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Neurocognitive disorders are mental health conditions that are caused by medical illnesses and can lead to several acquired cognitive deficits, which represent a decline from a previously attained level of functioning. The principal domains of cognitive functions include complex attention, executive function, learning and memory, language, perceptual–motor function, and social cognition. Studies have shown that people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at a heightened risk of experiencing cognitive challenges across multiple domains. Given that, a substantial number of people live in Amhara region, assessing cognitive domains to estimate the current magnitude and factors associated with neurocognitive disorders among HIV/AIDS patients is crucial. An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 569 participants adults living with HIV attending the city's selected health facilities from March 20 to April 30, 2023. A multistage sampling technique was used. The International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS) was used to measure the outcome of interest. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire and document review. The data were analyzed using STATA version 14. Multiple binary logistic regressions were used as the final model. A total of 501 individuals, with a response rate of 88.04% participated in the study. The overall proportion of HIV patients with neurocognitive impairment was 54.7% (95% CI 50.62–58.77). Factors associated with the neurocognitive impairment were: being widowed AOR = 3.05 (95% CI 1.47–6.31), divorced AOR = 1.95 (1.16–3.28), rural residence AOR = 2.28 (95% CI 1.02–5.09), CD4 count below 500 cells/dl AOR = 1.61 (95% CI 1.03–2.50), history of opportunistic infection AOR = 2.21 (95% CI 1.42–3.41), being in first-line drug regimen AOR = 2.92 (95% CI 1.22–7.00), being in a first-line regimen with Efavirenz AOR = 4.36 (95% CI 1.07–17.73), and impairment in daily living AOR = 2.64 (95% CI 1.39–4.99). In this study, the proportion of neurocognitive impairment was greater than that in most previous studies conducted in Ethiopia. The factors associated with the disorder were: being widowed or divorced, living in a rural area, having low CD4, having a history of opportunistic infection, receiving a first-line drug regimen, receiving efavirenz-containing drugs, and having impaired daily living. Hence, routine neuropsychological screenings should be integrated into comprehensive ART care by the regional health bureau and implemented by hospitals and health centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Long-acting reversible contraceptive discontinuation is the removal before completion of the intended lifespan of the method. Despite the improvement in utilization, discontinuation is becoming high. There is no study conducted on discontinuation and associated factors of long-acting reversible contraceptives in Bahir Dar City. The aim of this study was to assess the proportion and associated factors of discontinuation of Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives among women in health facilities of Bahir Dar city, Northwest Ethiopia. METHODS: A health facility-based cross-sectional design was conducted on 415 respondents from April 1 to May 30, 2021. A total of 11 health facilities were included and all reproductive age women who were using Long-acting reversible contraceptives came to the selected health facilities for any issue concerning the method before completion of life span of the method were included in this study. Data were collected through face-to-face interview questionnaires using a systematic random sampling method. Epi Data version 3.1 and Statistical Package for Social Sciences were used for data entry and analysis, respectively. Logistic regression analyses were used, and a P value less than 0.05 was considered a statistically significant factor for discontinuation. RESULTS: The overall proportion of discontinuation of long-acting reversible contraceptives was 66.3% (95% CI: 61.42-69.13). No formal education (AOR=0.49; 95% CI: 0.30-0.82, P: 0.021), primary education (AOR=0.39; 95% CI: 0.18-0.81, P:0.012), wish to pregnancy (AOR=2.57; 95% CI: 1.64 to 4.02, P: <0.001), no history of contraceptive use (AOR=2.01; 95% CI: 1.19 to 3.38, P: 0.009), no counselling (AOR=1.68; 95% CI: 1.08-2.62, P: 0.021), and side effects (AOR=1.95; 95% CI: 1.21-3.16, P:0.006) were the factors associated with discontinuation. CONCLUSION: The overall discontinuation of long-acting reversible contraceptives among women was low compared to Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey 2016. Practice pre-insertion counselling, early side effect management, create community awareness about the methods to decrease discontinuation, healthcare providers should perform their duties in line with the standards and quality of Long-acting reversible contraceptive service provision through qualitative research are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bahir Dar, a city in Ethiopia, is grappling with the challenges of rapid urbanization, which has made affordable housing a critical issue for its growing population. This study specifically focuses on the urban land acquisition process for cooperative housing schemes, which serve as an essential component of Bahir Dar’s affordable housing program. This atudy aimed to examine the current practices, identify the challenges faced by housing cooperatives during land acquisition and construction, and propose strategies for improvement. The primary data for this research were collected through interviews with key informants from the Bahir Dar City administration’s land management, cooperative organizer office, housing development and management office, and housing cooperative committees. Additionally, three focus group discussion (FGD) sessions were conducted, involving 21 participants from cooperative members who had acquired residential land and from those who were waiting for allocation, including both female- and male-headed households. These discussions explored their views on the effectiveness of the cooperative housing scheme, the challenges encountered during cooperation and construction, and their recommendations for enhancement. Secondary data were also gathered through a comprehensive review of policies, regulations, research articles, reports, and relevant legal documents. The study revealed that, out of the 35,512 certified housing cooperative members since 2014, only 31,596 of them had received residential land plots. However, a relatively small fraction, i.e., less than 7,000 cooperative members, managed to partially or fully construct their homes. This indicates that the scheme has not fully achieved its intended goal and remains unaffordable for many members. The main challenges faced by cooperative members include lengthy delays in obtaining serviced land, high construction costs, and unrealistic building standards for cooperative housing units. In light of these findings, it is recommended that the Amhara National Regional State revise its housing cooperative policy to become affordable for cooperative housing members, particularly in terms of land acquisition costs and building standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avian study in the southern Gulf of Lake Tana, Ethiopia, was conducted from June 2018 to April 2019 during the wet and dry seasons to explore species composition, relative abundance, and habitat association of birds. The study area was classified based on its vegetation cover and composition and thus three habitat types namely, swampy, open wetlands, and forest habitats were identified for data collection. The point count method was used to gather information about the diversity and abundance of birds. A total of 131 avian species belonging to 15 orders and 53 families were identified. The avian species recorded in the study area showed 122 and 108 species during the wet and dry seasons, respectively. Black-winged love birds (Agaporinis taranta) and the Abyssinian oriole (Oriolus monachal) were endemic avian species to both Ethiopia and Eritrea recorded in the area. Moreover, two resident species; the African sacred ibis (Threskiornis aethiopicus) and the black kite (Milves migrans), and two Palearctic migrants; common house martin (Delichon urbicum) and yellow wagtail (Motacilla flava) were also identified in the area. The highest avian diversity was recorded in the open wetland habitat (H'=3.96), while the lowest was in the swampy habitat which is located all the way adjacent to the southern Gulf of Lake Tana (H'=3.22). The abundance score showed that 54.8% of the avian species were uncommon and there is a significant difference in the abundance of birds between the wet and dry seasons (p<0.05). Anthropogenic activities and urbanization are the main threats to birds in the area. Therefore, appropriate management actions should be designed and implemented to ensure the conservation of birds in the southern Gulf of Lake Tana and its surrounding habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pre-exposure prophylaxis is the use of antiretroviral medications by HIV-negative individuals to prevent infection before exposure. Ethiopia has made progress in reducing new HIV infections, but the burden remains high with ongoing challenges in prevention uptake. This study examined the utilization and factors associated with pre-exposure prophylaxis among female sex workers. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study design was conducted in Bahir Dar city administration among female sexual workers in 2022. The results were collected using a pre-tested and structured questionnaire. Epi data for data entry and social package for social science for analysis were used. Result: Overall, 15.9% (CI: 12.0-21.1) of female sexual workers received pre-exposure prophylaxis. Parents' living condition (only father alive [AOR = 0.23, 95% CI, 0.02–0.64], only mother alive [AOR = 0.31, 95% CI, 0.02–0.74]), marital status being single (AOR = 0.27, 95% CI, 0.06–0.94), having history of STI (AOR = 2.82, 95% CI, 1.60–4.77) were associated with pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake. Conclusion: This study showed low pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake. The study identified a history of sexually transmitted infections, marital status, and parent living conditions as significant factors. To increase pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake and reduce HIV incidence, an awareness campaign, tailored support, targeted interventions, and addressing concerns of high-risk groups are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pregnant women infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) have a high rate of mother to child transmission and with adverse effects on their children. Recently, pregnant women were screened for HBV infection at a limited urban health facility of Ethiopia. The trend of HBV infection prevalence from year to year is unknown. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine the trend in sero-prevalence of HBV infection among pregnant women at a Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, over a period of five years (2015 to 2019). Methods: The five year retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2015 to December 2019. A data extraction sheet was used to collect data on the HBV status of pregnant mothers from the Felege Hiwot comprehensive referral hospital's registration book. Results: A total of 7,445 pregnant women were screened for HBV infection resulting in 305 (4.1%) infected women. The mean age of the participants was 25 years with a range of 16 - 42 years old. The highest numbers of participants were in the age group of 25 - 29 years old (2,945; 39.5%) followed by ≥ 30 years old (2,492; 33.5%). The highest prevalence rate of HBV was observed in the age group of ≥ 30 years old (126; 5.1%) followed by 25 - 29 years old (112; 3.8%). Conclusions: Even though the numbers of pregnant women screened for HBV infection is decreasing, the overall trend of HBV infection prevalence increased from 2015 to 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acute kidney injury is an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality in critically ill neonates. Although the magnitude of preterm neonates is high and a major risk for acute kidney injury, there is a paucity of information regarding the magnitude and associated factors of acute kidney injury among preterm neonates in the study area. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess magnitude and associated factors of acute kidney injury among preterm neonates admitted to public hospitals in Bahir Dar city, Ethiopia, 2022. Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 423 preterm neonates admitted to public hospitals in Bahir Dar city from May 27 to June 27, 2022. Data were entered into Epi Data Version 4.6.0.2 transferred to Statistical Package and Service Solution version 26 for analysis. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed. A binary logistic regression analysis was done to identify factors associated with acute kidney injury. Model fitness was checked through Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test. Variables with a p-value < 0.05 were considered as statistically significant in the multiple binary logistic regression analysis. Result: Out of 423 eligible, 416 neonatal charts were reviewed with a response rate of 98.3%.This study revealed that the magnitude of acute kidney injury was 18.27% (95% CI = 15–22). Very low birth weight (AOR = 3.26; 95% CI = 1.18–9.05), perinatal asphyxia (AOR = 2.84; 95%CI = 1.55–5.19), dehydration (AOR = 2.30; 95%CI = 1.29–4.09), chest compression (AOR = 3.79; 95%CI = 1.97–7.13), and pregnancy-induced hypertension (AOR = 2.17; 95%CI = 1.20–3.93) were factors significantly associated with the development of neonatal acute kidney injury. Conclusion: Almost one in five admitted preterm neonates developed acute kidney injury. The odds of acute kidney injury were high among neonates who were very low birth weight, perinataly asphyxiated, dehydrated, recipients of chest compression, and born to pregnancy-induced hypertensive mothers. Therefore, clinicians have to be extremely cautious and actively monitor renal function in those neonatal population in order to detect and treat acute kidney injury as early as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban land acquisition is a fundamental precondition to sustaining the socio-economic livelihood of urban residents. In Ethiopia, with the high rate of peri-urbanization, the demand for urban land for various urban uses, such as housing development, is responded to by expropriating peri-urban landholdings from the farming community through paying compensation to the farmers. The paper highlights Ethiopia's urbanization pace and the associated urban land acquisition scenarios, mainly for housing purposes. Thus, it aims to analyze the peri-urban land acquisition scenarios through the expropriation of peri-urban land holdings used for agricultural purposes in Bahir Dar and the associated adverse effect on the farming community. To address the intended aim, data were collected by interviewing senior officials, experts, and elder farm households of the study area who were more knowledgeable about the study issue. There were focus group discussions with selected farming communities, and an extended field observation was conducted intending to triangulate the data collected by other techniques. Moreover, the Geographic Information System (GIS) was utilized to analyze satellite images of Bahir Dar City to demonstrate the extent of peri-urban land conversion from 2011 to 2021. The result of this study revealed that there is a 7% urban population growth rate, which resulted in 8% of Bahir Dar being converted from peri-urban between the stated period, and hence a considerable size of land had been expropriated in the peri-urban areas of Bahir Dar with expropriation measures. This study exposed that the compensation for expropriated agricultural landholdings often fails to adequately account for the full range of livelihoods and economic activities that farmers engage in, leaving them struggling to adapt to urban life. The urban development in the study area of Bahir Dar is taking place by jeopardizing the livelihoods of the farming community, and the urban expansion is seen as a threat to them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cesarean delivery carries both short term and long-term maternal complications. Eventhough it's being a public burden, the proportion of complications and underlying risk factors are not studied well in our setup. This study aimed to assess the proportion and associated factors of complications of cesarean sections among mothers who delivered at Bahir Dar city public specialized hospitals, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia 2021. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at two specialized Hospitals in Bahir Dar city, Ethiopia. The sample size was 495 mothers who had cesarean section in the time period from January 1, 2020 to December 30, 2020. Checklist was used to retrieve information from the patient medical document. Study population was selected from the operation registration book. Systematic sampling was used after arranging the study frame based on date of operation. Both bivariable and multivariable logistic regression was done. In multivariable logistic regression variables with p value < 0.05 at 95% confidence interval were significantly associated with outcome variable. Result: Overall maternal complication rate was 44.04% (95% CI: 39.6–48.5). Living in rural setting (AOR = 4.247,95%CI: 2.765–6.522), having one or more obstetric complication (AOR = 1.913,95% CI: 1.214–3.015), cesarean section done at Second stage of labor (AOR = 4.358,95%CI: 1.841–10.317), having previous cesarean section (AOR = 3.540,95%CI: 2.121–5.910), emergency operation (AOR = 2.967,95%CI: 1.492–5.901), duration of surgery taking more than 60 min (AOR = 3.476,95%CI: 1.521–7.947) were found to be significantly associated with maternal complications. Conclusion: The magnitude of maternal complication of cesarean section was higher than most studies. Living in rural setting, having obstetric complications, previous cesarean scar, emergency surgeries, operation done in second stage of labor and prolonged duration of surgery are important predictors of maternal complication. Therefore, we recommend timely and adequate progress of labor evaluation, timely decision for cesarean delivery and vigilant care in post-operative period shall be conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pregnant mothers are a risky population group for COVID-19 and pregnant mothers with COVID-19 are at increased risk of hospitalization, intensive-care unit admission, invasive ventilation support, and maternal mortality. Vaccination is an essential tool in stopping the effect of the pandemic on maternal and child health. However, there are only limited studies in Ethiopia on the intention to take the COVID-19 vaccine among pregnant women. Thus, this study aimed to assess intention to take the COVID-19 vaccine and associated factors among pregnant women in Bahir Dar city, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods: Facility based cross-sectional study was conducted among 590 pregnant women from 23 May to 07 July 2022. The study participants were selected using a systematic sampling technique. Interviewer administrative questionnaire with epicollect5 application was used to collect the data. Both bi-variable and multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was performed. Statistical significance was defined at a 95% CI with a p-value < 0.05. Result: Overall, 19.8% (95% CI: 16.60–23.06%) of pregnant women intend to take the COVID-19 vaccine. Being urban residence (AOR = 3.40, 95% CI: 1.71–6.78), third trimester of gestational age (AOR = 3.11, 95% CI: 1.61–6.03), multipara (AOR = 2.30, 95% CI: 1.33–3.97), knowledge of COVID-19 vaccine (AOR = 2.33, 95% CI: 1.44–3.77) and having good attitude towards COVID-19 vaccine (AOR = 2.68, 95% CI: 1.65–4.33) were significantly associated with intention to take COVID-19 vaccine. Conclusion: In conclusion, the pregnant women's intention to take the COVID-19 vaccine in this study area was very low. It was significantly associated with residency, gestational age, parity, knowledge, and attitude toward the vaccine. Therefore, strengthening interventions that improve knowledge and attitude about the COVID-19 vaccine, predominantly among those primipara mothers and mothers from rural residences, may raise the intention to take it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Housing transformation is not part of the Ethiopian urban housing policy, but it is a reality for city dwellers. The objective of this study was to find out what, why, and how aided self-help residents transformed their core house in Bahir Dar city. The focus was specifically on the transformations that resulted in changes to the floor area. Design/methodology/approach: The case study research design is ideal for empirically examining socio-physical dynamics. The study employed three aided self-help housing cooperatives as case studies in Bahir Dar city. Information was gathered from cooperative members, committees, relevant government bodies, and the physical environment through field observations, interviews, photographic surveys, and questionnaires. Findings: The findings showed three types of housing transformations that resulted in a change in floor area and are influenced by the building features of the original core house, motivation, and participation of residents. As a result of the housing transformation, residents became housing producers and suppliers, and their neighbourhood changed into a more socially and functionally diversified settlement. Research limitations/implications: The findings of this study have practical implications for policy makers to institute mechanisms that help planners and architects in preparing plots of land for residential use and in designing housing typologies. The findings will have an impact on the housing policy of Ethiopia. Practical implications: The findings of this study will impact planners and architects when it comes to preparing plots for residential land use and designing housing typologies. In addition, the finding will have an impact on housing policy of Ethiopia. Originality/value: The study of the resident's housing transformation that brought floor area change provides further insights on the consideration of housing transformation as a housing production and supply strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A post stroke seizure is a period of neurological dysfunction caused by abnormal neuronal activity. Seizures after a stroke have an impact on patients' lives and increase mortality in stroke patients. It also has a negative impact on the prognosis of stroke. However, there is a scarcity of literature in Ethiopia on the occurrence of post-stroke seizures. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the incidence and predictors of post-stroke seizure at Felege Hiwot compressive specialized hospital, North West Ethiopia. Methods: An institution-based retrospective follow-up study was carried out at Felege Hiwot Compressive Specialized Hospital, North West Ethiopia from July 1, 2017 to June 30, 2021. The records of 568 stroke patients were reviewed using a random sample method. To find predictors of post-stroke seizures, we applied the log-binomial regression model. Result: The incidence of post-stroke seizures was 22.18%(95% CI 18.83%—25.83%). Older age group (ARR = 2.49, 95% CI 1.33–4.69), hemorrhagic stroke (ARR = 1.99, 95% CI 1.25–3.17), surgical intervention (ARR = 1.85, 95% CI 1.22–2.81), and tramadol medication (ARR = 1.85, 95% CI 1.22–2.81) were found to be predictors of post stroke seizure. Conclusion: This study revealed that the incidence of post stroke seizure was high and older age, haemorrhagic type of stroke, surgical management, and use of tramadol anti-pain medication are risk factors for post-stroke seizures. Therefore, health care professionals must pay special attention and provide clinical care to patients who have risk factors for post-stroke seizure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxoplasmosis is one of the most significant worldwide zoonotic infections caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. It is a major public health and veterinary concern in terms of mortality and morbidity. The objective of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence and assess the potential risk factors of T. gondii infection among pregnant women, HIV/AIDS patients, and sheep in Bahir Dar city, North West Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study design and systematic random sampling techniques were employed. Serum samples were analyzed for anti-T. gondii antibodies using a commercially available Toxo-latex agglutination test kit. Logistic regression analysis was employed to test associations between variables. The seroprevalences of T. gondii infection in the examined pregnant women, HIV/AIDS patients, and sheep were 70.8% (95% confidence interval (CI): 65.1-73.4%), 70% (95% CI: 63.3-76.8%), and 43% (95% CI: 38.5 - 47.4%) respectively. Multivariable logistic analysis showed that T. gondii infection was significantly associated with knowing the zoonotic nature of toxoplasmosis (adjusted Odds ratio [AOR] = 0.197, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.107 - 0.35), eating raw meat (AOR=3.27, 95% CI: 1.89-5.65), and owning a cat (AOR=9.35, 95% CI: 4.00-21.84) in pregnant women and HIV/AIDS patients. Hence, comprehensive health education about toxoplasmosis, particularly for pregnant women and HIV/AIDS patients, avoiding consumption of uncooked meat, and cat contact for immune-compromised women are of paramount importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic causes major morbidity and mortality in the world. Timely behavioral response assessment of the community is important to shape the next effective interventions and risk communication strategies to adopt preventive behavior. Hence, this study aimed to assess behavioral responses for facemask-use messages to prevent COVID-19 and its predictors among residents of Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia, 2021 by using the Extended Parallel Process Model. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted with the guide of the Extended Parallel Process Model in Bahir Dar city from March 9 to April 9, 2021. A multistage sampling technique was used, and data was collected through a face-to-face interviewer-administered questionnaire using Epicollect5. Descriptive statistics and Binary logistic regression were computed using SPSS V.25. Variable with P < 0.25 in the bivariable analysis was a candidate for multivariable analysis to control confounding effect. In multivariable analysis, variables with P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant and the result was presented using an adjusted odd ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: A total of 616 participants with a response rate of 97.1% were included. Of the total participants, 229(37.2%) were in the danger control response. The behavioral response was affected by Occupational status [AOR (95%CI) 3.53(1.67–7.46)], the number of people living together [AOR (95%CI) 2.62(1.28–5.39)], self-control [AOR (95%CI) 1.14(1.05–1.25)], a friend for the preferred source of information [AOR (95%CI) 5.18(3.22–8.33)] and printed materials for the preferred channel [AOR (95%CI) 2.14(1.35–3.43)]. Conclusion: Above one-third of the participants were in the danger control response. Occupational status, number of people living together, self-control, a friend for the preferred source of information, and printed materials for the preferred channel were independent predictors of resident behavioral response to the use of facemasks. Policymakers should consider students and people who live alone. Message developers should use a friendly person to transmit messages and should prepare printed materials. Activities and strategies should also focus on self-control and perceived efficacy without ignoring the perceived threat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of teachers' engagement in action research and identify their challenges and opportunities to undertake such projects in primary schools of Bahir Dar city, Ethiopia. The study was conducted as part of a collaborative action research project that aimed at improving practice. For this purpose, a mixed-methods research approach was employed. Data were collected from 251 primary school teachers and six educational experts of the city administration through questionnaire and focus group discussion respectively. Both quantitative and qualitative techniques were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that teachers' engagement in action research in the primary schools of the city was low. It was also engulfed by many challenges. However, some opportunities which reinforce the practice were identified. Based on the findings, areas of intervention that could help to increase teachers' engagement in action research in the primary schools of the city were suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cancer is a primary and challenging health problem, has a significant impact on caregivers, and is a leading cause of emotional responses like depression. Depression is the most common and serious psychiatric disorder that has a considerable effect on the daily life of primary caregivers. Different articles reported that the magnitude of depression was prevalent among primary caregivers of patients with cancer. There is scarcity of published articles about the problem in Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of depression and associated factors among primary caregivers of adult cancer patients at Northwest Amhara Regional States Referrals Hospitals, oncology treatment units, Northwest Ethiopia, 2021. Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Northwest Amhara Regional States Referrals Hospitals. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select 421 participants. The data were collected using interviewer-administered and chart review through structured, pretested Patient Health Questionarie-9 questionnaires. The data were entered into Epi. Data version 4.6 and analyzed using Stata version 14.0. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression were carried out to identify factors associated with depression. Adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval and variables with a p-value < 0.05 were considered significantly associated with depression. Results: The prevalence of depression was 45.15%. Being female (AOR = 2.01, 95%, CI: 1.27–3.19), having an average monthly income of < 1000 Ethiopian birr (AOR = 3.54, 95% CI: 1.54–8.13), and primary caregivers of a cancer patient with mixed therapy (AOR = 4.54, 95%, CI: (1.5–13.48) were significantly associated with depression. Conclusion: The prevalence of depression among primary caregivers of adult patients with cancer was significant. It's better, health care providers in oncology treatment facilities need to recognize and screen and give special attention to female primary caregivers, having an average monthly income of < 1000 Ethiopian birr, and primary caregivers of a cancer patient with mixed therapy to reduce the risk of developing depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ethiopia, informal land transactions are proliferating in urban centers and triggering wider socio-economic and environmental challenges in the sustainable development of cities. Taking the case of Bahir Dar city, this paper examines informal land transactions in Ethiopia in terms of its rule-structuring processes, roles of actors in the transaction, and factors for its emergence and continued proliferation. Empirical evidence collected through key informant interviews, participant observation, and from secondary sources were analyzed qualitatively. The study reveals that the lease system in Ethiopia is ill-suited to the interests and reality of many urban dwellers and is unable to meet their needs. As a response to the failures of the lease system, residents are increasingly turning to informal land transactions. The success of informal land markets in Bahir Dar is reinforced by the possibility of formalization of land holdings through corrupt practices in local land administration. Moreover, the processes of the informal markets have provided adaptive and responsive alternatives for urban dwellers to access land. Unless land administration shifts to adapt to these realities, informal markets will likely continue to thrive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the causes of mental health problems among urban residents in Bahir Dar City Administration. To achieve the objectives, data were gathered from residents, psychologists, psychiatrists, and medical doctors through deep interviews. The qualitative analysis of the data gathered through interviews revealed that mental health problem is prevalent and linked with social, psychological, and economic factors and female and the adult population was disposed to the mental health problem than the remaining populations. Based on the findings conclusions and possible recommendations were also forwarded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To examine the prevalence and predictors of healthy aging among community-dwelling older adults living in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study included older adults aged 60 and above (n = 845; Mage = 71 years; 56.4% females). Poisson regression estimated the Relative Risk (RR) of factors associated with healthy aging status. Results: 36.7% of respondents were classified as healthy agers. Factors associated with an increased likelihood of healthy aging included reporting not being lonely, adequate nutrition, no multimorbidity, good self-rated health, financial independence, and engaging in at least 1 hour of moderate physical activity per week. Discussion: The proportion of healthy agers in this study was substantially lower compared to developed countries but comparable to the prevalence reported in similar developing nations. Enhancing physical activity, ensuring proper nutrition, interventions to foster social participation engagement, and networking, and managing chronic diseases were identified as promising strategies to promote healthy aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: fetal adverse birth outcomes are abnormal outcomes such as prematurity, low birth weight, stillbirth, and birth defects. It is the main cause of neonatal and child deaths in the world and is the major public health problem in developing countries including Ethiopia. This study aims to assess the proportion and factors associated with fetal adverse birth outcomes among mothers who gave birth at Felege Hiwot Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Bahir Dar city, North-west, Ethiopia 2019. Methods: institutionbased cross-sectional study was conducted from March 1- to April 30 in 2019 among 371 delivered mothers. The data were collected by systematic random sampling technique, entered into a computer using Epi data 3.5, and analyzed using Statistical Package of Social Sciences version 23.0. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were done to estimate the crude and adjusted odds ratio with a confidence interval of 95% and a P-value of less than 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: in this study, the proportion of fetal adverse birth outcome was 33.2%. Mothers who lived in rural area [AOR=4.37, 95% CI=2.44-7.83], < 4 antenatal care visit [AOR=1.91, 95% CI=1.08-3.40], bad obstetrical history [AOR=2.01, 95% CI=1.03-3.93], complication in the antepartum period [AOR=4.32, 95% CI=2.44-7.65], medical illness [AOR=2.44, 95% CI=1.25-4.79], and maternal hemoglobin level < 11 mg/dl [AOR=4.63, 95% CI=2.40-8.93] were significantly associated with fetal adverse birth outcomes. Conclusion: the proportion of fetal adverse birth outcomes in this research was high. Living in a rural area, the number of antenatal care visits, bad obstetrical history, current pregnancy complications, medical illness, and hemoglobin levels less than or equal to 11 mg/dl were significantly associated with fetal adverse birth outcomes. Getting full service of antenatal care visits and advance in the quality of maternal health services could minimize fetal adverse birth outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: In a normal adult, the volume of blood needed to maintain physiological needs ranges from 5 liters to 6 liters. Disease and traumatic conditions may decrease this volume. Medically, this condition can be treated safely by blood transfusion. However, residents of the city of Bahir Dar have a low rate of volunteering to donate blood. No study has examined this situation, and therefore, this study was designed to fill this gap. AIM: The aim of this study is to identify the determinants of voluntary blood donation in the city of Bahir Dar. SETTING AND DESIGN: An unmatched case–control study design was used. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The sample size was calculated using Epi-Info Software, 109 cases and 218 controls were included in the study. Data were entered into the computer using Epi-Info and were analyzed using SPSS. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Logistic regression was used. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to identify the determinants. RESULTS: In this study, voluntary blood donation was more among male donors (AOR: 2.66; [95% CI: 1.03–6.88]), health professionals (AOR 18.56; [95% CI, 6.26–55.09]), negligence (AOR 0.12; [95% CI, 0.05–0.31]), lack of information (AOR 0.24; [95% CI, 0.1–0.58]), a convenient place (AOR 11.36; [95% CI, 3.61–35.73]), fear (AOR 0.26; [95% CI, 0.12–0.61]) and lack of opportunity (AOR 0.23; [95% CI, 0.1–0.52]). CONCLUSION: Decision-makers in the area of blood collection should work hard to create awareness on voluntary blood donation. High-level decision-makers and the other partners should endeavor to make blood collection locations more convenient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infection (UTI) in the pediatric group may lead to end-stage renal dysfunction later in life. Tracking the type of the isolates and their antimicrobial resistance pattern would impact the management of UTI in these group. The aim of this study was to describe the distribution of bacterial uropathogenes, their antimicrobial susceptibility profile and factors associated with significant bacteriuria (SBU) among pediatric patients at selected facilities in Bahir Dar, Northwest Ethiopia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from 1st February to 30th June 2020. About 5-10ml of urine samples were collected from pediatrics presumptive for UTI and a urine sample was considered positive for SBU if a single organism was grown at a concentration of >104cfu/ml. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with SBU and statistical significance was set at p-value < 0.05. RESULTS: Of the total 299 study participants, the majority 173 (57.9%) were females. The mean age of the participants was 6.6 years. The proportion of significant bacteriuria was at 49(16.4%). Most, 37 (75.5%) of the isolates were Gram-negative. The most predominant isolate was E. coli, 21(42.9%) followed by P. aeruginosa, 6(12.2%) and coagulase negative staphylococci, 6(12.2%). The level of multi-drug resistance among Grampositive and Gram-negatives was at 50% and 78.4%, respectively. Participants' sex, circumcision status, having a flank pain and being malnourished were statistically associated with significant bacteriuria. CONCLUSION: Actions to minimize antimicrobial resistance should be strengthened to reduce the impact of UTI among the pediatric group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anti-retroviral therapy regimen discontinuations become a big challenge and cause diminishing the clinical and immunological benefit of treatment in Ethiopia. It reduces both the duration and the chance of viral control due to cross-resistance between different alternative drugs and overlapping toxicity between and within a class of antiretroviral drugs in Ethiopia. However, information's on the time of initial regimen discontinuation and its predictors are not well studied. Objective: This study aimed to assess the time to initial highly active antiretroviral therapy discontinuation and its predictors among HIV patients in Felege Hiwot comprehensive specialized hospital, North West Ethiopia. Method: Institution-based retrospective cohort study was conducted among 418 HIV patients who started HAART from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2019. Data were collected from the patient chart using a data extraction tool. The Kaplan–Meier curve was employed to compare survival rates. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression was applied to identify independent predictors of time to initial regimen discontinuation. Result: A total of 418 patients on anti-retroviral therapy were followed. Incidence of initial HAART discontinuation was 16.7/100 person year. The median survival time was 3.5 years. Predictors showed association for time to initial HAART discontinuation were taking > 1 ART pills/day (AHR = 4.1, 95% CI 3.0–6.5), baseline CD4 count < 100 cells/mm3 (AHR = 2.6, 95% CI 1.5–4.7), 100–199 cells/mm3 (AHR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.2–4.0), baseline WHO clinical stage IV (AHR = 2.68, 95% CI 1.6–4.3) and stage III (AHR = 2.6, 95% CI 1.4–4.3) and TB infection (AHR = 2.3, 95% CI 1.6–3.5). Conclusion: Most of the discontinuation occurred after 1 year of initiation of HAART. Baseline WHO clinical stage, TB infection, baseline CD4 count, and taking > 1 ART pill/day were found predictors of initial HAART regimen discontinuation. Work on early detection of HIV before the disease is advanced and initiation of one ART regimen daily is vital for survival on the initial regimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pelvic fractures are high-risk injuries that require careful evaluation due to significant patient morbidity and mortality associated with damage to major blood vessels, nerves, and organs. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess pelvic fractures and associated injuries among patients presented at the emergency department of Tibebe Ghion Specialized Hospital, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with a retrospective facility-based data collection technique. All patients who were managed for pelvic fracture from September 2018 to February 2021 were included. The patient's chart number was collected from the orthopedics surgery morning register sheet and their case folders were retrieved from the medical record department. We used a structured and pretested checklist, and chart review for data collection. The collected data were cleaned, coded, and entered into Epi Info version 7 and exported to SPSS version 24 for analysis. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with a pelvic fracture. Results: We studied 64 cases of pelvic fracture during the study period. Pelvic was common among males with a ratio of 7:1 and young population (15– 35 years). The most common associated injuries were lower extremity 23 (35.9%), abdominal injuries 16 (25.0%), and urethral injury in 13 (20.3%). Moreover, most patients with pelvic fracture have Tile A fracture 56.3%, Tile C in 20 (31.3%), and Tile B in 8 (12.5%) patients. The road traffic accident was the most common cause of pelvic fracture in 56.3%, followed by fall down accident (28.1%), and bullet injury (12.5%). Conclusion: The incidence of pelvic fracture was high in the study area. It reflects the need for strong and multi-sectoral collaboration to prevent pelvic fracture. Additionally, it needs a careful, systematic management approach for survival, healing, and to address the associated complexities and the polytrauma nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Infections with multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria are serious threats to many low-income countries associated with overuse and misuse of antibiotics. This study determined the antibiogram profiles of bacteria isolated from different body site infections among patients admitted to GAMBY Teaching General Hospital, Bahir Dar, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was done between November 2015 and May 2018. Various clinical specimens were sampled from patients and analyzed for aerobic bacterial isolation and Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility testing. Chi-square test was calculated to see association among variables, and P-value < 0.05 was taken as a cutoff value for statistical significance. Results: From the 716 clinical specimens processed, 134 (18.7%) were culture-positive for aerobic bacterial pathogens. Culture-confirmed positivity was higher in ear discharge (27.3%) and urine (26.3%) samples. The prevalence of infection was significantly highest among females (P = 0.001). Escherichia coli 63 (47.4%) and 10 (7.4%) of Klebsiella spp. from Gram-negative bacteria were the predominant bacterial isolates, while Staphylococcus saprophyticus 17 (12.6%) and S. aureus 14 (10.4%) were from Gram-positive bacteria. Overall, 61.8% of the isolates were found to be MDR. The proportion of MDR among Klebsiella spp., S. aureus and E. coli isolates was 90.9%, 60.9% and 50%, respectively. Gram-positive bacteria demonstrated 20%, 48.6% and 100% of resistance against norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and clindamycin, respectively. Gram-negative bacteria also revealed from 20% resistance for the antibiotic nitrofurantoin and 100% of resistance for ampicillin and penicillin. Conclusion: Infections with bacterial isolates resistant to the majority of antibiotics are a major issue in the study area. Most of the identified bacteria were resistant to the routinely used antibiotics, and MDR isolates are alarmingly high. Therefore, clinicians should practice rational choice of antibiotics and treatment should be guided by antimicrobial susceptibility testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intestinal parasitic infections are among the major public health problems in resource-poor countries such as Ethiopia. Certain segments of the population such as psychiatric patients are believed to be at higher risk of infection because of their poor hygiene practices. However, information on the prevalence and contributing factors among psychiatric patients is limited in Ethiopia. Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 432 psychiatric patients attending Felege Hiwot Comprehensive Specialized Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia from May to July 2020. Participants were selected using a systematic random sampling technique. Data on socio-demography and associated factors were collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Stool sample was collected and processed for parasitological examination using direct wet mount, modified Richie's concentration, Kato-Katz and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining techniques following standard protocols. Data were entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software version 20. The prevalence of intestinal parasitosis and associated factors were computed by descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression at 95% confidence interval (CI), respectively. Association between variables was considered statistically significant only if P-value < 0.05 at 95% confidence level. Results: A total of 168 (38.9%) participants were positive for at least a single species of intestinal parasite. Hookworm, Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar and Ascaris lumbricoides were the most frequent parasites, detected in 74 (17.1%), 47 (10.9%) and 37 (8.6%) participants, respectively. Double infection was detected in 16 (9.5%) participants where 8 (4.8%) had hookworm and Ascaris lumbricoides co-infections. Not washing raw fruits and vegetables before eating (adjusted odds ratio = 8.402; 95% CI: 3.055– 23.109; P < 0.001) and having a psychiatric diagnosis other than bipolar disorder (adjusted odds ratio = 3.104; 95% CI: 1.334– 7.222; P = 0.009) were significantly associated with intestinal parasitic infections. Conclusion: The prevalence of intestinal parasites among psychiatric patients was significant. Therefore, improving hygiene practice and implementing regular screening for intestinal parasitic infection among psychiatric patients are recommended so as to control parasite transmission and improve the health of psychiatric patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breast milk is the ideal and complete form of nutrition for infants colostrum contains all the necessary nutrients for infants' growth and development and antibodies that can protect from many childhood illnesses. Understanding the extent of and barriers to colostrum avoidance in Ethiopia is important for learning how to best improve optimal breastfeeding. No single study has been conducted on primigavida mothers in the country. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the rate of colostrum avoidance practice and associated factors among primigavida mothers. Method: A community- based cross-sectional study was conducted from March to April 2016 among (n = 398) randomly selected primigavida mothers in Bahir Dar city, northwest Ethiopia. Data were collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version25. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were carried out. Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was used to measure the strength of association. Statistical significance was declared at P-value ≤0.05. Results: Out of 398 primipara mothers, 8.8% discarded colostrum. The most common reasons for discarding colostrum were; yellow and creamy (39.2%), bad for infant (35.2%), traditional/cultural reason (17.1%) and infant unable to feed (8.5%). Married mothers (AOR = 4.52, 95%CI: 1.13, 18.16), unemployed mothers (AOR = 3.46, 95%CI: 1.15, 10.51), mothers underwent normal delivery (AOR = 5.20, 95%CI: 1.87, 20.90) and mothers who initiated breastfeeding within 1 h (AOR = 2.79, 95%CI: 0.96, 8.16) were less likely to discard colostrum. Conclusion: The current study revealed that colostrum was discarded by 8.8% of primipara mothers. Primipara mothers who were married, unemployed, underwent normal delivery and initiated breastfeeding within 1 h were less likely to discard colostrum. These results suggest that multi-sectorial and multi-disciplinary approaches are needed to decrease colostrum avoidance among primipara mothers in Ethiopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite the rapid scale-up of antiretroviral therapy, virologic failure has become global public health concern and challenge, especially in developing countries. Viral load monitoring is an important approach to identify treatment failure and develop public health interventions in children receiving antiretroviral therapy. Thus, this study aims to assess the magnitude and associated factors of virological failure among children on antiretroviral therapy. Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 399 HIV-positive children on antiretroviral therapy from 2016 to 2019 in Bahir Dar Town public health facilities. Data were extracted from children's charts using a standardized data extraction tool, adapted from ART intake and follow-up forms. Data were entered using Epi-Data Version 3.1, and analyzed using SPSS Version 25. Bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression models were done to identify factors associated with virological failure. Variables with p-values < 0.25 were fitted into the multivariable analysis. Finally, variables with p-values <0.05 were considered as statistically significant factors. Results: The period prevalence of virological failure was found to be 14.8% (95% CI: 11.5–19.3%). Opportunistic infections (AOR = 2.19, CI: 1.13–4.25), history of treatment interruption and restart (AOR = 2.21, CI: 1.09–4.54), younger age (AOR = 2.42, CI: 1.02–5.74), poor/fair ART adherence (AOR = 2.19, CI: 1.05–4.57), and advanced baseline WHO clinical staging (AOR = 2.32, CI: 1.14–4.74) were found to be factors significantly associated with virological failure. Conclusion: The magnitude of virological failure among HIV-infected children remained high. Children with poor/fair ART adherence, history of treatment interruption, advanced baseline WHO clinical staging, younger age, and opportunistic infections were significantly associated with virologic failure. Thus, special attention should be given to children who had poor/fair ART adherence and presenting with opportunistic infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes severe liver disease, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and life-threatening liver disease. Hepatitis B virus infection is one of the most dominant public health problems these days. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of HBV infection among patients attending Addis Alem Hospital, Bahir Dar, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted from January to February 2019 on HBV registered from January 2016 to December 2018 for three years period. The presence of HBsAg in serum was detected using the One Step Cassette Style HBsAg test kit. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the characteristics of participants with HBV infection. Statistical association of the determinants with HBV infection was determined by the X2 test. Results: In this study, a total of 2010 participants of HBsAg rapid test records in the laboratory logbook were included. The median age of women was 25 years. The overall seroprevalence of HBsAg was 78 (3.9%). There was a general increment of HBV infection from 2016 to 2018, X2 =7.52; P=0.023. Age (X2 =8.19; P= 0.042) and sex (X2 =37.77; P < 0.001) were associated with HBsAg positivity. Conclusion and Recommendations: An intermediate seroprevalence of HBV infection was detected among participants in our study area. This figure raises significant public health concerns. Therefore, implementing strategies for routine screening of women for HBV and hospital attendants would be critical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: sexual violence is currently a serious public health problem affecting women´s health. Globally, 1 in 3 women faces sexual violence in their lifetime. Female industry workers are at an increased risk of sexual violence. Assessing the magnitude and factors associated with sexual violence among female industrial workers is important for interventions. The objective was to assess the prevalence and factors associated with sexual violence among female large-scale industries workers in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, 2021., Methods: institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 807 female industry workers from September to October 2021. Participants were selected by systematic random sampling. The data were collected by a structured questionnaire. Data entry and analysis were done by Epi data v.3.1 and SPSS v.23, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was done to identify factors. Adjusted odds ratios were computed at 95%CI. A P-value below 0.05 was used to declare association., Results: the prevalence of sexual violence were 59.4% (95% CI; 56.0%-62.6%). The significantly associated factors include; age less than twenty-five (AOR=4.01, 95%CI; 2.81, 10.83), never-married women (AOR=3.07, 95%CI; 1.11, 8.46), being secondary education (AOR=2.65, 95%CI; 1.51, 4.66), being contract employee (AOR=4.65, 95%CI; 1.92, 11.22), drinking alcohol (AOR=3.01, 95%CI; 1.49, 6.09), and night work shift (AOR=9.01, 95%CI; 4.53, 17.93)., Conclusion: high rate (59.4%) of sexual violence was reported. Age, marital status, educational status, contract type of work agreement, drinking alcohol, and working night work shift were risk factors. Hence, emphasis on creating safe working environment & transportation, education on reproductive rights and reporting of sexual violence., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright: Melkamu Atalel et al.)

Background: Episiotomy is the surgical enlargement of the vaginal orifice during the last part of the second stage of labor or childbirth by an incision to the perineum. The World Health Organization advises the use of episiotomy on a restricted and selective basis. Indeed, the rate of episiotomy in developed countries is decreasing, but in developing countries, including Ethiopia, it still remains high. Therefore, this study tried to assess the proportion and factors associated with episiotomy among women who gave birth at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Bahir Dar City, North West Ethiopia, 2017. Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 411 mothers from February to April 2017. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews and supported by observation using standard checklist with systematic random sampling technique. Data was entered by Epi Info and analyzed by SPSS version 23. The association between variables was analyzed using bivariable and multivariable logistic regression model. P-value < 0.05 at 95% CI was considered to be statistically significant. Results: The proportion of episiotomy was 41.1% with 95% CI (36.5%, 46.2%). Multivariable logistic regression showed that primiparity (AOR=6.026, 95% CI (3.542,10.253)), prolonged second stage of labor (AOR=4.612, 95% CI (2.247,9.465)), instrument delivery (AOR =3.933, 95% CI (1.526,10.141)), using oxytocin (AOR=2.608, 95% CI (1.431,4.751)), medical resident attendant (AOR =3.225, 95% CI (1.409,7.382)) and birth weight ≥ 4000 grams (AOR=5.127,95% Cl (1.106,23.772)) were significantly associated with episiotomy practice. Conclusion: The proportion of episiotomy was high. Parity, using oxytocin, second-stage labor duration, instrument delivery, birth weight, and delivery attendant were statistically significant factors for episiotomy practice. Therefore, as per our findings, we suggest awareness creation, and the setting and use of new national guidelines, the practice of routine episiotomy should be abandoned, and selective and restrictive use of episiotomy is highly advised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) continued to be a global public health concern, primarily among adolescents in poor socioeconomic countries. This study was aimed to assess knowledge, practice, and associated factors of night school students to prevent STIs in Bahir Dar city, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 422 students randomly selected from night schools. Data were collected using a pretested structured questionnaire. Data were entered, cleaned, and analyzed using SPSS version 16 software. Descriptive statistics were used to describe study variables. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with knowledge about STI and its prevention. The strengths of associations were described using odds ratio at 95% confidence interval and a P -value of less than 0.05. Results: A total of 420 consented students were enrolled into the study. More than half, 420 (57.9%), and three-fourths, 332 (79%), of the students were women and married. Only 24.8% and 12.4% of the students had good knowledge and practice on the prevention of STIs, respectively. Age, educational status, information access, school health education, and consistent use of condoms were factors associated with the knowledge of students about STIs. Similarly, age, sex, knowledge about STIs, and discussion with families were factors of STI prevention practice among night school students. Conclusions: Giving special attention to awareness creation, information access, discussion with families, and improving family/individual income is vital to prevent STIs and its impact among night school students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Manufacturing industries are one of the leading industries, where a large work force is employed and most accidents occurred. Unsafe safety practices are the primary cause for most workplace injuries and illnesses. However, in Ethiopia there is inadequate, limited, and narrow research attention with regard to the health and safety practices among manufacturing industrial workers. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the effect of organizational and individual factors on health and safety practices. Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March to April 2017. A stratified sampling technique was used to select 403 study participants from within the manufacturing industries. In addition to a structured questionnaire, an observational checklist was used to assess the working conditions. Bivariate and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were performed using SPSS version 20. Significance level was obtained at 95% CI and p value ≤ 0.05. Odds ratio was used to determine the strength of association. Result: The overall percentage of good health and safety practices among workers in manufacturing industries was 57.5% (95% CI: 52.4, 62). Work experience > 5 years (AOR = 2.76, 95% CI: 1.44, 5.29) and a level of education of diploma and above (AOR = 6.49, 95% CI: 1.31, 31.86) were important predictors of good health and safety practices. Moreover, working hours ≤ 48 h per week (AOR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.05, 2.78), safety training (AOR = 3.95, 95% CI: 2.20, 7.12), and management support (AOR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.13, 3.15) were significantly associated organizational factors for good health and safety practices. Conclusion: This study highlights the need for ongoing health and safety training, management commitment to health and safety of employees, and provision of appropriate personal protective equipment to enhance health and safety practices of workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women's disproportionate engagement in housework and its determinants has been relatively well studied for developed countries, but such research is absent for less developed countries. Unless barriers to women's participation in development efforts are addressed, poverty reduction programs may not succeed. Using data from a household survey of 502 women and employing a multivariate linear regression model, this paper analyzed determinants of women's hours of housework. Results show that, in line with theory and past research, time availability and resources or bargaining power have statistically significant negative associations with a woman's housework time. Similarly, traditional gender perception/practice has the expected positive association with a woman's housework time. National strategies aiming at poverty reduction may need to pay more attention to educate women, help them overcome shortage of working capital, and improve employment opportunities since these may increase resources available to women, empower them, and thereby minimize gendered housework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fruits and vegetables, which are consumed raw, act as potential sources for the spread of various parasitic diseases. The rate of contamination and species of contaminant parasites varies based on climatic, ecological, and human factors. Therefore, local data about the contamination status and predisposing factors augments efforts for successful control of parasitic diseases. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on fruits and vegetables collected from local markets of Bahir Dar city from February to May 2019. A total of 384 samples were purchased from three randomly selected markets. Data on sociodemographic characteristics of vendors and factors associated with contamination of fruits and vegetables were collected using a structured questionnaire. About 200 g of fruit and vegetable samples were processed for parasites using direct wet mount and modified Zeihl–Neelson staining techniques following standard protocols. All data were analyzed using SPSS version 23. Results: Among a total of 384 fruit and vegetable samples purchased from 112 vendors, 150 (39.1%) were contaminated with at least one species of parasite. Lettuce (56.4%) and mango (16.7%) were the most and the least commonly contaminated items respectively. Larva of Strongyloides species (13.5%) was the most frequently detected parasite followed by cysts of Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar (12.8%). Contamination was more common in vegetables than fruits (AOR=2.968, p< 0.001). Fruits and vegetables purchased from vendors with untrimmed fingernails (AOR=1.966, p=0.006), directly delivered from farmers (AOR=1.883, p=0.040), displayed in bucket with water (AOR=2.676, p=0.017) and those displayed without washing (AOR=5.511, p< 0.001) were significantly associated with parasitic contamination. Conclusion: The level of parasitic contamination of fruits and vegetables in Bahir Dar city is of public health importance. Hence, the public health sector should create public awareness in order to reduce parasitic transmission via fruits and vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Even though World Health Organization (WHO) recommends infant feeding options for HIV exposed infants, level of recommended infant feeding practices was still low in Ethiopia. • This institutional study was done in prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) clinic services among HIV exposed infants and having follow up in this clinics. • Recommended infant feeding practices is an options to tackle vertical HIV infections especially for developing countries. • Generally, prevalence of recommended infant feeding among HIV exposed infants in the study area was sub optimal. Mother's educational status, attendance to antenatal visits attendance to postnatal follow up and disclosure of mother's HIV status to their spouse were the predictors of recommended infant feeding practices. The World Health Organization has recommended either exclusive replacement feeding or exclusive breastfeeding options for HIV-exposed infants for the first 6 months of life. The purpose of this study was to assess the factors associated with noncompliance with these recommendations among a population of HIV-infected mothers of young infants in Bahir Dar City, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. An institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 1 to May 15, 2018. A structured interview was conducted with 213 HIV-positive mothers. Descriptive statistics were used to show the frequency distributions of factors associated with noncompliance with World Health Organization-recommended infant-feeding practices. Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the variables predictive of infant-feeding practices. All mothers were undergoing antiretroviral therapy. Only 83.5% claimed to be following World Health Organization-recommended infant-feeding practices. Bivariate analysis showed that high school or greater educational status [Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.6 (95% CI = 4.2, 9.5)], having attended antenatal visits [AOR = 6.7 (95% CI = 5.6, 10.9)] and postnatal follow-up visits [AOR = 6.9 (95% CI = 4.2, 9.3)], and disclosure of HIV status to their spouse [AOR = 8.2 (95% CI = 6.2, 10.7)] were associated with adherence to recommended infant-feeding practices. The prevalence of recommended infant feeding practices among HIV-exposed infants in the study area was suboptimal compared with the ≥90% recommended by the World Health Organization. Higher educational status of the mother, antenatal and postnatal follow-ups, and disclosure of HIV status to spouses were predictors of adherence to the recommended infant-feeding practices. Although not yet proven in a prospective clinical trial, providing more education for women, improving attendance at antenatal and postnatal follow-up visits, encouraging the disclosure of HIV status to spouses, and educating mothers about proper infant-feeding options during follow-up visits may all be useful to increase compliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Even though several scholars have conducted study in different part of the world on erectile dysfunction in patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, it's magnitude vary among their finding with the range between 20 and 90%. This study aimed at assessing the prevalence of erectile dysfunction and associated factors among diabetic clients. Results: A cross sectional study was conducted from January 2016 to March, 2016. Systematic random sampling technique was used. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and level of erectile dysfunction was measured using the international index of erectile function. A total of 422 diabetic patients were participated with 100% response rate. The proportion of erectile dysfunction was 85.5% and it was significantly associated with higher age (AOR: 6.46, 95% CI 2.55-16.44) and Diabetic complication (AOR: 3.97, 95% CI 1.06-17.36). Therefore, screening for ED in diabetic patients, particularly for those who are in advanced age and living with DM for more than 10 years is needed for it's early detection, prevention and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Time management is of utmost importance in healthcare facilities since time squandered by health professionals is time not invested in patients, and this affects the quality of care given to patients. This study aimed to assess time management practice and factors affecting it among health professionals at public hospitals in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia., Methods: Institution-based cross-sectional study supplemented with a qualitative study was conducted from April 21 to May 20, 2022, among health professionals working in public hospitals in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. A simple random sampling technique was used to select 416 study participants. A pretested self-administered questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data, and an interviewer guide was used to collect qualitative data to complement quantitative data. Purposive sampling was used in the qualitative study, and 12 in-depth interviews were carried out till saturation was reached. The quantitative data were entered into Epi Data version 4.0 and analyzed using SPSS 25.0 whereas the qualitative data were analyzed manually using thematic analysis. To identify the associated factors, bi-variable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used. The degree of associations was interpreted using odds ratio and 95% confidence interval at <0.05 p -value., Results: Of 416 invited participants, 410 of them participated in the study yielding a 98.5% response rate. The magnitude of time management practice among health professionals was 66.1% (95% CI: 61.5-70%). Age ranges 25-29 (AOR = 3.961, 95% CI: 1.068, 14.682) and 30-34 (AOR = 6.240, 95% CI: 1.640, 23.749), planning (AOR = 6.032, 95% CI: 3.478, 10.463), compensation and benefits packages (AOR = 1.888, 95% CI: 1.077, 3.309), responsible to work (AOR = 2.119, 95% CI: 1.192, 3.768), time waster (AOR = 1.855, 95% CI: 1.058, 3.251) and staff shortage (AOR = 0.535, 95% CI: 0.319, 0.896) were factors associated with time management practice. From the qualitative study, two major themes and five categories have emerged., Conclusion and Recommendations: Healthcare facilities could improve their time management practices by providing training on planning, being a low time-waster and highly responsible at work, and designing compensation and benefits packages., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Addis, Gelaw, Eyowas, Bogale, Aynalem and Guadie.)

Background: Tetanus is an acute, often fatal, disease caused by an exotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. It is characterized by generalized rigidity and convulsive spasms of skeletal muscles. Tetanus remains a major public health problem in Ethiopia like other developed nations. The aim of the present study was to assess the clinical profile and outcome of tetanus patients in a referral hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods: This is a retrospective cross sectional study in which we collected, compiled and analyzed medical records of patients aged greater than 15 years who were admitted at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital from Sep 2012 to Sep 2015. Tetanus was diagnosed using clinical observations. Data were entered, cleared, and analyzed using SPSS statistical software package. Results: Among 110 tetanus cases 84 (76.4 %) were males. Trauma was the most common antecedent cause. Most of the patients had no history of tetanus toxoid immunization. Aspiration pneumonia at 34.5 % and dysautonomia at 11.8 % were found to be the most frequently observed complications. About 36 (32.7 %) patients were died due to tetanus and the most common immediate cause of death was respiratory failure at (83.3 %). Patients' area of residence (p = 0.004), type of complications (p = 0.00) and severity of tetanus (p = 0.00) were found statistically associated with the type of treatment outcomes. Conclusions: In the study, the case-fatality rate was found to be very high. Therefore, there is a need to universal tetanus immunization and health information dissemination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of tourism is one of the neglected themes in Ethiopian history. In Ethiopia, the development of modern tourism as an important economic sector can be traced back to the imperial regime. This was when the Ethiopian Tourist Organization (ETO) was founded in 1961. From then until the overthrow of the regime in 1974, the development of tourism showed a remarkable and smooth upward trend, as measured by the arrival of tourists. However, shortly after the military government assumed power in 1974, the growth of tourism was subject to adverse political and socioeconomic crises. The sector experienced a downward trend, with the number of annual tourist visits steadily decreasing from 50,220 to 28,984 at the national level. However, the seizure of power by a new government in 1991 brought about an environment relatively conducive to the growth of tourism with the adoption of a free market, relative stability, and infrastructure development. This paper sheds light on the history of tourism and its challenges in the context of the political, economic, and ideological shifts through three consecutive political regimes in Ethiopia: the imperial, Derg, and EPRDF. Information was collected from primary sources through interviews and focus group discussions with tourists, experts, hotel managers, and tour guides. Published and unpublished government reports were also consulted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus positive status disclosure is an essential component of pediatric care and longterm disease management. However, one of the greatest challenges that caregiver/mothers and health care workers face is the disclosure of HIV positive status to children living with the virus. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess HIV positive status disclosure and associated factors among HIV positive children in northwest Ethiopia., Methods: Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted among 417 sampled HIV positive children attending pediatric ART clinics of public health facilities from February 01 to March 30 2020 in northwest Ethiopia. Simple random sampling technique was used to select study participants. A structured interviewer administered questionnaire was used for data collection and the collected data entered into Epi data software. Binary logistic regression analysis was done and variables with P-value <0.05 was considered as a significant predictors of HIV positive status disclosure of HIV positive children., Result: From 417 sampled population, 390 were involved in this study making 93.5% response rate. The study revealed that 53.6% with 95% CI (0.486-0.586) of HIV positive children knew their HIV positive sero status. Caregiver/mothers who had greater than three family sizes (AOR=1.984, 95% CI=1.046-3.762), children whose ages greater than 10 years (AOR=6.679, 95% CI=3.372-13.227) and children on ART for more than 5 years (AOR=8.96, 95% CI=6.402-12.257) were predictors of HIV positive status disclosure., Conclusion: The HIV positive status disclosure was high in the study area relative to other studies. Family size, children age, and length of children on ART were predictors of HIV positive status disclosure for HIV positive children. Health care providers, especially those working at pediatrics ART clinics should keep these factors in mid while working with caregivers to encourage disclosure of HIV positive status., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2023 Adella GA et al.)

Background: Sexual behaviour is the core of sexuality matters in adolescents and youths. Their modest or dynamic behaviour vulnerable them to risky sexual behaviours. In Ethiopia, there is scarcity of multicentered representative data on sexual behaviours in students to have a national picture at higher education. This study therefore conducted to assess sexual behaviours and associated factors at Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among Bahir Dar University students from December to February 2013. Multistage sampling and self administered questionnaires were employed. Descriptive statistics such as frequency and mean were used to describe the study participants in relation to relevant variables. Multivariate analysis was carried for those variables that had a p-value of ≤ 0.2 in the bivariate analysis to identify the predictor variables. Results: Of the 817 study participants, 297 (36.4%) students had ever had sex. The mean age at first sexual practice was 18.6 years. Unprotected sex, having multiple sex partners, sex with commercial sex workers and sex for the exchange of money was practiced by 184 (62%), 126 (42.7%), 22 (7.4%) and 12 (4%) of sexually active students, respectively. The proportion of attending night clubs and watching porn videos was 130 (15.8%) and 534 (65.4%), respectively. Male respondents had significant positive association with watching porn videos (AOR = 4.8, CI = 3.49 - 6.54) and attending night clubs (AOR = 3.9, CI = 2.3 - 6.7).Watching porn videos, attending night clubs, khat chewing and taking alcohol frequently were significantly associated for ever had sex and having multiple sexual partners. Khat chewing practice (AOR = 8.5, CI =1.31-55.5) and attending night clubs (AOR = 4.6, CI = 1.8 - 11.77) had statistical significant association with the purpose of sexual intercourse for the sake of money and for having sex with commercial sex workers, respectively. Conclusions: Significant number of students had different risky sexual behaviours. Substance use, attending night clubs and watching porno video were predictor factors for practicing different sexual behaviours. Therefore, preventive intervention programmes should be strengthened, effectively implemented and monitored both in the earlier school and in the universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neonatal mortality is a global public health problem disproportionally high in developing country including Ethiopia. Hypothermia plays a significant role in neonatal mortality. This study was conducted to identify determinants of neonatal hypothermia among neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of public hospitals., Methods and Materials: Institutional based unmatched case-control study was conducted in Bahir Dar town public hospitals among neonates admitted in the NICUs in 2019. A total of 387 participants were included in the study. Pretested, structured questionnaire, and data extraction checklist were used to collect results. Data analysis was done by using Stata version 14 ., Results: Low birth weight (adjusted odd ratio (AOR)=3.01, 95%CI: 1.50-5.58), nighttime delivery (AOR = 1.90, 95%CI: 1.13-3.13), lack skin to skin contact (AOR = 2.43, 95%CI: 1.42-4.16), delayed initiation of breast feeding (AOR = 2.24, 95%CI: 1.30-3.88), not wearing cape (AOR = 1.87, 95%CI: 1.07-3.26), and low Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration (APGAR) score (AOR = 2.17, 95%CI: 1.15-4.10) were determinant variables of the neonatal hypothermia., Conclusions: Skin to skin contact, initiation of breast feeding, birth weight, time, low APGAR score, and not wearing cape were identified as independent determinates of neonatal hypothermia.

Highlights: [ • ] We assessed mutations in dhfr and dhps genes for SP resistance in P. falciparum. [•] Initial mutations of dhfr and dhps genes maintained after 3 years of SP withdrawal. [•] Decline in the triple dhfr and quintuple (dhfr/dhps) mutations were observed. [•] We report potential re-emergence of SP sensitivity in P. falciparum at Bahir Dar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring urban growth patterns is an important measure to improve our understanding of land use/land cover (LULC) changes and a central part in the proper development of any city. In this study, we analyzed the changes over a period of 30 years (1985–2015) in Bahir Dar, one of the rapidly growing cities of northwest Ethiopia. Satellite images of Landsat TM (1985, 1995, and 2008), and OLI (2015) were used. The classification was carried out using the object-based image analysis technique and a change analysis was undertaken using post-classification comparison in GIS as a novel framework. An accuracy assessment was conducted for each reference year. Eight LULC types were successfully captured with overall accuracies ranging from 88.3% to 92.9% and a Kappa statistic of 0.85 to 0.92. The classification result revealed that cropland (66%), water (12.5%), and grassland (6%) were the dominant LULC types with a small share of areas covered by built-up areas (2.4%) in 1985. In 2015, cropland and water continued to be dominant followed by built-up areas. The change result shows that a rapid reduction in natural forest cover followed by grassland and wetland occurred between the first (1985–1995), second (1995–2008), and third (2008–2015) study periods. On the contrary, build-ups increased in all three periods by 9.3%, 121.3%, and 44.8%, respectively. Although the conversion between the LULC classes varied substantially, analysis of the 30-year change matrix revealed that about 31% was subject to intensive change between the classes. Specifically, the built-up area has increased by 250.5% during the study years. The framed approach used in this research is a good repeatable example of how to assess and monitor urban growth at the local level, by combining remote sensing and GIS technologies. Further study is suggested to investigate detailed drivers, consequences of changes, and future options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major springs in the Infranz catchment are a significant source of water for Bahir Dar City and nearby villages, while sustaining the Infranz River and the downstream wetlands. The aim of the research was to understand the hydrogeological conditions of these high-discharge springs and the recharge–discharge relations in the Infranz catchment. The Infranz catchment is covered by highly pervious and young quaternary volcanic rocks, consisting of blocky, fractured, and strongly vesicular scoriaceous basalt. At the surface, these rocks crop out as lineaments forming ridges, delimiting closed depressions in which water accumulates during the rainy season without causing surface runoff. Geology and geomorphology thus combine to produce very favorable conditions for groundwater recharge. Three groundwater recharge methods were applied to estimate groundwater recharge and the results were compared. Groundwater recharge was calculated to be 30% to 51% of rainfall. Rapid replenishment raises the groundwater level during the rainfall period, followed by a rapid decline during the dry season. Shallow local flow paths discharge at seasonal springs and streams, while more regional and deeper flow systems downstream sustain the high-discharge springs and perennial Infranz River. The uptake of 75% of spring water for the water supply of Bahir Dar City, local extraction for domestic and small-scale irrigation use from springs, rivers and hand-dug wells, encroaching farming, and overgrazing are exacerbating wetland degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Emergency cesarean section is a commonly performed surgical procedure in pregnant women with life-threatening conditions of the mother and/or fetus. According to the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, decision to delivery interval for emergency cesarean sections should be within 30 min. It is an indicator of quality of care in maternity service, and if prolonged, it constitutes a third-degree delay. This study aimed to assess the decision to delivery interval and associated factors for emergency cesarean section in Bahir Dar City Public Hospitals, Ethiopia., Method: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Bahir Dar City Public Hospitals from February to May 2020. Study participants were selected using a systematic random sampling technique. A combination of observations and interviews was used to collect the data. Data entry and analysis were performed using Epi-data version 3.1 and SPSS version 25, respectively. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05., Result: Decision-to-delivery interval below 30 min was observed in 20.3% [95% CI = 15.90-24.70%] of emergency cesarean section. The results showed that referral status [AOR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.26-5.00], time of day of emergency cesarean section [AOR = 2.5, 95%CI = 1.26-4.92], status of surgeons [AOR = 2.95, 95%CI = 1.30-6.70], type of anesthesia [AOR = 4, 95% CI = 1.60-10.00] and transfer time [AOR = 5.26, 95% CI = 2.65-10.46] were factors significantly associated with the decision to delivery interval., Conclusion: Decision-to-delivery intervals were not achieved within the recommended time interval. Therefore, to address institutional delays in emergency cesarean section, providers and facilities should be better prepared in advance and ready for rapid emergency action.

Background: Mothers' delivery care satisfaction is one of the indicators to monitor the quality of health care provision. However, there is only limited information in this regard in Ethiopia, particularly in the study area. Therefore, the study aimed to determine the level of maternal satisfaction and the determinants among vaginal and cesarean section delivery care in Bahir Dar city health facilities., Methods: Facility-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted from April to May 2018. Using systematic random sampling, a total of 896 recently delivered mothers were interviewed. The collected data were entered into the Epi-Data soft and then exported to SPSS Version 20.0 for analysis. Descriptive statistics were computed and Logistic regression model was used to identify the association between explanatory and outcome variables. Adjusted Odds Ratio with 95% CI was used to measure the strength of the association between these variables. The model fitness was checked using Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness of fit (P > 0.05). A p-value < 0.2 at bivariate analysis was considered for variables to be candidates for multivariable logistic regression analysis. Variables with a p-value of < 0.05 at multivariate analysis were considered as statistically significant predictors of mothers' satisfaction., Results: A total of 894 recently delivered mothers participated in the study yielded a response of 99.8%. 448 (50.1%) mothers delivered vaginally whereas 446 (25.8%) via cesarean section. The overall mean age of respondents was 26.60 (± 4.88) years. The total maternal delivery care service satisfaction level was 61.4%. More mothers were satisfied with vaginal delivery care, 65.6% (95% CI: 56.97, 74.22%) than cesarean section, 57.2% (95% CI: 48.19, 66.2%). Maternal education, residence, current delivery care planned, maternal HIV status, the gender of health care provider and gave birth in a private health facility were significantly associated with vaginal delivery care satisfaction. Whereas, maternal education, residence, current delivery care planned, antenatal care attended, gender of health care provider was significantly associated with cesarean section delivery care satisfaction., Conclusions: The overall maternal delivery care service satisfaction level was low as, per the national standard, and there is a great discrepancy in maternal satisfaction level between vaginal and cesarean section delivery care services.

• Between 2007/08 and 2016/17 Bahir Dar city has expropriated 1500 ha of land. • The government is not compensating the market value of the lost property. • The farmers received on average 37 per cent of the market value of their property. • The rate of compensation does not depend on the type of land use changes. • The land expropriations do not give enough money to restore the farmers livelihoods. In Ethiopia, the demand for land for urbanisation is primarily met by converting rural land through expropriation. However, land expropriations are adversely affecting the previous land users by reducing the amount of production and their sources of income. In Bahir Dar, one of the fastest-growing cities in Ethiopia, approximately 300 landholdings are expropriated each year, on average, for urban expansion. This paper assesses the land expropriations to examine whether they offer economically appropriate compensation for the previous land users. Land expropriations for urbanisation between 2007/2008 and 2016/2017 were analysed based on data on land expropriation and its compensation payment obtained from the Bahir Dar City Land Administration and Management Office. Data were analysed using an exponential growth model and a stochastic budgeting technique in which Monte Carlo simulations are performed. Between 2007/2008 and 2016/2017, more than 1500 ha of land were included in the city's boundary through expropriation from 2900 landholders. The affected farmers received compensation that represents only 37 per cent of the value of current crop yields and its growth. The current compensation scheme ignores the impact of inflation on the prices of crops and assumes constant yields. It also excludes the value of crop residuals. We propose a workable discounted compensation framework that considers crop price and yield growths. This will make the compensation scheme more appropriate and make the affected farmers better off. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]