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Technical documentation helps date the painting and determine the restoration method. Artistic documentation includes the knowledge of the materials used in drawing and the artistic style. The artistic style was analyzed using the spectral fingerprint of color and texture based on the data of the spectral reflectance of each shade on the surface of the painting, especially a distinct area in which the texture of the brush appeared. This was done using Python and artificial intelligence-related computer programs. The result showed that the number of colors was nine with wavelengths of (613.48, 611.37, 594.01, 587.1, 599.42, 497.42, 603.03, 481.94, and 566.33) nm. The texture of the brush was hard and with parallel lines. Similarly, analyses and examinations were conducted on the painting to determine its components. They helped in the identify the artist and the period. Additionally, in the event of a change in color during the preservation intervention was made, and the environment provided was suitable. The study was conducted on a private oil painting representing impressionism in Europe. It was found that the painting suffered from many aspects of deterioration. XRDFTIR- Raman (SEM-EDX) analysis showed the use of iron oxide in skin color, zinc oxide additives to obtain color gradations, and chromium green mixed with a small percentage of ground green to obtain gradations in the hilly area of the painting. FTIR and Raman analysis showed that the medium used was linseed oil. Furthermore, the microscopy and stereomicroscope examination of the cross-section showed the cross-sectional structure, the number of imaging layers, and several aspects of damage. Thus, an archival record was produced for future monitoring to prioritize treatment aspects, develop a current pre-treatment record, determine the treatment needed, and provide information on the treatment materials and methods used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the ever-growing demand for bast fibres for technical and garment textiles, complementary sources to textile flax, whose cultivation in western Europe cannot really be extended, need to be proposed. In this study, the interest in harvesting and processing linseed flax straw is studied for geotextile applications. The main critical stages of fibre-to-yarn production for geotextiles were investigated. Different dew retting levels as well as different all-fibre extraction processes were investigated to achieve this objective. It was demonstrated that the fibres extracted from linseed flax stems subjected to 12 weeks of dew retting using breaking rollers, thresher and a breaking card exhibited the most suitable morphological and mechanical properties. The optimal fibres were converted into 100% linseed flax yarns using a flyer spinning machine, and the mechanical properties as well as the biodegradability of the linseed yarns were evaluated to understand their potential as geotextiles. These linseed flax yarns were further coated with linseed oil or chitosan to enhance their durability. It was observed that the linseed oil coating better preserved the yarn's integrity and mechanical properties over time, and it permitted doubling their service life potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Painting technique in Europe underwent a major change in the 15th century, when the use of egg yolk as a binder in tempera painting was gradually replaced by oil paint. This transitional period probably saw the occasional use of a mixed technique called tempera grassa , in which both types of binders, egg and oil, are mixed in the form of an emulsion. In order to better understand and document this historical painting practice, this article describes the physico-chemical aspects of emulsion-based binders, prepared with egg yolk and either raw linseed oil, or linseed oil partially saponified with lead oxide. Highly stable direct emulsions can be prepared with linseed oil (raw or lead-treated) and egg yolk. Remarkably, lead-treated oil also allows the formation of stable inverse emulsions. The rheological properties of direct emulsions are driven by the oil fraction: as this parameter increases from 0 to 70 wt% oil, the emulsion changes from a viscous liquid to a viscoelastic solid, which allows its flow to be easily tuned by the painter. The impact of egg yolk on the drying mechanism of the emulsion is elucidated thanks to the combined use of NMR relaxometry and FTIR spectroscopy. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Nutritional, sensory and technological properties of frankfurters as affected by reformulation processes designed to reduce fat content and improve fatty acid profile were investigated. Healthier oils stabilized in oil in water emulsion or in konjac matrix gel were used as fat replacers. Results showed that improved fat content by the replacement of pork backfat with konjac gel and by the addition of healthier oils stabilized by various different systems, both resulted in products with very similar characteristics. From a nutritional standpoint, reformulated frankfurters with konjac gel and/or added a healthier oil combination may claim "reduced fat content" and/or "high omega 3 fatty acid content" according to European Regulation, since they could contain less than 30% of the fat in the reference product and more than 0.6 g of ALA/100 g and more than 80 mg of the sum of EPA plus DHA per 100 g, respectively. Chill storage over 40days generally had little effect on the technological characteristics of frankfurters., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)