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This article focuses on the 'Europe' of populist radical right parties in general, and the Lega of Matteo Salvini and its perception of Europe in particular. Especially after Brexit, Salvini has emphasized the goal of transforming Europe and taking back Italian sovereignty rather than leaving the EU. His discourse on 'Europe for Europeans' and 'Italy for Italians' represents an exclusive and nativist approach. Before the 2019 elections of the European Parliament, the contestation between many Europes came to the fore while the Lega has become a pioneer for populist radical right parties during the campaign period on behalf of a 'parochial Europe'. This article firstly explains the methodology, conceptual analysis, and analytical framework based on European multiplicity – as thin, thick, parochial, and global Europe. Secondly, it evaluates the 'Others' of parochial Europe, particularly for Lega. Thirdly, it analyses the case of the Lega as the pioneer of parochial Europe before the May 2019 EP elections based on semi-structured, face-to-face, in-depth expert interviews conducted by the author. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading viral pathogen associated with acute lower respiratory tract infection and hospitalization in children < 5 years of age worldwide. While there are known clinical risk factors for severe RSV infection, the majority of those hospitalized are previously healthy infants. There is consequently an unmet need to identify biomarkers that predict host response, disease severity, and sequelae. The primary objective is to identify biomarkers of severe RSV acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) in infants. Secondary objectives include establishing biomarkers associated with respiratory sequelae following RSV infection and characterizing the viral load, RSV whole-genome sequencing, host immune response, and transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic and epigenetic signatures associated with RSV disease severity. Six hundred thirty infants will be recruited across 3 European countries: the Netherlands, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Participants will be recruited into 2 groups: (1) infants with confirmed RSV ARTI (includes upper and lower respiratory tract infections), 500 without and 50 with comorbidities; and (2) 80 healthy controls. At baseline, participants will have nasopharyngeal, blood, buccal, stool, and urine samples collected, plus complete a questionnaire and 14-day symptom diary. At convalescence (7 weeks ± 1 week post-ARTI), specimen collection will be repeated. Laboratory measures will be correlated with symptom severity scores to identify corresponding biomarkers of disease severity.Clinical Trials Registration: NCT03756766. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genera of molds that most often cause allergic symptoms are Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium and Penicillium. The most frequently implicated genera in children are Cladosporium in Nordic countries, and Alternaria in the Mediterranean region and North America. Although the prevalence of sensitization to commercial fungal extracts is approximately 3% in epidemiologic studies, the sensitization rate may increase up to 80% in selected patients, particularly in those with asthma. Alternaria has been increasingly recognized as a risk factor for the development and persistence of asthma, asthma severity, and potentially fatal asthma exacerbations. Additionally, mold allergy could result in a more severe course of asthma or rhinoconjunctivitis. Presently, the diagnosis and allergen immunotherapy of mold allergy is hindered by the poor quality of most of the commercially available extracts. There are only a few randomized double-blind placebo-controlled studies that have evaluated the efficacy of immunotherapy with Alternaria extracts against mold allergy in patients with respiratory allergic diseases (rhinitis and asthma). Current reviews demonstrate that the clinical efficacy of immunotherapy with fungal extracts has been shown in actively treated patients in at least 4 controlled trials, with two fungal species including Alternaria alternata and Cladosporium herbarum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Spatial Economic Analysis is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ankara Review of European Studies (ARES) / Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi (AAÇD) is the property of Ankara University European Union Research Centre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Especially after September 11, increasing Islamophobia in Europe has led to discussions on Turkey's membership to the EU in terms of compatibility of Islam and European identity. The beginning of the negotiation process with Turkey on 3 October 2005 have increased discussions on the accession of a country which has a predominantly Muslim population for the first time in the history of the EU. Huntington claims that in the post-Cold War era the 'clash of civilisations' will dominate global politics. He refers to Turkey as a "torn" or "semi-European" country. Especially after September 11 the question of Turkey's membership to the EU has started to be discussed on the basis of the idea of "clash of civilisations" both by supporters and by the opponents. For some of the opponents of Turkey's membership, Turkey can not be a member of the EU because of not being part of a European civilisation. On the other hand, some people perceive the integration of Turkey to the EU as a counter example of the "clash of civilisations". If Turkey can be integrated to the EU on the basis of common values of the EU, it will prove the compatibility of Islam and European identity and stronger construction of European identity on civic basis. Turkish membership to the EU will also show that Muslims, who are living in the EU, are already part of European identity. It may also help smoothing the growing tension between the West and the Islamic world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European identity has been constructed and reconstructed on different bases, such as Christianity or common values throughout history. There has been an ongoing construction of European identity during the integration process within the EU. European identity refers to citizens' sense of belonging to the EU, mainly with reference to its institutions and values (civic) or it may refer to citizens' sense of belonging to Europe with reference to common cultural characteristics (cultural). The EU policy makers have sometimes used cultural, sometimes civic references. Although cultural references such as Greek heritage, Christianity and the Roman Empire have been effective on construction of European identity, they can not be main references in the context of the EU; because not all of the Member States have not passed through all of these processes, there is much cultural and religious diversity among them, even within the Member States. In this article, construction of European identity in the EU is discussed mainly through discourses of the political elites of the EU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]