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In this study, we examine the mismatch between the anthropometric and the economic measures of human wellbeing, a fact that has gone unnoticed in the international research on anthropometric history: by 1914, Estonian males were among the tallest in the world despite the country's economic underdevelopment. We explain the anthropometric overperformance of Estonia considering the early start of the first demographic transition in relation to the special features of the agrarian reforms in the Baltic provinces. Estonian boys did grow taller than their peers in Lithuania, Finland, and even in the much richer Western countries, because their parents had smaller families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the beginning of the twentieth century, administrative courts were established one after another in European countries. In this article, scholars review the origins of administrative justice in three Baltic states – Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia – when all three states declared their independence. In the article, the authors reveal the legal regulation of administrative justice, the procedural provisions of judicial review, the system of institutions that supervised the legality of administrative acts, and their jurisdiction during the period from 1918 to 1940 in the Baltic states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates asymmetry in the impact of domestic inflation drivers in the Baltic States, focusing on the output gap and unemployment gap. We aim to reveal how positive and negative changes in these economic activity indicators affect the inflation rate by employing a nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag approach (NARDL) and the Phillips curve. Empirical results demonstrate the long-run asymmetry as inflation in Estonia and Lithuania responds more significantly to positive changes in the output gap, whereas negative changes in the unemployment gap exhibit a stronger long-run impact on inflation in all three countries. These findings mainly suggest some extent of downward price rigidity in the Baltic economies, indicating a nonlinear Phillips curve and relatively large costs of disinflation policy directed to aggregate demand reduction. Further analysis reveals that increasing downward nominal wage flexibility could reduce these asymmetries in Estonia and, to a lesser extent, in Latvia and Lithuania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the fight of differing views on the development of the common Baltic identity, based on analogous historical, political, economic and cultural features, the paper studies its manifestation through translations from the Latvian and Lithuanian languages into Estonian. The analysis is based on a catalogue of translations, which has been compiled with the help of bibliographies and bibliographic databases. A statistical analysis of the data is used to establish the most active periods of translation publishing, the most popular authors and genres. The first book translation from Latvian dates back to the 18th century, whereas the first book translated from Lithuanian was issued in 1954. Until 1918 when all the three nations gained independence, cultural exchange in this region embraced only the historical Baltic provinces. Lithuania emerged in the cultural space of Estonians more intensively since the 1930s. The most productive period in translating Latvian and Lithuanian literature was the Soviet period when the Baltic unity reached its peak. After regaining independence, the feeling of Baltic identity has diminished alongside with the decline in publishing of books translated from Latvian and Lithuanian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The documents being published obtained from Russian State Archives and Russian State Navy Archives once more confirm the opinion already firmly established in the literature on history that in 1940 the Red Army braced for a full-scale military action against Estonia and other Baltic states, like it did in autumn 1939. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]