relationship cannot be confirmed. At a lower level, meaningful relationships can be identified between policy and perception. This study shows correlations between EU policy and citizens’ priorities, and EU policy appears highly relevant to the national risk policy. The relationship between policy and perception does appear to be pertinent to some risks in some countries. Therefore, analyses of the construction of risk need to be case-sensitive. Aggregate survey data can only partly illuminate the phenomenon of interest in this article. New longitudinal research seeks further insight into the range of factors that are relevant to understanding if, how and when policy affects perception. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

• Socioeconomic and management information about the octopus fishery is scarce. • We reviewed small-scale common octopus fisheries in southern European countries. • Regulation is complex and no formal stock assessment exists. • Increased participation and co-management could be beneficial for management. The European Union (EU) is one of the most important markets for cephalopods in the world. Currently, small-scale fisheries targeting the common octopus in the EU are of considerable social and economic importance, especially in southern European waters where more octopus are consumed as part of the traditional diet. Octopuses in Europe are excluded from quota regulations under the Common Fisheries Policy and EU Member States manage their fisheries employing different input and output control measures, especially in small-scale fisheries targeting the common octopus. The level of participation of the fishing industry in the management of their activity varies amongst Member States and some management arrangements in place are tailored at the local level. This manuscript focuses on four European countries with important small-scale artisanal common octopus fisheries (Portugal, Spain, Italy and Greece). It describes and compares the current status of small-scale common octopus fisheries in each country, their socioeconomic importance, the management arrangements in place, and the opportunities and challenges for their future. Despite the increasing importance of octopus fisheries in southern Europe, few countries have collected detailed data on the socioeconomic importance and management of these fisheries. The information provided contributes to increase the knowledge about the human dimensions of octopus fisheries in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the fisheries governance system in the European Union (EU) and review fishers' participation in the decision-making process in the EU. Design/methodology/approach – The study was based on a variety of sources, such as review of the literature, including scientific articles and reports, and data collected by the Coastal Transects Analysis Model (CTAM) online decision support tool. Findings – The review reveals major improvements in involving fishers in the decision-making process in Europe, but participation and empowerment are still generally lacking. Social implications – The lack of fisher participation in the decision-making process leads to limited acceptance of management measures which in turn results in management objectives not being met, with negative effects on environmental, economic and social sustainability. Originality/value – The paper provides a review of participation in the EU decision-making process. The results could give management bodies an insight into the failures of participation and point to possible ways forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of high-speed railways on routes with high air traffic density was investigated and analysed. The case considered was the Madrid-Barcelona route, which had the highest volume of air traffic in Europe, nearly 5 million passengers per year, prior to the opening of the high-speed railway line in February 2008. Demand and market share evolution is evaluated and a comparison is made with other cases and with the forecasts presented in a previous paper. The results show that, as forecast, with maximum speeds of 300 km/h, the high-speed market share in routes where air competition is very strong does not reach the levels usually obtained in previous European high-speed links where competition from air transport was less important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the European railway framework, the expenses of rail infrastructure costs are partly covered by the governments and partly by the infrastructure managers through the infrastructure charges that operators pay to them for rendering services in the infrastructure they manage. However, the extent to which infrastructure charges cover infrastructure costs is higher for high-speed lines (HSLs) than for conventional lines. This communication characterizes the infrastructure charging systems for HSLs implemented in Europe and analyses the level of charges applied to these lines with the aim of quantifying and analysing the mark-ups above marginal cost that are being charged to high-speed services running in the European HSLs. The survey covers France, Spain, Germany, Italy and Belgium. Neither The Netherlands nor the UK are covered: the former does not commercially exploit HSLs yet, whereas the latter renders passenger transport services by means of franchised passenger train operators. The results obtained show that, despite the great differences between charging systems for HSLs, important mark-ups above marginal costs are applied by all the systems analysed and that common features between them can be established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The global trend of fisheries overexploitation and collapse has resulted in the need to reduce fishing effort, and providing alternative employment for fishermen is a frequently mentioned policy option in order to achieve this goal. Reducing fishing effort is central to the European Commission Common Fisheries Policy and over the years, the Commission has developed a number of socio-economic measures to encourage labour mobility among fishermen, and as such mitigate the impact caused by the structural adjustment. Considering this aim, this paper seeks to identify European fishermen''s willingness for occupational and geographical mobility and the characteristics that influence this willingness. A survey was conducted with the participants in the inshore commercial fisheries of the Highlands of Scotland (UK), the Algarve (Portugal) and the South Evoikos Gulf (Greece), and logit models fitted to identify the characteristics that influence willingness for labour mobility. The paper argues that there are differences in attitudes towards labour mobility among fishermen from the different countries and that personal preferences, demographic characteristics, job-related and financial reasons influence the willingness for both occupational and geographical mobility. The paper concludes by pointing out the importance of taking local conditions and the heterogeneity that characterizes fishermen''s behaviour into account, in order to achieve successful policy measures aimed at providing alternative occupations for fishermen. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The experience of several European railway systems has shown that problems occur frequently in zones with embankment—structure transitions, and these areas therefore require repeated maintenance. To date, no adequate solution for these zones has been demonstrated, and different European railway systems have adopted different design approaches.In this work, a finite-element model is developed to simulate the behaviour of embankment—structure transitions to improve the methods available for modelling railway track designs. The most distinctive characteristic of the model proposed here is its attempt to simulate the real behaviour of the diverse materials that make up the structure of the track in a transition. To achieve this, a three-dimensional model with boundary conditions that more closely resemble real conditions was used; the model assumes that the surface defining the embankment slope is free and it takes into account the elastoplastic behaviour of the soil.This model was tested by numerical calculations of several case studies created from different values of geotechnical and geometrical parameters of transition zones. The results from this analysis will help to define new criteria for improving the design of embankment—structure transitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experience of several European railway systems has shown that problems occur frequently in zones with embankment-structure transitions, and these areas therefore require repeated maintenance. To date, no adequate solution for these zones has been demonstrated, and different European railway systems have adopted different design approaches. In this work, a finite-element model is developed to simulate the behaviour of embankment- structure transitions to improve the methods available for modelling railway track designs. The most distinctive characteristic of the model proposed here is its attempt to simulate the real behaviour of the diverse materials that make up the structure of the track in a transition. To achieve this, a three-dimensional model with boundary conditions that more closely resemble real conditions was used; the model assumes that the surface defining the embankment slope is free and it takes into account the elastoplastic behaviour of the soil. This model was tested by numerical calculations of several case studies created from different values of geotechnical and geometrical parameters of transition zones. The results from this analysis will help to define new criteria for improving the design of embankment-structure transitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present paper is to analyse the experience of operating the Madrid-Seville line from 1992 to 2005 and then to describe the scenario that will result from the entry into service of the Madrid-Barcelona and Barcelona-Perpignan routes, within the European context. During the next decade, after the new line between Avignon and Perpignan (approximately 250 km) has been constructed, it will be possible to establish a very long high-speed route between London and Seville in southern Spain (over 2700 km), and this is when the international dimension of high-speed rail transport and its role as a structural element within Europe will acquire a new practical significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper attempts to shed some light on the role of information and communication technologies (ICT) in industry convergence in the European Union. In particular, whether it has improved the convergence process of the less developed countries within the European Union. While ICTs may play a significant role in the US recent growth record, it is found that the contribution of more traditional industries is at least as significant for the convergence process within the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small-scale fisheries (SSFs) provide food security, livelihood, and employment to millions of people around the world. Whereas the urgency of securing sustainable SSFs is widely recognized, the governance characteristics that promote sustainability are poorly understood. This study evaluates the performance and governance of SSFs in 20 countries in the Americas and Europe, with the aim of finding the most likely paths to improve SSFs outcomes. Fisheries performance was assessed through ecological and socio-economic indicators derived from stakeholders' perceptions. The relative importance of 15 governance attributes associated with the perceived performance was identified using random forest regression models. The perceived status of many SSFs analyzed here is of great concern. Trends in reported landings, landings per unit effort, and revenues have decreased between 3% and 10% on average in the last 5 years, and these declines were steeper in Latin American and southern European fisheries than in North American or northern European fisheries. Perceived social cohesion was also poor, as reflected by conflicts outweighing cooperation. Adaptability, communication, transparency, and the involvement of highly skilled fishers and community leaders were the most relevant factors associated with reversing the perceived declines in SSFs. Strengthening human capital should be a priority in the reform of SSFs, and the following actions are strongly recommended to support sustainable SSFs: 1) adopting flexible approaches in responding to changes; 2) fostering dialog by using diverse communication channels or involving neutral mediators; 3) identifying and training community leaders; and 4) empowering fishers to participate actively in governance. • This is the largest study linking SSF performance to governance characteristics. • Many SSFs are perceived to be in a poor state socio-economically and ecologically. • Performance tracked human development; was poorer in southern than northern regions. • Transparency, adaptability, and empowerment of communities are key to reform SSFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To test the prevalences and the clinical associations of anticardiolipin (aCL) and anti-β[sub 2]GPI (aβ[sub 2]GPI) antibodies in a large series of European patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods: 574 SLE patients from 7 European countries were tested for aCL and aβ[sub 2]GPI by ELISA methods. Results: aCL of IgG, IgM, and IgA isotypes were detected in 22.8%, 14%, and 13.9% of the patients, respectively. IgG and IgM aβ[sub 2]GPI were detected in 20% of the patients. The presence of aCL was highly associated with the presence of aβ[sub 2]GPI. Medium-high titer IgG aCL and aβ[sub 2]GPI were associated with thrombosis, with similar sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value. When present at medium-high titer, IgG aCL were associated with thrombocytopenia, IgM aCL with hemolytic anemia, and cerebrovascular accidents, IgA aCL with livedo reticularis and Raynaud's phenomenon. Conclusions: aCL, when present at medium-high titer, are as important as aβ[sub 2]GPI, as a risk factor for thrombosis. Medium-high titer aCL, but not aβ[sub 2]GPI, are associated with other clinical features of the antiphospholipid syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In December 1988, the Spanish government decided to build a new line from Madrid to the French border (via Barcelona). A line that would link up with the new Madrid-Seville line, having a total length (Seville-French border) of approximately 1200 km. This paper succinctly describes the path followed by Spanish railways for the purpose of being able to offer a high speed service. The main features of the Madrid-Seville line are described, and the plans currently envisaged for linking this line up with the French high-speed network via the new Madrid-Barcelona-Perpignan line are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of an investigation conducted on the Formulario Especial dos Medicamentos para o Hospital de alienados em Rilhafoles (1901), a mental disease drug formulary for the oldest Portuguese psychiatric hospital, are presented. The study considered the Portuguese situation within the European setting. This study quantifies the number of drugs and pharmaceutical forms and establishes a comparison with the most commonly used international psychiatric medication at the time. The present study aims at contributing to the history of psychiatric drug therapy before the advent of psychoactive drugs. The most commonly used pharmaceutical forms and therapeutic groups in psychiatry are evaluated. Furthermore, we also wish to contribute to the evaluation of how Portugal received and implemented innovations in drug therapy. Quantitative and qualitative document analysis of the above mentioned formulary, using the comparative method. The edition of this formulary arose from the need to standardize specific medication for mental patients. In the Formulario, 61 medicinal products are proposed. There were 8 different pharmaceutical forms. The potions were the most commonly referred (32). Hypnotics represented approximately half of the medicinal products (28), followed by hypokinetics (9), and analgesics and antipyretics (8). The formulary was in line with foreign scientific innovations. Pharmacotherapeutic variety of drugs was short and resorting to non-drug therapies was also usual. The edition of this formulary was mainly due to the work conducted by the psychiatrist Miguel Bombarda (1851–1910), a prominent public figure in medicine and in the political and cultural arena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article "Financial Crisis, Austerity, and Health in Europe" by Marina Karanikolos and colleagues in the April 13, 2013 issue.

• Prevalence: depression and anxiety in European countries in later Covid-19 waves • Longitudinal data from the established and representative ECOS • Wave 7 (wave 8; wave 9): 23.8% (22.0%; 24.3%) had probable depression • Wave 7 (wave 8; wave 9): 22.6% (22.1%; 23.7%) had probable anxiety • High prevalence rates: Young adults and individuals with great income difficulties We aimed to investigate the prevalence of probable depression and anxiety and their correlates during later stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in eight European countries. Longitudinal data (wave 7 in June/July 2021: n=8,032; wave 8 in September 2021: n=8,250; wave 9 in December 2021/January 2022: n=8,319) were used from the European COvid Survey – a representative sample of community-dwelling adults from several European countries (Germany, United Kingdom, Denmark, Netherlands, France, Portugal, Italy and Spain). In wave 7 (wave 8; wave 9), 23.8% (22.0%; 24.3%) of all respondents had probable depression and 22.6% (22.1%; 23.7%) had probable anxiety. These prevalence rates substantially differed between the European countries. Regressions showed that emerging difficulties with the income were associated with both increases in depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms. An increase in one's own perceived risk of getting infected with the SARS-CoV-2, the birth of a child and an increase in the Covid-19 stringency index were associated with increases in depressive symptoms. The significance of probable depression and anxiety during later stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in eight European countries was highlighted. Avoiding income difficulties may also contribute to mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]