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This study looked at the attitudes of Ethiopian English teachers and Bonga Mehal Ketema High School grade 10 students about spoken communication in the classroom. The purpose of this study was to determine why oral communication is such an important part of English teaching, what role teachers and students play in making orally active students in the English classroom. Four English teachers were purposively interviewed, and 95 pupils in the tenth grade completed a questionnaire. The findings show that the majority of teachers and students believe that oral communication is an important aspect of the English education process. It is primarily due to the fact that being able to express yourself vocally in English in today's world is extremely important. The findings also reveal that teachers believe assessing students' oral competence is difficult since it is not as concrete as other abilities assessed in the English foreign language course. The challenge of convincing timid or unmotivated students to engage orally, as well as a lack of time, make assessing students a challenging undertaking. Thus, EFL teachers should establish a welcoming environment in the classroom to help students enhance their speaking skills.

Three mathematics teacher educators who were assigned to teach fundamental concepts of algebra course in a teacher education college, as well as their prospective elementary mathematics teachers who took the course, took part in a job embedded, context-specific, and content-based comprehensive professional development (PD) program on assessment for learning (AfL). Three teacher educators and 129 prospective elementary mathematics teachers from three teacher education colleges took part in the study. The findings demonstrated that prospective elementary mathematics teachers in the intervention group significantly outperformed prospective teachers in both of the comparative groups in their post-test scores in algebra. Furthermore, it was found out that after the intervention, there was no statistically significant mean difference among achiever levels in the treatment group on post-test scores, despite a statistically significant mean difference among achiever levels in their pre-test scores. This research adds to our knowledge of the impact of comprehensive, job-embedded, context-specific, and content-based PD on prospective teachers' achievements in algebra in elementary school mathematics teacher education. Implications of implementing AfL as well as recommendations for further research are highlighted.

The core objective of this study was to explore the role of Civic and Ethical Education to nurture behavior ofstudentsin Aleta Wondo Secondary School, Ethiopia. To achieve this objective, the study employed cross-sectional survey research design with a combination of mixed research approach. The study used survey and key informant interviews as the major data gathering tools. The collected quantitative data were analyzed via mean and standard deviation while the qualitative data was presented using narration. The findings of the study showed that the intention of Civic and Ethical Education to help students practice ethical values in their school and locality was not effectively realized. The study result revealed that Civic and Ethical Education positively informed students to practice social and democratic values in their lives, schools, and localities, but a gap persists in creating responsible students who know and match their obligations and rights.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of childrearing practice on adolescent psychosocial functioning. In order to carry out this study, a sample of 328 of 133 males and 195 female adolescent students were selected randomly from three secondary schools of East Hararghe Zone. Data were collected through self-reporting questionnaire and analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical methods such as, frequency, tabulation, mean, standard deviation, range, one sample t-test, Pearson moment correlation, two-way ANOVA and multiple regression. Findings indicate that participants of the study have a reasonably acceptable level of psychosocial functioning and they perceive their parents' childrearing practice is fairly good. There is strong and significant relationship between parental childrearing practice and adolescents' psychosocial functioning. The gender disparity has been observed among the dimensions of child rearing practice on controlling and psychosocial functioning and also among its dimensions on behavior and relationship problems in favor of females. In addition, according to the results of ANOVA, there is psychosocial functioning difference among adolescents with respect to their level of parental childrearing practice. The main effects of gender and level of childrearing practice on psychosocial functioning are significant while together they do not have an interaction effect. Besides, most of the variability in explaining psychosocial functioning which is accounted for 64.4% is explained by parental childrearing practice and its dimension, nurturance, did not seem to explain variability in psychosocial functioning. In the end, recommendations are also made for how to properly address the gaps noted in this research.

The article focuses on evaluating the physicochemical and microbiological quality of multi-village drinking water sources in North Shoa zone, Ethiopia. Topics include the assessment of temperature and turbidity levels, bacteriological contamination with coliforms, and the impact of inadequate water source handling on public health.

Background: Plasmodium vivax is the second most common malaria parasite in Ethiopia. It has been treated with chloroquine (CQ) for the past seven decades. However, the emergence of CQ-resistant strains in the nation urged the Federal Ministry of Health of Ethiopia to review its national malaria treatment guideline in 2018. In the revised guideline, the first-line treatment for uncomplicated P. vivax infection is a combination of CQ and primaquine (PQ). Thus, the present study was designed to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of CQ and PQ combination therapy against clinical P. vivax mono-infection in one of the malaria-endemic areas of Ethiopia. Methods: An open-label prospective clinical trial was conducted in the Limmu Kossa District, Jimma zone, Southwest Ethiopia, from September 2023 to March 2024. A total of 108 patients were recruited for the study. All participants received treatment with CQ at a dosage of 25 mg/kg over three days, followed by PQ at 0.25 mg/kg for 14 consecutive days. Patients were monitored for 42 days for any signs of treatment failure and malaria clinical symptoms, as per the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for anti-malarial drug evaluation. Additionally, haemoglobin (Hb) levels, body temperature, any adverse events, and signs of haemolysis were assessed. Data was analysed using R-software (version 4.0.0) and a significant level was considered at p < 0.05. Results: The median age of the patients was 23 years, ranging from 2.5 to 62 years. Of the 108 patients initially recruited, 100 completed the 42-day follow-up period. The combination therapy of CQ and PQ for uncomplicated clinical P. vivax malaria demonstrated excellent therapeutic efficacy, with a 100% cure rate observed at both day 28 and day 42. Additionally, the recommended low dose of PQ (0.25 mg/kg) was well-tolerated, with no signs of. Additionally, most common malaria symptoms were disappeared early in the follow-up period. Conclusion: The combination of CQ plus PQ has exhibited excellent efficacy against uncomplicated P. vivax malaria mono-infections. To preserve this efficacy, it is critical to ensure patients adhere to the full course of PQ treatment, despite its extended duration. Therefore, health authorities should put emphasis on the boosting of the public on the importance of finishing the prescribed medication regimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: HIV has an effect on lowering CD4 cell count, which lowers the ability to resist contamination. For patients on ART in areas with limited resources, the CD4 cell count assessment is crucial for determining treatment responses and therapeutic decisions. The volatility of CD4 counts following the introduction of ART over time is still largely uncharacterized, and there are few fresh datasets on CD4 cell count progressions. The goal of this study was to identify the key factors that change over time in CD4 cells for HIV/AIDS patients receiving ART follow-up in northern Ethiopia. Methods: A total of 216 HIV/AIDS patients who initiated ART in the Mekelle General Hospital between 2013 and 2016 were involved using systematic random selection techniques. An examination of exploratory data was used to describe the individual profiles of HIV patients. A multivariable random intercept and slope linear mixed regression analysis regarded predictor variables to be statistically significant if their p-value was less than 0.05. Results: The random intercept and slope linear mixed model result indicated that there were statistically significant predictors of baseline CD4 cell count (β = 0.0125, P-value = 0.001*) and bedridden functional status (β = -2.459, p = 0.02*) on the change of CD4 cell count over time in HIV/AIDS patients at the 5% significance level. Conclusions: Changes in CD4 counts were influenced by the baseline CD4 cell count and the functional status of being bedridden. Because their CD4 cell counts were lower at baseline and they had a functional status of bedridden, the majority of HIV/AIDS patients on ART had substantial predictors on the change of CD4 cell count over time. So, public health service providers should give exceptional guidance and attention is also necessary for those patients who have lower baseline CD4 cell count and bedridden functional status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improper solid waste management in urban and semi-urban areas has led to adverse impacts on the environment, public health, and the economic well-being of communities. Therefore, this study analyzes the status of household solid waste management practices and their effects in Logia Town, Afar, Ethiopia. To achieve this objective, the study utilizes both descriptive and econometric models (binary logistic regression model). The descriptive results of the study revealed that there is general awareness of the importance of solid waste management (SWM) and its impact on the environment, economy, and human health among the respondents. Regarding respondents' attitudes, the majority of households understand the responsibility of proper waste disposal and its impact. However, in terms of solid waste management practices, 80% of households do not properly segregate their waste, 59.3% do not separate solid waste (SW) before disposal, and 74% of households engage in improper disposal practices. About 95.9% of respondents were aware that improper waste management can lead to diseases such as diarrhea, typhoid, and cholera. Around 65% of the sampled households considered solid waste as a source of wealth, and, as a result, 56% of them reuse, recycle, and reduce waste. This indicates that solid waste has economic value for society. Regarding the environmental impact of SW, about 89% of respondents argued that SW adversely affects the environment by polluting rivers, lakes, wells, and air. This environmental impact negatively affects the well-being and economic status of the community. The binary logistic regression model found that having adequate solid waste landfills, access to door-to-door solid waste collection, knowledge of SWM rules and regulations, treating waste as a resource, and understanding the 3Rs (recycle, reuse, reduce) had positive and significant effects on the adoption of proper solid waste management practices in the study area. Therefore, to reduce undesirable effects and improve the value of SW, the relevant authorities should provide adequate solid waste landfills and door-to-door collection services, create awareness about SWM rules and regulations, and promote knowledge of the 3Rs. Article highlights: Most residents in Logia Town, Afar, have poor waste management habits, with many dumping waste improperly. Awareness of solid waste issues is high, but recycling and reusing practices are underutilized. Households with better waste facilities and services, or who view waste as a resource, manage waste more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate smallholder farmers' perceptions of the integration of avocado cultivars into farmlands and the influencing factors in Upper Gana and Jewe Kebele, Central Ethiopia. Household surveys and key informant interviews were conducted. Household survey data were obtained from a purposive sample of 164 avocado growers using a semi-structured questionnaire. Key informant interviews were conducted using a snowball approach. Descriptive statistics and regression analyses were used for data analysis. The results showed that Hass, Ettinger, and Nabal were the avocado cultivars preferred by respondents. Home gardens and fruit orchards were the most preferred niches for avocado cultivation. About 64% of the respondents confirmed the positive effects of avocado farm integration, while 65% expressed concerns about possible adverse effects with annual crops. Limited access to grafted seedlings and low technical expertise in the propagation of avocado cultivars were hinder avocado integration. Regression analysis revealed that land tenure, tree management practices, availability of family labor, low access to grafted seedlings, and farmers' concerns about potential resource competition between avocados and annual crops had a significant influnce on farmers' decisions on avocado on farm integration. Thus, understanding farmers' attitudes is crucial for promoting the adoption of avocado on farm integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The onset of menopause leads to diminished estrogen exposure, resulting in a high morbidity burden related to menopausal symptoms. Menopausal hormonal therapy is an effective therapy that offers more advantages than disadvantages for women aged less than 60 years or who have had menopause for less than 10 years. Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of menopausal symptoms, identify factors associated with menopausal symptoms, and assess the use of menopausal hormone therapy among women aged 40–60 who visited the gynecological clinics of three hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2022 to June 2022 at Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Tikur Anbessa Hospital, and Zewditu Memorial Hospital on 296 middle-aged women. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered structured questionnaire and analyzed for sociodemographic factors, utilization of menopausal hormone therapy, and prevalence of menopausal symptoms using the menopause rating scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent predictors of each subscale of menopausal symptoms. The strength of the association was measured using odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals, and statistical significance was set at a value of P < 0.05. Result: The prevalence of menopausal symptoms was 89.9%. According to the menopausal rating scale, the frequency of reported symptoms was hot flushes (54.7%), muscle and joint pain (32.1%) on the somatic subscale; physical and mental exhaustion (55.1%), irritability (48.6%) on psychological subscale; and sexual problems (41.3%), bladder problems (39.2%) on urogenital subscale. This study also showed that the age of women [aOR: 0.317, 95%CI (0.102, 0.990)], and monthly family income [aOR = 0.182, 95% CI (0.041, 0.912)] were significantly associated with somatic menopausal symptoms. There was no utilization of menopausal hormonal therapy to treat menopausal symptoms and to prevent complications. Conclusion: The prevalence of menopausal symptoms is high; however, the utilization of individualized administration of menopausal hormone therapy according to symptoms is negligible. It appears essential for these institutions to work on service availability and delivery of menopausal hormone therapy for those in need of wider benefits for their clients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Herbal medicine has been used for the treatment of human and livestock ailments since ancient times. Numerous rural and urban communities in Ethiopia practice traditional medicine and transfer the knowledge verbally from generation to generation. Thus, this study was conducted to document the traditional medicinal plants and associated indigenous knowledge in Dibatie district, Metekel zone, Benishangul Gumuz Regional State, western Ethiopia. Methods: Three hundred seventy-four (374) informants from 11 kebeles (the smallest administrative units) were selected and participated in the data delivery. The ethnobotanical data collection was carried out using semi-structured interviews, preference ranking, direct matrix ranking, field observation, market surveys, and focus group discussions, including voucher specimen collections. The ethnobotanical data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage), ranking, comparison, and quantitative ethnobotanical techniques such as informant consensus factor, fidelity level index, Jaccard's coefficient of similarity, and use value index. Results: A total of 170 plant species were recorded to treat 79 human and 29 livestock ailments. Fabaceae (with 20 species) and Asteraceae (with 18 species) were the most dominant medicinal plant families in the area. Most remedial plants were herbs (61 species, 35.88%), followed by shrubs (39 species, 22.94%). The majority (135 species, 79.41%) of medicinal plants were harvested from wild sources and mainly possessed multiple remedy parts (41.17%) that are usually prescribed in fresh form (60.13%). The most commonly reported human ailment was snake venom, while blackleg was mostly reported among livestock diseases. The herbal medicines were mostly administered orally (52.20%), followed by dermal (17.62%) application. Embelia schimperi Vatke, Glinus lotoides L., Haplosciadium abyssinicum Hochst., Mucuna melanocarpa Hochst. ex A. Rich., and Phragmanthera macrosolen (Steud. ex A. Rich.) M.G.Gilbert had the highest fidelity level values (100%) against the corresponding ailments. Conclusion: The study area is rich in a diversity of potential medicinal plants and associated indigenous knowledge. Thus, appropriate conservation actions and careful utilization are essential to counteract the rise of anthropogenic threats and to ensure the continuity of plants with the related indigenous knowledge. Additionally, the medicinal plants should be validated through experimentation to integrate local knowledge with modern medications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parental socioeconomic status is among the widely cited factors that has strong association with academic performance of students. Explanatory research design was employed to assess the effects of parents' socioeconomic status on the academic achievement of students in regional examination. A survey was conducted to collect data on regional examination result of 538 randomly selected students from thirteen junior secondary schools. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics including percentage, independent samples t-tests, Spearman's rho correlation and one way ANOVA. The results of the analysis revealed that socioeconomic status of parents (particularly educational level and occupational status of parents) has strong association with the academic performance of students. Students from educated and better off families have scored higher result in their regional examination than their counterparts. Being a single parent student and whether parents are living together or not have also a significant impact on the academic performance of students. Parents' age did not have a significant association with the performance of students. It is recommended that further study with wider geographical area and including other variables should be undertaken so as to have a reliable result on the relation of student's academic achievement and SES of parents.

Background: Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants have been used by the people of Dugda District in the primary health care system to treat various livestock ailments for generations, particularly, in underserved rural areas. However, these ethnoveterinary practices and medicinal plants are dwindling without proper documentation, due to undergoing socio-cultural and environmental changes. Hence, this study aimed at inventory and analysis of ethnoveterinary medicinal plants and the associated indigenous and local knowledge used in the treatment of livestock health problems in Dugda District. Methods: Data were collected from 378 local inhabitants through semi-structured interviews, 18 focus group discussions with 6 to 8 participants in each couple with participant field observations. Informant consensus factor (ICF), fidelity-level (FL) and relative importance value (RI) were used to evaluate the agreement of informants on ethnoveterinary practices, healing potential of medicinal plants and the most multipurpose species. Using standard taxonomic procedures, voucher specimens were collected, identified and deposited at the National Herbarium of Addis Ababa University. Results: In total, 64 medicinal plants of ethnoveterinary uses, belonging to 33 families were reported to treat 37 livestock health problems. Anthrax, inappetence and diarrhoea were said to be the most prevalent veterinary health problems treated by traditional medicinal plants. Family Fabaceae was the most widely reported (7 spp.), followed by Apocynaceae, Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae (5 spp. each). Herbs were the dominant life forms (21spp.), followed by shrubs (20 spp.). The most commonly sought plant parts were leaves (55.25%), followed by roots (23.44%). The principal method of preparation was pounding remedial parts (46.85%) and mixing with cold water. The main route of administration was via oral application (72.67%), drenching diseased livestock. Withania somnifera and Kedrostis foetidissima were the most cited medicinal plants with 53 and 43 use reports (URs), respectively. ICF showed that respiratory diseases scored the highest value (0.94), while most of the reported medicinal plants were gastrointestinal agents. RI value analysis revealed that Croton macrostachyus had highest diversity of uses, followed by K. foetidissima and W. somnifera. Ethnoveterinary uses of some medicinal plants such as Phytolacca dodecandra, Calpurnia aurea, Cyphostemma cyphopetalum and Verbascum sinaiticum as prophylaxis against rabies were a new input for ethnoveterinary database. Conclusion: The study revealed that the people of the Dugda District are endowed with rich ethnoveterinary knowledge and medicinal plants. However, ethnoveterinary knowledge associated with medicinal plant species significantly differ (P < 0.05) between general and key informants, young and matured age groups and informants' educational level. This infers the impact of mode of ethnoveterinary knowledge transfer, literacy, modern education and globalization on ethnoveterinary uses of medicinal plant species. And also most of the medicinal plants are found in wild habitats with nearly no conservation attention. Therefore, it is imperative to implement participatory conservation actions for medicinal plants in collaboration with traditional institutions (Gada system). The disparity of ethnoveterinary knowledge could be also minimized through awareness creation among local communities about the knowledge and its revitalization. Furthermore, medicinal plants, which are widely utilized and multipurpose, should be screened for their phytochemicals, pharmacological and toxicological activities to confirm ethnoveterinary uses and for future development of veterinary pharmaceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethiopia's healthcare system relies on traditional medicinal practices that use medicinal plants to treat human and livestock ailments. However, the lack of empirical validation regarding the efficacy of these treatments against specific infectious diseases necessitates rigorous scientific investigations. The objective of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activity and phytochemical screening on five selected medicinal plant species, namely Solanum somalense Franchet., Verbascum sinaiticum Benth., Rumex nervosus Vahl, Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal and Calpurnia aurea (Ait.) Benth. The plants were first identified jointly with local informants and later considering mainly their high informant consensus and fidelity level values for their efficacy in treating infectious diseases in the area. Ethanol and aqueous extracts were prepared from the plant materials, and their antibacterial activities were evaluated against standard bacterial strains, representing both gram-positive and gram-negative types. To assess the antibacterial activity of the extracts, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using the broth dilution method. Additionally, phytochemical screening was performed using standard qualitative tests to identify various secondary metabolites. The results indicated antibacterial efficacy in the ethanol extracts of S. somalense, W. somnifera, and C. aurea against particular bacterial strains (S. somalense against S. agalactiae with MIC of 1.5 mg/mL; W. somnifera against S. aureus and E. coli, with MIC of 2 mg/mL; C. aurea against E. coli and K. pneumoniae, with MICs of 3 mg/mL and 3.5 mg/mL, respectively). The results of the phytochemical screening indicated the presence of steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and terpenoids. The selected medicinal plants demonstrated promising antibacterial activity against certain bacterial strains. The current findings support the long-standing claim of the traditional medical system of the study area for their continued use of these plants in their treatment of infectious diseases. Further investigation is required to isolate the responsible active compounds and characterize the constituents and description of their antibacterial effect for possible use in areas where these infectious diseases are major health problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We determined the dengue virus (DENV) serotypes and genotypes in archived serum samples that were collected during the 2014–2016 and 2021 dengue outbreaks in Dire Dawa City and the Somali region in Ethiopia. DENV serotype 1 (DENV-1) was predominant followed by DENV serotype 2 (DENV-2). Thirteen of the DENV-1 strains were assigned to Genotype-I, while the remaining two were found to be Genotype-III. All three DENV-2 strains were assigned the Cosmopolitan Genotype. The DENV strains responsible for the outbreaks are genetically closely related to the DENV strains that circulated in neighboring and Asian countries. The findings also showed continued local transmission of a monophyletic lineage and a co-circulation of DENV-1 and DENV-2 during the outbreaks. There is a need to strengthen DENV genomic surveillance capacity for the early detection of circulating serotypes, and prevent devastating consequences of future outbreaks due to the co-circulation of different serotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The productivity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Ethiopia is below the potential due to spatial and temporal soil fertility variability and sub-optimal fertilization. This on-farm study was conducted in 2019 and 2020 to determine yield-limiting nutrients, quantify yield gaps, and determine indigenous soil nutrient supply (ISNS) for lowland rice in Fogera floodplain of Northwest Ethiopia. The study comprised the following treatments; NPKSZnB, -N (PKSZnB), -P (NKSZnB), -K (NPSZnB), -S (NPKZnB), -Zn (NPKSB), -B (NPKSZn), and Zero fertilizer (F0). The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design considering farmers' fields as replications. The results revealed that the growth and yield of rice were significantly affected by the -N and F0 treatments. However, the other nutrient omissions did not significantly influence the mentioned parameters. The highest (2299.5 kg ha−1) yield response was recorded from the -N treatment. However, very low and insignificant yield responses were recorded from the other nutrient omissions. The average agronomic N use efficiency was 16.7 kg kg−1, which indicated a high probability of yield response to the application of N fertilizer. The lowest (42.4%) ISNS was found for N, while the highest ISNS (>90%) were recorded for P, K, S, Zn, and B. The yield gaps due to the omission of N was 57.6%, while the yield gaps due to the omission of P, K, S, Zn, and B were very low. Therefore, N was found to be the most yield-limiting and most deficient nutrient for the lowland rice production in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cholera remains a significant public health concern in Ethiopia. More than 15.9 million Ethiopians, constituting 15% of the total population, live in areas with a history of recurrent cholera outbreaks. The last 9 years of national cholera surveillance data show the country has been experiencing cholera outbreaks every year. The current cholera outbreak, starting in August 2022, has affected the entire country, with 841 reported cases and a 3.13% case fatality rate (CFR) in 2022, and >30 000 cases with nearly a 1.4% CFR in 2023. In line with "Ending Cholera—A Global Roadmap to 2030," the government of Ethiopia is committed to eliminate cholera in the country and has prepared its "National Cholera Elimination Plan (NCP): 2022–2028" with aims to achieve zero local transmission in cholera hotspot areas by 2028 and 90% fatality reduction from the recent (2020–2022) average of 1.8% CFR. The plan is multisectoral, has a clear coordination platform, contains all interventions with in-depth situational analysis, is concordant with existing plans and strategies, and is cascaded at the regional level and implemented with existing government and public structures. Nationwide, total 118 cholera hotspot woredas (districts) were identified, and a comprehensive situation analysis of the existing cholera outbreak response capacity was assessed. This multisectoral and multiyear NCP has forecasted around US$404 million budget estimates with >90% allocated to improving the country's water, sanitation, and hygiene (US$222 million; 55% of total NCP budget) and case management (US$149 million; 37%). The cholera vaccination strategy included in the NCP exhibited a 5-year oral cholera vaccine (OCV) introduction plan with 2 doses (30 604 889 doses) and single dose (3 031 266 doses) in selected cholera hotspot areas. However, its implementation is challenged due to a lack of financial support, inability to get the requested vaccine for targeted hotspot woredas (due to the current shortage of doses in the OCV global stockpile), recurrent cholera outbreaks, and high humanitarian needs in the country. It is recommended to have a sustainable financial mechanism to support implementation, follow the requested vaccine doses, and reorganize the planned coordination platform to foster the implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Salmonellosis is one of the most common food‐borne diseases in industrialised and developing countries. In recent year, an increase in antimicrobial resistance among different Salmonella serotypes has been observed. Objective: A cross‐sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella isolated from local chicken eggs in four selected towns in Ethiopia. Methods: A total of 115 eggs were examined to detect Salmonella by using standard microbiological methods. The susceptibilities of the isolates to nine antimicrobials were tested by the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. Result: The study revealed that of the 115 eggs examined, 22 (19.1%) were positive for Salmonella of which 14 (12.2%) and 8 (7%) of the isolates were from shells and contents, respectively. The occurrence of Salmonella in egg shells and content and between different altitudes did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). Most isolates were resistant to more than three antimicrobials with a high resistance to kanamycin, ampicillin, nalidixic acid, cotrimoxazole, oxytetracycline and chloramphenicol. Conclusion: The results indicate the potential importance of local chicken eggs as source of multiple antimicrobial‐resistant salmonellae and the need for proper cooking before consumption. Further studies are required to describe the epidemiology of Salmonella in various agroclimatic zones of Ethiopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Late human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnosis is the most prominent cause of HIV/AIDS-related mortality and also increases the risk of transmission and spread of the disease in society. Adolescents are the most vulnerable population's age group for HIV infection in several settings, but expanding access to early HIV testing remains a challenge. Consequently, a significant proportion of adolescents are still dying of HIV-related causes, and the current study aimed at assessing the effect of late presentation on HIV-related mortality among adolescents living with HIV. Methods: An institutional-based retrospective cohort study was conducted from August 21–November 21, 2022, at selected public hospitals in the North Showa Zone of Oromiya, Ethiopia. All adolescents living with HIV who had received no ART and presented for ART follow-up at public hospitals from September 1, 2012, to August 31, 2021, were included in the study. Data entry was done by Epi-data version 3.1.1 software and exported to Stata version 16 for further analysis. Both bi-variable and multivariable analyses were performed using the Cox proportional hazard model to compare the HIV-related mortality of early and late-presented adolescents using an adjusted hazard ratio at a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: A total of 341 medical records of adolescents were included in the study, contributing an overall incidence rate of 3.15 (95% CI: 2.21–4.26) deaths per 100 person-years of observation throughout the total follow-up period of 1173.98 person-years. Adolescents with late presentation for HIV care had three times the higher hazard of mortality (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 3.00; 95% CI: 1.22–7.37) as compared to those with early presentation for HIV/AIDS care. Adolescents within the age range of 15–19 years old (aHR = 3.56; 95% CI: 1.44–8.77), rural residence (aHR = 2.81; 95% CI: 1.39–5.68), poor adherence to ART (aHR = 3.17; 95% CI: 1.49–6.76), and being anemic (aHR = 3.09; 95% CI: 1.52–6.29) were other independent predictors of HIV-related mortality. Conclusion: The study found a substantial link between HIV late presentation to care and mortality among adolescents. Residence, age, antiretroviral therapy (ART) medication adherence, and anemia status were also found to be other independent predictors of HIV-related mortality. To achieve the ultimate aim of lowering mortality among adolescents living with HIV, rigorous emphasis must be placed on early presentation for HIV/AIDS care. In addition, counseling on adherence and prompt diagnosis and treatment of anemia are highly recommended to reduce mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Virological failure, drug resistance, toxicities, and other issues make it difficult for ART to maintain long-term sustainability. These issues would force a modification in the patient's treatment plan. The aim of this research was to determine whether first-line antiretroviral therapy is durable and to identify the factors that lead to patients on HAART changing their first highly active antiretroviral therapy regimen. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted from October, 2019—March, 2020 across all regional states including Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa administrative cities. The target population is from all health facilities that have been providing ART service for at least the past 6 months as of October 2019. Multi-stage clustered sampling method was used to select study facilities and participants. Simple random selected ART medical records of patients ever enrolled in ART treatment services. We adopted a multi-state survival modelling (msm) approach assuming each treatment regimen as state. We estimate the transition probability of patients to move from one regimen to another for time to treatment change/switch. We estimated the transition probability, prediction probabilities and length of stay and factor associated with treatment modification of patients to move from one regimen to another. Results: Any of the six therapy combinations (14.4%) altered their treatment at least once during the follow-up period for a variety of reasons. Of the patients, 4,834 (13.26%) changed their treatments just once, while 371 (1.1%) changed it more than once. For 38.6% of the time, a treatment change was undertaken due to toxicity, another infection or comorbidity, or another factor, followed by New drugs were then made accessible and other factors 18.3% of the time, a drug was out of supply; 2.6% of those instances involved pregnancy; and 43.1% involved something else. Highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) combinations TDF + 3TC + NVP, d4T + 3TC + NVP, and TDF + 3TC + EFV were high to treatment alterations in all reasons of treatment modifications, with 29.74%, 26.52%, and 19.52% treatment changes, respectively. Early treatment modification or regime change is one of the treatment combinations that include the d4T medication that creates major concern. The likelihood of staying and moving at the the start of s = 0 and 30-month transitions increased, but the likelihood of staying were declined. For this cohort dataset, the presence of opportunistic disease, low body weight, baseline CD4 count, and baseline TB positive were risk factors for therapy adjustment. Conclusion: Given that the current study took into account a national dataset, it provides a solid basis for ART drug status and management. The patient had a higher likelihood of adjusting their treatment at some point during the follow-up period due to drug toxicity, comorbidity, drug not being available, and other factors, according to the prediction probability once more. Baseline TB positivity, low CD4 count, opportunistic disease, and low body weight were risk factors for therapy adjustment in this cohort dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The year 2016 is remembered globally for the adoption of the New York Declaration and its Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework (CRRF) as the new global refugee response model. In this regard, Ethiopia has been one of those African countries that have adopted the Declaration, made specific CRRF pledges and has become a CRRF pilot country. Such national policy move heralded the shift of refugee policy in Ethiopia in the post-2016 era. Nonetheless, compared to the focus accorded to refugees and the role of international institutions and donors, the role of African hosting states in the governance of refugees and how they navigate internal and external demands and adopt policies have been paid little scholarly attention. This study, therefore, aims to fill in this scholarly gap and contribute to the existing debate in the academic and policy circle on state response to refugees in the era of CRRF from the Global South perspective by providing an empirical insight into the nature, dynamics and shift of refugee policies in Ethiopia and the factors that contributed to this effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaria is a serious, acute disease spread by female Anopheles mosquito bites. Malaria is an epidemic in the Wolaita Zone, affecting 85% of the population despite the implementation of effective prevention and control measures in the area's public health services. The main objective of this study is to apply geospatial techniques to environmental, socioeconomic, and epidemiological parameters that increase certain conditions for malaria incidence to identify malaria vulnerability hotspots using a multi-criteria evaluation method. The malaria vulnerability hotspot map is identified by using AHP and the malaria hotspot identification algorithm. The findings show that the research area is 51% very high and highly vulnerable (224.14 km²), 26% moderate (116.560 km²) and 23% low vulnerable (103.600 km²). The western part of the area, which is near the Omo River and has low elevation, is highly vulnerable to malaria incidence. Reliable malaria vulnerability hotspot maps are critical for estimating the scope of the problem and, consequently, the resources required to combat malaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective of this study was to analyze the fatty acid content, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of Argemone mexicana seed oil growing wild in north East Ethiopia. Materials and Methods: Oils of A mexicana L. were obtained by means of Screw press from seeds. Methyl esters were derived from the oily mixtures by trans-esterification process and were analyzed by GC/ FID and GC/MS systems. This oil was investigated for antioxidant activity using a DPPH radical-scavenging assay and was also tested against a panel of microorganisms. Results: Linolenic acid (49.00%) and oleic acid (28.91%) were the most abundant fatty acids in leaves and stems, respectively. The oil showed moderate to highest antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Shigella dysentery, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, and Escherichia coli. The oil also demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity with the percentage of inhibition of 92.5% at a concentration of 1.5 mg/mL, and its IC50 and AAI were 22.4 µg/mL and 4.93 µg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: The results obtained from the present study indicated that the oil of A mexicana seed oil contained a high source of polyunsaturated fatty acids. These results also showed that the extracted oil from this plant has significant antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ethnoveterinary studies are important to maintain the sustainability of livestock health and support people's livelihoods through the provision of food, maintaining livestock health, and other biological resources. This study was carried out in Soro District, southern Ethiopia, to identify, document and analyse plant species with ethnoveterinary uses along with the associated indigenous and local knowledge. Materials and methods: Informants were selected using purposive (key informants) and systematic random sampling (general informants) methods. Data on ethnoveterinary plants and their uses were collected through semi-structured interviews, guided field walks, 13 focus group discussions with five to seven members in each and participant observation. Informant consensus factor and fidelity level were computed to identify the most common livestock ailment categories and the best plant species with ethnoveterinary use, respectively. Preference ranking methods were used to identify the potentially effective ethnoveterinary medicinal plants for the most frequently reported livestock ailments. The use diversity of multipurpose plants with ethnoveterinary importance was analysed using the analytical methods of ethnobotany including priority ranking, comparisons and important indices. The T-test statistic was used to compare knowledge differences among different social groups. Results: A total of 132 plant species in 120 genera and 61 families were reported by informants as having ethnoveterinary uses. The plants are said to be used by the local communities in various ways to treat 50 livestock health problems. Higher number of informants (23.77%) cited Momordica foetida for the treatment of 16 livestock ailments. The highest informant consensus value for this species is associated with its use for treating blackleg in cattle; Nicotiana tabacum was cited for the treatment of 15 livestock ailments mainly recommended for the Lumpy Skin Disease/Ailment of bovines; Croton macrostachyus for treatment of 13 livestock ailments including wooden tongue, FMD in bovines; and Gymnanthemum amygdalinum for nine ailments mainly diarrhoea of all livestock types. Achyranthes aspera is claimed to provide the most effective treatment for Aspiration pneumonia (severe coughing in bovines, sheep and goats) alone, while Croton macrostachyus, Ximenia americana, Allium sativum and Juniperus procera were indicated as potential plant species to treat Lumpy Skin Disease in bovines in the order given. The fidelity level analysis showed that Datura stramonium, Dodonaea viscosa subsp. angustifolia and Asparagus africanus were potential medicinal plant species to treat the respective ailments of rabies, Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) and evil eye/spirit. Multipurpose plant species including Prunus africanus, Combretum molle and Afrocarpus falcatus have been highly threatened as indicated by direct matrix ranking mainly due to collection of fuel wood, construction materials and making household utensils, and farm implements rather than for other uses. Conclusion: Soro District has rich and diversified livestock herbal medicinal resources, and indigenous knowledge of remedy preparations and applications is transmitted through generation lines. This resource faces anthropogenic threats with deforestation being the leading factor. Consequently, ethnoveterinary medicinal plants continue to decline before adequate and proper scientific documentation and testing are made. There is a dire need for planning and implementation of appropriate in situ and ex situ conservation strategies and to strive towards ensuring the survival and sustainable utilization of such important plant resources of Soro District. This must be supported by further documentation of the associated indigenous knowledge and pharmacological testing of the key promising species including Balanites aegyptiaca (novel species/NS to treat specific ailment), Brugmansia suaveolens (novel species/NS reported first to treat Livestock ailments/LsAs), Euclea divinorum (NS to treat specific ailments), Grevillea robusta (NS), Hagenia abyssinica (NS for the reported specific ailment), Pentanema confertiflorum (NS), Juniperus procera (NS), Maesa lanceolata (NS), Millettia ferruginea (NS for reported specific ailments), Schrebera alata/NS, Securidaca longepedunculata, Spiniluma oxyacantha/NS, Vepris nobilis (novel species reported first to treat LsAs), Zanthoxylum asiaticum /NS and Ximenia americana (NS for specific ailments). This ethnoveterinary study attempted to fill part of the gaps concerning the prevalent livestock health problems and the associated indigenous and local knowledge in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ethiopia is a country located in the Horn of Africa, which combines richness in plant resources and cultures of human plant use. The people of Habru District of North Wollo Zone (Amhara Region, Ethiopia) have a long history of use of plant resources for various purposes including in traditional herbal remedy preparation and use. However, the district has not been adequately studied for its ethnobotanical resources and the associated knowledge. This study focused on human medicinal plants and their traditional uses in Habru District. The objective of the study was to document and analyze the plant species used by the local communities to treat human ailments along with the associated traditional knowledge and practices. Methodology: The study was carried out in Habru District from June 2021 to December 2022. Ethnobotanical data were collected using semi-structured interviews, guided field walks, 13 focus group discussions (one at the district level and 12 at the kebele/subdistrict level) and market surveys. A total of 388 informants (250 males and 138 females) were selected from all 13 kebeles within Habru District using systematic random sampling, and 42 key informants were purposively selected. Descriptive statistics, preference ranking, direct matrix ranking, informant consensus factor and fidelity level were applied for data analysis. Results: The results provide insights into the medicinal plant diversity within Habru District, where 134 plant species in 110 genera and 54 families were documented, including 2 endemics, highlighting the district's significance in biodiversity conservation and healthcare delivery. Disease prevalence analysis showed that gastrointestinal and parasitic ailments (ICF = 0.85), febrile diseases (ICF = 0.84), and culture-related conditions exhibit high informant consensus factors. Remedy preparation involves various plant parts, predominantly leaves (47.3%), followed by roots (22.1%), fruits (7.0%), and seeds (5.8%). Freshly harvested plant parts were frequently used (58.2%), while 24.7% involved both dried and fresh parts. Oral application (47.3%) and topical use (31.8%) are the major routes of remedy administration. The marketability of medicinal plants was evident, with 16.4% of the species reported as marketable, including Terminalia brownii Fresen. Myrtus communis L., Ruta chalepensis L., Olea europaea L. subsp. cuspidata (Wall. & G.Don) Cif., Allium sativum L. and Capsicum annuum L. Multipurpose plants such as Solanum somalense Franchet. (91.3% FL), Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst. ex. Benth. (88.9% FL), and Verbascum sinaiticum Benth. (85.7% FL) exhibited notable healing potentials. Conclusion: The current study underscores the intricate relationship between the local community and medicinal plants, emphasizing the importance of biodiversity conservation and health care and acknowledging the dynamic interplay between cultural heritage and ecosystem health. The results contribute to the development of sustainable conservation strategies, healthcare practices and the preservation of traditional knowledge, and highlight the interdependence of human societies and their natural environments. Community-based conservation initiatives with active participation of local communities are desirable for the conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plant species and their habitats. Raising public awareness about the sustainable harvesting and utilization of marketed medicinal plants (e.g., Terminalia brownii Fresen.) that are under threat is also important to ensure their availability for future generations and contribution to socioeconomic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Pre-hospital ambulance service is the most important part of healthcare service. Client satisfaction with the service indicates the degree of adaptation to the appropriate quality and quantity of services. Patients' dissatisfaction with the service can affect their expectations of the overall services that they will receive later in the definitive care facility. However, it is not a well-addressed area in developing countries, including Ethiopia. Objective: This study aimed to identify the ambulance service satisfaction level and associated factors among service users in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in five governmental hospitals in Addis Ababa city. A face-to-face exit interview technique was employed on a total of 410 consecutively selected participants using a pretested tool developed from similar sources. The cleaned data was entered into the Epi-Data Manager 4.6 version and then exported to SPSS version 26 for analysis. The dependent variable was dichotomized into satisfied and unsatisfied to compute bivariate logistic regression. In the multivariate logistic regression model, predictors with a p-value < 0.05 at the 95% CI were considered to have a significant association. Result: A total of 410 respondents were included in the study. The mean of participants' responses regarding ambulance personnel, call operator, treatment on the scene, and ambulance subscale was 3.64, 3.48, 3.40, and 3.43, respectively. The study found that only 21.5% of participants were satisfied by the ambulance service they received. There was a statistically significant association between ambulance service satisfaction and age (AOR = 3.52, 95% CI: 1.01–12.36), monthly income (AOR = 3.13, 95% CI: 1.41–6.94), ambulance response time (AOR = 10.33, 95% CI: 2.09–51.06), type of ambulance used (AOR = 4.55, 95% CI: 2.19–9.43), and previous ambulance usage (AOR = 2.33, 95% CI: 1.34–4.05). Conclusion: The study found a low level of satisfaction among ambulance users. The findings suggest that ambulance personnel performance is a key determinant of user satisfaction, while treatment at the scene and in the ambulances, and call operator areas require improvement. Age, monthly income, ambulance response time, type of ambulance, and previous ambulance use also influenced satisfaction. Improving the quality of services, reducing response time, and ensuring call operators are trained are vital steps to enhance satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ethiopia, improved hive technology dissemination was started before five-decades. However, the adoption of improved beekeeping technology is still very low. This study was conducted with the main objectives to evaluating improved beekeeping adoption level and honey yields of different hives and identification of major honey bee plants and flora calendar in the Gedeo zone, South Ethiopia. Three districts were selected purposively based on beekeeping potential and the number of improved hives own by beekeepers. The data was collected from 180 respondents using cross-sectional survey. The data was analyzed by using descriptive statistics such as mean, frequency and percentage and ANOVA. The result shown that the compositions of disseminated hives in the entire sampled respondents were 286, 476, 121 and 1494 Zander hive, Kenyan top bar hive (KTBH), Mud/Ethio-Ribrab hive (ERH) and Traditional hives respectively. Traditional beekeeping was the dominant system with 63% and intermediate followed by 25%, while modern beekeeping was only 12%. Based on overall mean honey yield, there was no significant difference (P = 0.244) between Zander and KTBH. However, the average honey yield of these improved hives were significantly (P<0.05) higher than Mud/ERH and Traditional hives. Gedeo zone had rich floral resource and diverse floral calendar. Hygenia abyssinica, Bidens ghedoensis, Erythrinia abyssinica, Eucalyptus species, Cordia africana, Coffee arabica, Vernonia species, Susbania susban and Persea americana were major honey bee flora in Gedeo zone. February-March was major honey harvesting season while May-July and October-December respectively were minor honey harvesting periods. Nevertheless, the majority of beekeepers have been practicing honey harvesting once a year from all hives due to lack of awareness and practical skills. Therefore, we recommend that the local government should focus on educating beekeepers to enable them utilizing exhaustively the opportunities of multi-floral season and improved hive technology to maximize honey yield in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Medicinal plants play a major role in the delivery of healthcare, particularly among the rural population of Ethiopia. Plant extracts and their bioactive compounds have been utilized for the treatment of several diseases. This study was aimed at evaluating the antibacterial activity, antioxidant capacity, and phytochemical content of selected medicinal plants used in Dibatie district, western Ethiopia. Methods: Study plants were collected, shade dried, pulverized, extracted by maceration in 80% ethanol, and subjected to antibacterial, antioxidant, and phytochemical tests. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using 96-well microplates and nutrient broth microdilution. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. Phytochemical screening was conducted using standard test methods. Results: The ethanolic extract of Polystachya steudneri Rchb.f. pseudobulbs was the most active against gram-negative Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Shigella flexneri, with MIC values of 8 ± 0, 11 ± 5, 3 ± 1, 3 ± 1, and 2 ± 0 mg/mL, respectively. The ethanolic extract of P. steudneri was also the most effective against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Enterococcus faecalis, with MIC values of 8 ± 0, 8 ± 0, 3 ± 1, and 16 ± 0 mg/mL, respectively. Ethanolic extracts of Gnidia involucrata Steud. ex A.Rich. stems and roots were effective antioxidants, with respective 50% DPPH free radical inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 168.68 and 181.79 µg/mL, followed by that of P. steudneri (IC50 = 203.11 µg/mL). The study plants contained alkaloids, anthocyanins, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, coumarins, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, steroids, tannins, and terpenoids. Conclusions: This study confirmed the antibiotic, antioxidant, and phytochemical constituents of the investigated plants and suggested further investigations that may lead to bioactive lead compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies conducted by various scholars have aimed to ascertain the impact of monetary policy on economic growth. However, these empirical investigations have not reached a unanimous consensus. Therefore, this study analyzes the effect of monetary policy. To address this objective, this study employed ARDL and error correction model (ECM) based on annual data from 1993 to 2022. Granger causality test was also employed to check the direction of causal effects of one variable on the other variable. All required pre and post estimation tests were performed and verified that the model was statistically viable. The study revealed that, in the short run, deposit interest rate, reserve required amount, and open market operation have positive and statistically significant effects on real GDP growth of Ethiopia; however, money supply has negative and statistically significant effects on real GDP growth of Ethiopia. In the long run, money supply has positive and statistically significant effects on real GDP growth of Ethiopia; however, deposit interest rate and reserve required have negative and statistically significant effects on real GDP growth of Ethiopia. To sum up, in the short run, contractionary monetary policy was promising, and in the long run, expansionary monetary policy was favorable for economic growth. The Granger causality test result shows that there is bidirectional causality between monetary policy and economic growth; except there was a unidirectional relationship between deposit interest rate and economic growth. Ultimately, this research suggests the following policy recommendation: for short-term economic enhancement, it is advisable for the government to opt for a contractionary monetary policy rather than an expansionary one. On the other hand, for long-term economic improvement, an expansionary monetary policy is more favorable than a contractionary one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In Ethiopia, milk production and handling practices often lack proper hygiene measures, leading to the potential contamination of milk and milk products with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), including methicillin-resistant strains, posing significant public health concerns. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and presence of resistance genes in S. aureus strains isolated from milk and milk products. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Arsi highlands, Oromia, Ethiopia from March 2022 to February 2023. A total of 503 milk and milk product samples were collected, comprising 259 raw milk, 219 cottage cheese, and 25 traditional yogurt samples. S. aureus isolation and coagulase-positive staphylococci enumeration were performed using Baird-Parker agar supplemented with tellurite and egg yolk. S. aureus was further characterized based on colony morphology, Gram stain, mannitol fermentation, catalase test, and coagulase test. Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance was assessed using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method, while the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed for confirming the presence of S. aureus and detecting antimicrobial resistance genes. Results: S. aureus was detected in 24.9% of the milk and milk products, with the highest occurrence in raw milk (40.9%), followed by yogurt (20%), and cottage cheese (6.4%). The geometric mean for coagulase-positive staphylococci counts in raw milk, yogurt, and cottage cheese was 4.6, 3.8, and 3.2 log10 CFU/mL, respectively. Antimicrobial resistance analysis revealed high levels of resistance to ampicillin (89.7%) and penicillin G (87.2%), with 71.8% of the isolates demonstrating multidrug resistance. Of the 16 S. aureus isolates analyzed using PCR, all were found to carry the nuc gene, with the mecA and blaZ genes detected in 50% of these isolates each. Conclusion: This study revealed the widespread distribution of S. aureus in milk and milk products in the Arsi highlands of Ethiopia. The isolates displayed high resistance to ampicillin and penicillin, with a concerning level of multidrug resistance. The detection of the mecA and blaZ genes in selected isolates is of particular concern, highlighting a potential public health hazard and posing a challenge to effective antimicrobial treatment. These findings highlight the urgent need to enhance hygiene standards in milk and milk product handling and promote the rational use of antimicrobial drugs. Provision of adequate training for all individuals involved in the dairy sector can help minimize contamination. These measures are crucial in addressing the threats posed by S. aureus, including methicillin-resistant strains, and ensuring the safety of milk and its products for consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Family caregivers play a crucial role in providing physical, emotional, and social support to the elderly, allowing them to maintain their independence and stay in their preferred living environment. However, family caregivers face numerous challenges and require specific knowledge and skills to provide effective care. Therefore, understanding the knowledge and skills required for effective family caregiving in elderly home care is vital to support both the caregivers and the elderly recipients. Methods: The research was carried out in Mekelle City, Ethiopia, utilizing the phenomenology study design and purposive sampling technique. A total of twenty-two in-depth interviews were conducted. Individuals with experience in providing care for elderly people in their homes were targeted. Data was gathered through the use of an open-ended guide, transcribed word-for-word, inputted into ATLAS.ti8 software, and translated. Codes and themes were then extracted from the transcribed data, and a thematic analysis was performed. To minimize personal biases, the collected data were coded independently by the data collection assistants and the PI. The analysis was carried out by authors who were not involved in the data collection process. The interviews were conducted in a quiet place. Results: A total of 22 in-depth interviews were conducted as part of this research. The results indicated that although the participants had knowledge about common health problems experienced by older people, they were uninformed about how to manage these conditions at home and were unaware of specialized healthcare resources for the elderly. Furthermore, they had limited knowledge about suitable exercise routines, strategies to prevent falls, and home healthcare practices for older individuals. On the other hand, they exhibited a solid comprehension and awareness of abusive behaviors specifically directed at older adults. Conclusion: The results emphasized the importance of enhancing education and training for family caregivers in handling elderly health issues, raising awareness about specialized healthcare services catered to the elderly, improving understanding of activities of daily living (ADLs) and fall prevention, and offering inclusive training in healthcare tasks related to elder care. Recommendation: Participants should receive comprehensive education and training programs to enhance their knowledge and skills in managing these conditions. Efforts should also be made to raise awareness about the availability of geriatric hospitals or specialized nurses for the elderly. Participants need to be educated about suitable exercise routines for the elderly and fall prevention strategies. Healthcare skills training is also necessary for participants, focusing on activities such as wound dressing, vital sign monitoring, and establishing a specific schedule for changing positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The goal of qualitative research is to learn more about the opinions and experiences of the subjects being studied in relation to a particular question. There is a paucity of information on opportunities and challenges encountered to conduct qualitative research among the academic staffs in the health sciences. The purpose of this study was to examine the opportunities and challenges of conducting qualitative research among academic staff of health sciences in Ethiopia. Methods. A descriptive qualitative study design was conducted among health sciences academic staffs of selected public universities in Ethiopia. The study was conducted at three universities' health sciences colleges, namely, Addis Ababa University, Dilla University, and Wolaita Sodo University. Data were collected using focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, and key informant interviews. MAXQDA 2020 software was used for coding and data management. A thematic analysis approach was followed to present the results. Both inductive and deductive coding approaches were used. Results. Three main themes have been identified as follows: general research practice, opportunities for qualitative research, and challenges to conduct qualitative research. Participants indicated that the availability of research opportunities will have a good impact on qualitative research engagement. Availability of grants, funding, and other incentives and demand for qualitative research in healthcare were described as opportunities for qualitative research practice. Despite the available opportunities, study participants uncovered different challenges that encountered by health academic staffs in conducting qualitative research. Resource limitations, lack of knowledge, negative attitudes or beliefs, publication, and language issues were raised as main challenges. Conclusion. Qualitative research practices were found to be low among health sciences academics. Lack of resources, training, and expertise, problems associated with publication, a lack of funding, and a shortage of experts were the main challenges in conducting qualitative research in health sciences academic settings in Ethiopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Achieving viral load suppression is crucial for the prevention of complications and deaths related to HIV infection. Ethiopia has embraced the worldwide 95-95-95 target, but there is no national representative information regarding virological suppression. Therefore, this review aims to determine the pooled virological suppression rate and identify the pooled effect of contributing factors of viral suppression for HIV-positive patients on antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia. Methods We systematically searched websites and databases, including online repositories, to obtain primary studies. Two reviewers assessed the quality of the included articles using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale appraisal checklist. Publication bias was checked using Egger's regression test, the heterogeneity of the studies was assessed using I 2 statistics and Q statistics, and a sensitivity analysis was performed to identify any outlier results in the included studies. The Der Simonian Laird random-effects model was used to estimate the overall proportion of viral suppression, and STATA 17 statistical software was used for all types of analysis. Results A total of 21 eligible articles primarily conducted in Ethiopia using HIV program data were used for this quantitative synthesis. The overall pooled virological suppression rate was 71% (95% CI, 64%–77%). The pooled effects of poor adherence to ART (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.33; 95% CI, 0.28–0.40), body mass index (18.5–24.9 kg/m2; AOR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.37–2.36), disclosure (AOR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.05–1.89), absence of opportunistic infection (AOR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.43–1.97), and high baseline viral load count (AOR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.52–0.81) were identified as significant predictors of viral suppression. Conclusions The overall pooled percentage of virological suppression was low compared with the global target of viral suppression and the Ethiopian Public Health Institute report. Poor adherence, normal body mass index, disclosure, absence of opportunistic infection, and high baseline viral load count were factors contributing to viral suppression in Ethiopia. Responsible stakeholders should maximize their efforts to achieve the global target of virological suppression by addressing significant predictors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzed the perceived effects of COVID-19 on smallholder farmers' agricultural production practices in the South Wollo and Oromo Administrative Zones of Ethiopia. Data were collected from 270 randomly selected respondents from September 5 to October 10, 2020. Data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The severity of problems is analyzed using a four-point Likert scale. The quantitative data were analyzed using mean and one sample t-test, while qualitative data were analyzed through thematic analysis. The one sample t-test result revealed that the respondents' level of agreement is statistically and significantly different from neutral in all cases at the 95 and 99% levels of confidence. These immediate problems caused the smallholder farmers to develop concerns about the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Smallholder farmers in Jige faced challenges like a lack of markets, collaboration issues, delayed agricultural activities, spoilage of produce, labour issues, and increased input prices. The government and development practitioners should prioritize timely agricultural input delivery through cooperative unions, transfer of information and advisory services, and the marketing of agricultural products using alternative strategies. This research contributes evidence-based information for decision-makers to devise appropriate and locally adaptable policy documents for the given policy recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a dearth of information on the comparative studies of the physicochemical, proximate, and antioxidant properties as well as quality standards of stingless bee honey (SBH) in Ethiopia. Hence, this study was designed to assess and compare the physicochemical, proximate, and antioxidant properties of SBH, specifically sourced from Meliponula beccarii, and produced under both wild and modern apiary conditions at two distinct geographical locations. A total of forty‐six honey samples were meticulously collected from domesticated stingless bee colonies and naturally occurring wild nests at Wolmera and Cheliya districts. Pollen analysis unveiled eleven distinct bee plant species distributed across six families, with Asteraceae being the most prevalent, primarily represented by Guizotia scabra and Vernonia amygdalina. Notably, the physicochemical, proximate, and antioxidant properties of SBH collected from modern pot hives exhibited significant variances (p <.05) when compared to SBH from wild nests. Principal component analysis (PCA) delineated the differentiation of SBH sources based on both geographical location and the type of beehive. One‐way ANOVA corroborated these distinctions, underscoring significantly higher levels (p <.05) of ash, electrical conductivity, free acidity, hydroxymethylfurfural, sucrose, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and radical scavenging activities of SBH from modern pot hives in Wolmera. Whereas, Cheliya modern pot hives recorded higher values in pH, hydroxymethylfurfural and maltose contents compared to the wild nest SBH. Further analysis through Pearson correlation highlighted a strong positive association between total phenolic content and total flavonoid content with the antioxidant capacity of SBH. These findings underscore the significance of integrating modern pot hives to enhance the quality of SBH within Ethiopia's beekeeping sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethiopia has one of the highest levels of malnourished lactating mothers in sub-Saharan Africa. However, traditionally, different communities prepare foods solely for lactating mothers. For example, "Shameta" is one of the cereal-based fermented cultural foods exclusively produced for lactating mothers with the perception that it would support the health, increase the strength, and promote the recovery process of mothers after childbirth. This study investigated the effects of the fermentation time and blending ratio on the nutritional quality of "Shameta". Three levels of blending ratio of ingredients (maize–barley–fava bean) and three levels of fermentation times were laid down in a completely randomized design (CRD). The study showed that lactic acid bacteria was the dominant group, followed by yeasts. Notably, the ingredient formulation ratio of Maize–barley–fava bean (81:5:5) had the highest LAB dominance with the highest crude fat (13.23 g/100g) content in all fermentation times (8, 10, and 12 days). However, the highest crude protein (16.56 g/100g) and mineral contents were observed in a ratio mix of 66:10:15 fermented for 12 days. The results of this study indicate that the nutritional quality of culturally prepared Shameta can be improved by optimizing the fermentation time and ingredient compositions for fast recovery, increased strength, and improved health of lactating mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Armed conflict is a complicated topic with multidimensional impact on population health. This study aimed to assess of the health consequences of the northern Ethiopian conflict, 2022. We used a mixed method study design with a retrospective cross-sectional study supplemented by a qualitative study conducted from May to June 2022. We interviewed 1806 individuals from 423 households and conducted 100 in-depth interviews and focused group discussion. We identified 224 people who self-reported cases of illness (124/1000 people) with only 48 (21%) people who fell ill visited a health institution. We also detected 27 cases of deaths (15/1000 people) during the conflict. The collapse of the health system, evacuation of health personnel, and shortage of medical supplies, and instability with a lack of transportation were consequences of the conflict. The northern Ethiopian conflict has greatly affected the community's health through the breakdown of the health system and health-supporting structures. Key Messages: The conflict in Northern Ethiopia has had a substantial impact on the communities health, both directly through conflict-related causalities and indirectly through the disintegration of the health system and health-supporting structures, which has severely hampered the supply and utilization of health services. The main coping strategies of patients and health providers for the breakdown of the health system included the use of traditional medications and home remedies, obtaining medications from non-conflict-affected areas, and providing home-to-home service by health providers and using available supplies. The study recommended immediate rehabilitating interventions for affected individuals and damaged health infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ajuga integrifolia (Armagusa) is used as a decoction to treat high blood pressure and diabetes, widely in Ethiopia. Specific compounds for anti-hypertension activity were not identified so far. This study aims to provide a scientific basis for the therapeutic use of A. integrifolia as an antihypertension agent. Methods: In silico studies were used to evaluate the antihypertensive components of A. integrifolia. Flavonoids identified using HPLC analysis and iridoid glycosides isolated from A. integrifolia in this study and those isolated from synonyms (A. remota and A. bractosa) were considered in the molecular docking study. Interactions were studied by using Autodock vina (1.2) on PyRx 0.8 and visualizing in 2D and 3D using ligPlot+ and Discovery studio software. Activities like vasoprotection and druglikeness properties were predicted using online servers. Results: Flavonoids such as quercetin, myricetin, and rutin were identified and quantified by HPLC analysis from different extracts of A. integrifolia. Reptoside and 8-O-acetylharpgide isolated from the aerial part of A. integrifolia. The binding energies of all 17 candidates considered in this study range from − 10.2 kcal/mol to − 7.5 kcal/mol and are lower than enalapril (reference drug: − 5.9 kcal/mol). The binding energies, in most case, constitute hydrogen bonding. Biological activity predicted using PASS test also showed that the flavonoids have more probability of activity than the iridoid glycosides. Druglikeness properties of the candidate molecules showed that most follow the Lipinski rule of five with few violations. Conclusion: Lower binding energies involving hydrogen bonding and predicted activities concerning hypertension confirm the traditional use of the aerial part of the medicinal plant concerned. Flavonoids: rutin, myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol take the leading role in the antihypertensive activity of the aerial part of A. integrifolia. The iridoid glycosides studied are almost similar in their effect on their antihypertensive activity and still better than the reference drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Khat chewing is a deep-rooted socio-cultural tradition that affects appetite, gastric emptying, and food intake, ultimately influencing nutritional status. Moreover, there is significant variation in lifestyles and ways of living among khat chewing and non-chewing people. However, there is limited evidence on the disaggregated determinants of undernutrition among khat chewers and non-chewers in Ethiopia. A community-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted with 253 Khat-chewing and 249 non-chewing male adults in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Weight and height were measured under standard procedure and used to calculate the body mass index (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2 indicates undernutrition). Variables with p-values below 0.25 in the bi-variable analysis were entered into a multivariable logistic regression model to identify factors associated with undernutrition and to control confounding respectively. An adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was used to declare the presence and the strength of association between the independent and outcome variable. Statistical significance was declared at a p value of 0.05. In this study, a total of 138 (27.5%: 23.6–31.6%) adult males were undernourished; among them, 78 (32.0%) were khat chewers and 60 (23.9%) were non chewers. Christian religion (AOR = 1.49; 1.02–2.30), vegetable consumption (AOR = 1.69; 95% CI 1.12–2.55) and khat chewing (AOR = 1.60; 1.04–2.45) were independent risk factors for undernutrition. However, none of the above factors showed a statistically significant association among non-khat chewer male adults. In conclusion, undernutrition was a public health concern in male adults in the study area. Frequent consumption of fruits, vegetables and family size of the households were the independent predictors of undernutrition. The practical implication of identifying risk factors of undernutrition among chewers and non-chewers could be helpful in depicting the relevant risk factors by exposure category and helping to further refine intervention packages. In addition, focusing on interventions which can increase the availability and accessibility of fruits and vegetables are important to improve the nutritional status of adult male populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The soil seed bank present in forests serves as a crucial indicator of soil resilience following disturbances. The objective of this study was to investigate the composition, density, and vertical distribution of the soil seed bank in the Diga District of Western Ethiopia across four land use types: forestland, grassland, bare land, and shrubland. Soil samples were collected from plots measuring 225 square centimeters with a depth of 9 cm. A total of 108 soil samples were collected, representing the four land use types. Each plot was sampled at three different soil layers: 0–3 cm, 3–6 cm, and 6–9 cm depths. From the soil seed bank, 51 plant species were identified, with 46 (90.2%) being herbs, 3 (5.88%) trees, and 2 (3.92%) shrubs. The Asteraceae (13.30%), Poaceae (11.53%), and Fabaceae (9.61%) families exhibited the highest species composition, accounting for 38.44% of the total. Species richness varied significantly across all land use types and soil layers (p < 0.05), with shrubland having the highest species richness and bare land having the lowest count. The total seed bank density in the soil across all plots was 92153 seeds/m2, with the highest density observed in the top 3 cm of the soil layer. The first and second soil layers exhibited a high Jaccard similarity coefficient of 0.76. Forestland and shrubland displayed the highest Jaccard coefficient of similarity (0.72), while the lowest was observed between bare land and shrubland (0.43). There was greater species similarity between the first and second soil layers (0.76) and lower similarity between the middle and bottom layers (0.32). The study found limited similarity between aboveground vegetation and the soil seed bank due to the low regeneration of woody species. Forestland and shrubland exhibited a high Jaccard similarity coefficient to aboveground vegetation, while grassland had the lowest similarity coefficient. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the shrubland land use types had high soil seed bank composition and density. Therefore, the conservation of shrubs in the Arjo-Diga Forest should be considered for the restoration of degraded areas, taking into account the soil seed bank in the shrubland ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Campylobacter species are the most predominant bacterial agents to cause diarrhea in under-five children. It poses a serious challenge to public health worldwide with ongoing acquisition of resistance to different antimicrobials with multiple patterns. Thus, this study aimed to determine the prevalence, and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter species, and associated factors among under-five children with diarrhea in selected public health facilities. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among under-five children with diarrhea using convenient sampling. Health facilities were selected using a simple random sampling method. The stool samples collected from 214 study participants were transported and processed following standard microbiological protocols. Campylobacter isolates were identified using Gram staining, biochemical test, serological test, and aerobic growth at 25°C. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of isolates were performed using the Kirby–Bauer method. Data were analyzed using SPSS ver. 25.0. Association between variables was assessed using Chi-square test and Logistic regression, with P ≤ 0.05. Results: The subject's mean age was 31.3 (± 3.9) months. Of the 214 samples cultured, 14 (6.5%) of them were positive for Campylobacter species with 95% CI (3.3– 10.3). Out of the isolated species, 12 (85.7%) were Campylobacter jejuni /Campylobacter coli and 2 (14.3%) were other Campylobacter species. Bottle feeding and history of direct contact to domestic animals were associated with Campylobacter species (AOR=5.13, CI=1.21– 21.6, p=0.026 and AOR=4.93, CI=1.33– 18.17, P=0.016), respectively. Campylobacter isolates were highly resistant to ciprofloxacin 5 (35.7%), and tetracycline 3 (21.4%). Conclusion: A higher incidence of Campylobacter species was obtained in children who were bottle-fed and who had a history of direct contact with domestic animals. The isolates were highly resistant to ciprofloxacin and tetracycline. These findings indicate that special attention is needed for better management of Campylobacter drug resistance in under-five children. To enhance and support our current findings, further research using molecular techniques is needed to identify the resistant and virulent genes of the bacterial isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethiopia has implemented numerous national development plans and strategies to achieve sustainable economic growth at both the national and regional levels, specifically in the Afar region. However, there has been a lack of assessment regarding the outcomes and expected goals of these plans and strategies, particularly for the regional economy. Hence, this study assesses the current and future gross domestic product (GDP) of Ethiopia's Afar regional state. It analyzes the data using a descriptive and econometric model called autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA). The analysis shows that the regional GDP has been increasing over time, but per capita income remains below the national average. The service sector dominates the economy, while the growth of the industry sector has been stagnant. This indicates that development policies have not achieved their goals of reducing poverty and transforming the economy. Using the ARIMA model, it is projected that the Afar regional GDP will gradually increase from 19,300.20 Billion Birr to 21,678.20 Billion Birr between 2023q1 and 2025q4, with an average growth rate of 10%. It is important for development policies to prioritize not just economic growth, but also social development within local communities. This involves addressing issues related to institutional capacity, and governance, and leveraging agricultural resources to benefit agro-pastoralists and pastoralists, as the agricultural sector is the main driver of the economy. By understanding the present and projected GDP of the Afar regional state, policymakers and stakeholders can make informed decisions for sustainable and inclusive economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Depressive disorder is one of the severe and common mental illnesses in the general population. Bipolar disorder is a severe, persistent mental illness associated with significant morbidity and mortality. However, there is a paucity of data on the prevalence of depressive disorder, and bipolar disorder in our study area. Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of depressive and bipolar disorders among adults in Kersa, Haramaya, and Harar Health and Demographic Surveillance Sites in Eastern Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,416 participants. A multi-stage sampling was employed to select the participants. DSM-5 diagnostic criteria was used to assess depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. Data was collected using a standard questionnaire. Data were entered into Epi-Data 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 26. Both binary and multivariate logistic regression analyses were done. Those with a p-value < 0.05 in the final model were considered statistically significant. Results: The overall prevalence of depressive and bipolar disorders among our study participants was 6.7% (95% CI: 5.40, 8.20) and 2.1% (95% CI: (1.40, 3.00), respectively. The independent predictors of depressive disorder included a family history of mental illness, chronic medical illnesses, unemployment, low educational status, divorced or widowed, poor social support, and current alcohol use or khat chewing. Single, males, divorced or widowed, and current consumers of alcohol were independent predictors for bipolar disorder. Conclusions and recommendation: The results of our investigation showed that bipolar illness and depression were significant public health issues. It was shown that although bipolar disorder is highly prevalent in the society, depression is a widespread concern. As a result, it is imperative that the relevant body grow and enhance the provision of mental health services. Furthermore, research on the effects and burdens of bipolar disorder in the community is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extending the vase life of cut flowers is one of the serious problems in the floriculture industry in the study area. To this end, different types of preservatives have been used to prolong the shelf life of cut flowers. Therefore, the present experiment was initiated to identify an appropriate pulsing preservative to prolong the vase life of gypsophila at TAL Flower Farms PLC, Bahir Dar Zuria District, Ethiopia. The design was completely random and was replicated three times. The treatments were three varieties of gypsophila (overtime, magnet, and Blancanieves) and five preservative solutions (Aluminium Sulphate, TOG-3, Silver thiosulphate, sugar, and distilled water). Data on solution uptake, water loss, fresh weight, flower opening percentage, vase life, and thickness were collected, and analyzed by SAS software. Both the variety of Gypsophila and pulsing preservatives and their interactions influenced most of the parameters tested in the study. Pulsing Gypsophila flowers with silver thiosulphate recorded the best results in all parameters except flower stem thickness. On the other hand, the Magnet variety, followed by overtime, had the longest vase life and quality. The magnet variety pulsed with silver thiosulphate preservative recorded the highest solution uptake, water loss through transpiration, flower fresh weight, flower opening percentage, and maximum vase life day. Therefore, silver thiosulphate preservative can be used to prolong the vase life of gypsophila flowers, where a combination of Silver Thiosulphate and magnet varieties of gypsophila recorded the highest vase life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

B. aegyptiaca and B. rotundifolia are known to be multipurpose trees with various uses and values. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the seed germination behaviours of B. aegyptiaca and B. rotundifolia under different presowing treatments. Hence, seeds were collected from the Central and Southern Ethiopian Rift Valley regions. Then, a total of 864 fruits (seeds) subjected to eight different presowing treatments and planted in pots arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) were tested for each species. The mean germination percentage (GP), mean daily germination percentage (GD), mean germination time (GT), and mean germination index (GI) were computed. One-way ANOVA showed the presence of significant GP, GD, GT, and GI among treatment groups at p < 0.05 under both Balanites species. For B. aegyptiaca, Tukey's HSD test showed that seeds soaked with 98% H2SO4 for 10 minutes (98HSO10m) and 20 minutes (98HSO20m) have the highest GPs (87 ± 8.8 and 82 ± 10.2, respectively) that are significant at p < 0.05. The seeds soaked in 75°C hot water for 10 minutes and subsequently cooled for 12 hours (HW75d), 98HSO10m, and 98HSO20m have the highest GDs (2%) that are significant at p < 0.05. Moreover, 98HSO20m, 98HSO10m, and seeds soaked in cold water for 48 hours at room temperature of 25°C (CW48h) have the shortest GTs (24 ± 2.2, 25 ± 0.5, and 25 ± 1.3, respectively), and 98HSO10m and 98HSO20m have the highest GIs (1.04 ± 0.09 and 1.01 ± 0.08, respectively) that are significant at p < 0.05. For B. rotundifolia, the control recorded the highest cumulative germination (i.e., 71), followed by CW48h (i.e., 51). However, Tukey's HSD tests generally indicated that no treatment group resulted in significant differences in the means of GP, GD, GT, and GI at p < 0.05. So, no treatment group was observed to enhance the germination of B. rotundifolia compared to the control. However, this study generally indicated potential seed enhancement technologies for B. aegyptiaca with greater implications for propagation, conservation, and sustainable utilization of the species in the agricultural and pastoral communities of Ethiopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ocimum basilicum L. exhibits significant chemical variability. • GC–MS analysis of 49 accessions from Ethiopia revealed the presence of 46 compounds. • Four compounds were found in all accessions, and seven compounds were found in large quantities of more than 10 %. • Cluster analysis grouped the 49 accessions into four chemotypes. • Overall, the results of this study will provide scientific basis for future breeding programs of this crop. Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) exhibits significant chemical variability. This study characterized the chemical composition of 49 accessions of O. basilicum collected from different parts of Ethiopia using GC–MS. Results of this analysis revealed the presence of 46 compounds. Four compounds (eucalyptol, linalool, estragole, and eugenol) were found in all accessions, and seven compounds were found in large quantities of more than 10 %; methyl cinnamate (41.9 %), geraniol (27.9 %), linalool (25.41 %), eugenol (23.08 %), β-bisabolene (23.03 %), eucalyptol (17 %) and estragole (16.6 %). Cluster analysis grouped the 49 accessions into four chemotypes. Chemotype A consisting of eugenol/ estragole/ eucalyptol/ β-bisabolene), chemotype B (eucalyptol/estragole), chemotype C (linalool/geraniol) and chemotype D (methyl cinnamate/linalool). The results of this study indicated that the compounds found in Ethiopian O. basilicum accessions are highly diverse. Overall, the results of this study will provide scientific basis for future breeding programs of this crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority of studies in agroforestry have primarily focused on boosting agricultural production, income generation, component interaction and less emphasized on the aspect of biodiversity. Several studies have called for more investigation to address the lack of understanding regarding the significance of agroforestry in conservation of plant biodiversity. This paper examined the role of agroforestry practices in conservation of perennial plant species diversity and the relationship that the perennial plant species diversity has with altitude, slope, and household wealth status. Data was collected from 216 sample plots of agroforestry practices using a multi-stage sampling system. The relationship between diversity indices and explanatory variables such as agroforestry practices, household wealth, altitude, and slope gradients were assessed using a generalized linear mixed model. The impact of these variables on plant species composition was evaluated using the Adonis2 function. Sorenson dissimilarity measures were used to determine the dissimilarities in species composition. A total of 135 perennial plant species with 58 families were identified, with natives accounting 68.15% of the total. The Fruit-tree-based agroforestry practices maintained significantly higher observed and expected number of species (p < 0.05). The values of the mean species richness, Shannon diversity, and Margalef indices per plot, were found to be 6.1 ± 0.65, 1.53 ± 0.32 and 6.37 ±.045 respectively. The dissimilarity in species composition between the two agroforestry practices was 0.53 while the Sorensen multiple-site dissimilarity measures among the kebeles was 0.72. The coffee-shade-tree based agroforestry practices deserved higher importance value index of species. The species richness, Shannon diversity and the importance value indices were significantly differed with respect to slope, altitude, agroforestry practices and household wealth status (p < 0.001). The species composition varied along altitudinal gradients, household wealth status and across the study kebeles (p = 0.005, 0.013, and 0.029, respectively). Finally, it is argued that agroforestry practices should be given more emphasis as a way of perennial plant species reservoirs in relation to the various socioeconomic and ecological factors in order to counterbalance the local threat of perennial plant species from their natural habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study intends to explore the morphogenesis of Dire Dawa through comparative analysis. Several scholars have claimed that central and northern Ethiopian cities share a common urban form tradition, and this study compares the morphogenesis of Dire Dawa, located on the country's eastern border, to this morphological thought. The research employs a comparative analysis technique of Dire Dawa's morphogenesis based on Conzenian urban form elements. The findings reveal that the spatial organization of the case areas of the city deviates significantly from the conventional morphological philosophy of northern and central Ethiopian cities. Thus, the establishment of new ones and the redevelopment and extension of existing urban quarters must consider urban form philosophy in the nation along with the identity and conservation of urban form features. This will enable a well-managed morphological blending that might incorporate significant new concepts with existing local knowledge without having undesirable consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the prevalence of trachomatous inflammation—follicular (TF), trachomatous trichiasis (TT), water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) access in 131 evaluation units (EUs) after implementation of trachoma elimination interventions in Oromia Region, Ethiopia. A population-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in each EU using the World Health Organization-recommended two-stage cluster-sampling methodology. Twenty-six clusters, each with a mean of 30 households were enumerated in each EU. All residents aged ≥1 year in selected households were examined for TF and TT. Information on WASH access in surveyed households was also collected through questioning the household head and direct observation. A total of 419,858 individuals were enumerated in 131 EUs, of whom 396,134 (94%) were examined, 54% being female. Age-adjusted EU-level prevalence of TF in children aged 1–9 years ranged from 0.15% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.0–0.4) to 37.5% (95% CI: 31.1–43.7). The TF prevalence was <5% in 73/131 (56%) EUs. The EU-level age- and gender-adjusted prevalence of TT unknown to the health system among people aged ≥15 years ranged from 0.001% (95% CI: 0.00–0.02) to 2.2% (95% CI: 1.1–3.1) with 37/131 (28%) EUs having a prevalence <0.2%. Only 48% of all households surveyed had access to improved water sources for drinking. Approximately 96% of households did not have an improved latrine. Oromia is on the path towards elimination of trachoma as a public health problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]