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We propose a deep learning approach for high-resolution species distribution modelling (SDM) at large scale combining point-wise, crowd-sourced species observation data and environmental data with Sentinel-2 satellite imagery. What makes this task challenging is the great variety of controlling factors for species distribution, such as habitat conditions, human intervention, competition, disturbances, and evolutionary history. Experts either incorporate these factors into complex mechanistic models based on presence-absence data collected in field campaigns or train machine learning models to learn the relationship between environmental data and presence-only species occurrence. We extend the latter approach here and learn deep SDMs end-to-end based on point-wise, crowd-sourced presence-only data in combination with satellite imagery. Our method, dubbed Sat-SINR, jointly models the spatial distributions of 5.6k plant species across Europe and increases the spatial resolution by a factor of 100 compared to the current state of the art. We exhaustively test and ablate multiple variations of combining geo-referenced point data with satellite imagery and show that our deep learning-based SDM method consistently shows an improvement of up to 3 percentage points across three metrics. We make all code publicly available at https://github.com/ecovision-uzh/sat-sinr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The burden of MDRO in health systems is a global issue, and a growing problem. We conducted a European multicenter cohort study to assess the incidence, impact and risk factors for multidrug-resistant organisms in patients with major trauma. We conducted this study because the predictive factors and effects of MDRO in severely injured patients are not yet described. Our hypothesis is that positive detection of MDRO in severely injured patients is associated with a less favorable outcome. Methods: Retrospective study of four level-1 trauma centers including all patients after major trauma with an injury severity score (ISS) ≥ 9 admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) between 2013 and 2017. Outcome was measured using the Glasgow outcome scale (GOS). Results: Of 4131 included patients, 95 (2.3%) had a positive screening for MDRO. Risk factors for MDRO were male gender (OR 1.73 [95% CI 1.04–2.89]), ISS (OR 1.01 [95% CI 1.00–1.03]), PRBC's given (OR 1.73 [95% CI 1.09–2.78]), ICU stay > 48 h (OR 4.01 [95% CI 2.06–7.81]) and mechanical ventilation (OR 1.85 [95% CI 1.01–3.38]). A positive MDRO infection correlates with worse outcome. MDRO positive cases GOS: good recovery = 0.6%, moderate disability = 2.1%, severe disability = 5.6%, vegetative state = 5.7% (p < 0.001). Conclusions: MDRO in severely injured patients are rare but associated with a worse outcome at hospital discharge. We identified potential risk factors for MDRO in severely injured patients. Based on our results, we recommend a standardized screening procedure for major trauma patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) education is suggested to be part of the official school curricula in Europe to increase bystander resuscitation and survival rates after cardiac arrest. Many postgraduate teachers are reluctant to teach CPR to their students. This study aims to evaluate if prospective biology teachers are able to plan and conduct CPR lessons successfully. 88 German students in 9th grade high school classes participated in a CPR workshop consisting of practice and conversational phases. A prepost questionnaire was used to assess CPR related mental overload, self-efficacy, prosocial attitudes, and knowledge. The emotional state was tested separately after participating. Results indicate that positive emotional states were predominant afterwards and that competency perception and knowledge increased significantly, whereas mental overload decreased. A CPR lesson conducted by non-professional, CPR trained prospective biology teachers has a positive impact on high school students' attitudes and knowledge, indicating the concept's practicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses competition law developments in the European Union's automotive industry, with mentions of the car maker Volkswagen's emissions scandal, targeting of car parts suppliers, truck makers and emissions regulations.

We performed a prospective multi-centre study using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to better characterize the relationships between clinical expression and brain function in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) at eight European sites (56 MS patients and 60 age-matched, healthy controls). Patients showed greater task-related activation bilaterally in brain regions including the pre- and post-central, inferior and superior frontal, cingulate and superior temporal gyri and insula ( P < 0.05, all statistics corrected for multiple comparisons). Both patients and healthy controls showed greater brain activation with increasing age in the ipsilateral pre-central and inferior frontal gyri ( P < 0.05). Patients, but not controls, showed greater brain activation in the anterior cingulate gyrus and the bilateral ventral striatum ( P < 0.05) with less hand dexterity. An interaction between functional activation changes in MS and age was found. This large fMRI study over a broadly selected MS patient population confirms that movement for patients demands significantly greater cognitive ‘resource allocation’ and suggests age-related differences in brain responses to the disease. These observations add to evidence that brain functional responses (including potentially adaptive brain plasticity) contribute to modulation of clinical expression of MS pathology and demonstrate the feasibility of a multi-site functional MRI study of MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ecological interaction strength may increase under environmental stress including temperature. How such stress enhances and interacts with parasite selection is almost unknown. We studied the importance of resistance genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II in 14 families of three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus exposed to their natural macroparasites in field enclosures in the extreme summer of 2003. Results: After a mass die-off during the 2003-European heat wave killing 78% of 277 experimental fish, we found strong differences in survival among and within families. In families with higher average parasite load fewer individuals survived. Multivariate analysis revealed that the composition of the infecting parasite fauna was family specific. Within families, individuals with an intermediate number of MHC class IIB sequence variants survived best and had the lowest parasite load among survivors, suggesting a direct functional link between MHC diversity and fitness. The within family MHC effects were, however, small compared to between family effects, suggesting that other genetic components or non-genetic effects were also important. Conclusion: The correlation between parasite load and mortality that we found at both individual and family level might have appeared only in the extraordinary heatwave of 2003. Due to global warming the frequency of extreme climatic events is predicted to increase, which might intensify costs of parasitism and enhance selection on immune genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-term Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) height residual time series contain signals that are related to environmental influences. A big part of the residuals can be explained by environmental surface loadings, expressed through physical models. This work aims to find a model that connects raw meteorological parameters with the GNSS residuals. The approach is to train a Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN) on 206 GNSS stations in central Europe, after which the resulting model is applied to 68 test stations in the same area. When comparing the Root Mean Square (RMS) error reduction of the time series reduced by physical models, and, by the TCN model, the latter reduction rate is, on average, 0.8% lower. In a second experiment, the TCN is utilized to further reduce the RMS of the time series, of which the loading models were already subtracted. This yields additional 2.7% of RMS reduction on average, resulting in a mean RMS reduction of 28.6% overall. The results suggests that a TCN, using meteorological features as input data, is able to reconstruct the reductions almost on the same level as physical models. Trained on the residuals, reduced by environmental loadings, the TCN is still able to slightly increase the overall reduction of variations in the GNSS station position time series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The U.S. experience in the decade since 1973 shows that slow economic growth is compatible with the large-scale creation of new jobs. The contrast with Europe is accounted for by the service sector. In Germany, where overall economic growth was no slower than in the United States, the growth rate of service sector jobs was about one-quarter of that in the United States. The dramatic and continuous employment gains in the United States are often explained by the higher flexibility of its labor market, by higher labor mobility, and by fewer social regulations and protections than in Europe. There are many institutional and socioeconomic influences and demographic pressures that have pushed low-skilled labor, such as women and young people, into poorly paid service jobs. Most of the European countries, and especially Germany, have provided service outputs by less labor-intensive production processes promoted by the rapid growth of real wages and nonlabor costs in the 1970s. But there are many unsolved questions concerning the main underlying causes of the divergent employment patterns in the United States and Germany that justify a comprehensive research agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the key features of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes is the frequent occurrence of trans-species polymorphism, that is 'the passage of allelic lineages from ancestral to descendant species' (). Selectively maintained ancestral polymorphism may, however, be hard to distinguish from introgression of MHC alleles between hybridizing species (). In this issue of Molecular Ecology, present data that suggest that the latter can be observed in two closely related species of newts, Lissotriton vulgaris ( Lv) and L. montandoni ( Lm) from south-east Europe. Strikingly, allelic MHC variation displayed more structure between geographically separated populations of L. vulgaris than across species in the hybrid zone. This suggests that high MHC variation in L. montadoni may result from mainly unidirectional gene flow between species, while differentiation between northern and southern populations of L. vulgaris might reflect local adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the Council of Europe on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of its founding as an international parliamentary assembly that as of 1969 comprised 18 member states. The early disagreements over the possibility and form of a European Union (EU) are reviewed, as are their eventual resolution by such EU proponents as former European leaders Winston Churchill, Robert Schumann, Jean Monnet, and Konrad Adenauer.

The article discusses the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965, on the 25th anniversary of its founding in 1946. The organization grew out of efforts to help stem hunger and epidemics among children and mothers in war-torn countries of Europe.

The article discusses the Critical Coronavirus and Kids Epidemiology Study of children below 19 years old with severe or critical COVID-19. Topics covered include gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms, regional variability of diagnoses, treatments and age, and the need for pediatric clinicians to consider cardiac involvement particularly in myocarditis patients.

Because few ice core records from the Himalayas exist, understanding of the onset and timing of the human impact on the atmosphere of the "roof of the world" remains poorly constrained. We report a continuous 500-y trace metal ice core record from the Dasuopu glacier (7,200 m, central Himalayas), the highest drilling site on Earth. We show that an early contamination from toxic trace metals, particularly Cd, Cr, Mo, Ni, Sb, and Zn, emerged at high elevation in the Himalayas at the onset of the European Industrial Revolution (∼1780 AD). This was amplified by the intensification of the snow accumulation (+50% at Dasuopu) likely linked to the meridional displacement of the winter westerlies from 1810 until 1880 AD. During this period, the flux and crustal enrichment factors of the toxic trace metals were augmented by factors of 2 to 4 and 2 to 6, respectively. We suggest this contamination was the consequence of the long-range transport and wet deposition of fly ash from the combustion of coal (likely from Western Europe where it was almost entirely produced and used during the 19th century) with a possible contribution from the synchronous increase in biomass burning emissions from deforestation in the Northern Hemisphere. The snow accumulation decreased and dry winters were reestablished in Dasuopu after 1880 AD when lower than expected toxic metal levels were recorded. This indicates that contamination on the top of the Himalayas depended primarily on multidecadal changes in atmospheric circulation and secondarily on variations in emission sources during the last 200 y., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interest.

Objectives: It is currently recommended that after return of spontaneous circulation following cardiac arrest, fever should be prevented using TTM through a servo-controlled system. This technology is not yet available in many global settings, where manual physical measures without servo-control is the only option. Our aim was to compare feasibility, safety and quality assurance of servo-controlled system versus no servo-controlled system cooling, TTM protocols for cooling, maintenance and rewarming following return of spontaneous circulation after cardiac arrest in children., Design: Prospective, multicenter, nonrandomized, study., Setting: PICUs of 20 hospitals in South America, Spain, and Italy, 2012-2014., Patients: Under 18 years old with a cardiac arrest longer than 2 minutes, in coma and surviving to PICU admission requiring mechanical ventilation were included., Methods: TTM to 32-34°C was performed by prospectively designed protocol across 20 centers, with either servo-controlled system or no servo-controlled system methods, depending on servo-controlled system availability. We analyzed clinical data, cardiac arrest, temperature, mechanical ventilation duration, length of hospitalization, complications, survival, and neurologic outcomes at 6 months., Primary Outcome: feasibility, safety and quality assurance of the cooling technique and secondary outcome: survival and Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category at 6 months., Measurements and Main Results: Seventy patients were recruited, 51 of 70 TTM (72.8%) with servo-controlled system. TTM induction, maintenance, and rewarming were feasible in both groups. Servo-controlled system was more effective than no servo-controlled system in maintaining TTM (69 vs 60%; p = 0.004). Servo-controlled system had fewer temperatures above 38.1°C during the 5 days of TTM (0.1% vs 2.9%; p < 0.001). No differences in mortality, complications, length of mechanical ventilation and of stay, or neurologic sequelae were found between the two groups., Conclusions: TTM protocol (for cooling, maintenance and rewarming) following return of spontaneous circulation after cardiac arrest in children was feasible and safe with both servo-controlled system and no servo-controlled system techniques. Achieving, maintaining, and rewarming within protocol targets were more effective with servo-controlled system versus no servo-controlled system techniques.