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This text provides information about the mineral mendipite, including its appearance, analysis, and various global localities where it has been found. Mendipite is a lead oxychloride that is colorless to white, grayish-white, or brownish-cream, but can also have tinges of pink, purple, yellow, or blue. It is commonly found alongside other minerals such as calcite, cerussite, malachite, and pyromorphite. Mendipite has been discovered in twelve natural locations worldwide, with three of them being in the Mendip Hills in southwest England. These hills have a rich mining history dating back to Roman times and are primarily composed of sedimentary rocks. The characteristics of mendipite can vary depending on the specific locality, and it is often associated with other rare minerals. [Extracted from the article]

Lentigo maligna (LM) is a melanoma in situ with distinct clinical features and histology. It commonly affects men after the sixth decade of life. Incidence rates of LM have increased based on early 21st century data from different countries; however, data are suboptimal. Data from England show a plateauing crude incidence between 2013 and 2019. By comparison, invasive melanoma and other types of melanoma in situ commonly appears in younger age groups (median age 58 and 67 years old, respectively) and incidence is rising. The most important risk factors for LM include fair skin and cumulative ultraviolet solar radiation exposure. Although LM is limited to the epidermis and connected skin adnexa, it may progress to invasive LM melanoma. The reported rate of malignant progression varies, reflecting a challenge for LM epidemiology research as often lesions are removed on diagnosis. LM poses a challenge in diagnosis and management. Although it can be diagnosed clinically or dermoscopically, histopathological assessment of biopsied skin tissue remains the gold standard. Reflectance confocal microscopy allows for better appreciation of the complexity of LM at a cellular level, often progressing beyond clinical margins. Management of LM may involve Mohs micrographic surgery or excision, although recurrence may occur even with 5 mm clinical margins. Imiquimod cream may be effective, but incomplete treatment and recurrence has been reported. Conservative management with observation or radiotherapy may be used in selected patients' cases. Five-year net survival rates are excellent. This paper reviews the natural history, epidemiology, aetiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of LM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The case of naturalization of the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771), in countries lying beyond its native Ponto–Caspian range is remarkable as one of the first instances when the scientific community as early as the mid-19th century was fully aware of the non-indigenous status of a particular species as well as of the need for the study and monitoring of this process. Based on a study of contemporary sources, I reconstruct the early response of European naturalists (including those who today would be called "citizen scientist") to the invasion of Dreissena and describe their attitudes to the problem, including the divergence in opinion about the origin and the means of dispersal of this bivalve species. An analysis of papers published in English, French, German, and Russian between 1774 and 1920 showed that the invasion of D. polymorpha was by no means "silent"; quite the opposite, it provoked an immediate reaction from naturalists. The scientific agenda for the study of the new invader was proposed in England as early as 1838. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Botanical Entanglements: Women, Natural Science, and the Arts in Eighteenth-Century England" by Anna K. Sagal explores the role of women in natural science during this time period. The book argues that domesticity was not restrictive for women interested in natural science, but rather provided them with authority to contribute to knowledge and reshape their relationship with scientific objects. The book is organized into three themes: the naturalist as teacher, artist, and poet, and examines the practical standards and interventions of women in these roles. The book highlights the connections between women's domestic production and natural history, particularly in the chapters on botanical artists. Overall, "Botanical Entanglements" is a well-researched and valuable resource for those studying women in science. [Extracted from the article]

Long-standing overt ventriculomegaly in adults (LOVA) is a heterogenous group of conditions with differing presentations. Few studies have evaluated success rates of available surgical treatments, or ascertained the natural history. There is a need to assess the efficacy of both endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) and ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) as first-line treatments. We conducted a retrospective, single-centre study of adults with LOVA at a tertiary neurosurgery centre in England, UK, aiming to identify presentation, management strategy, and outcome following treatment. A total of 127 patients were included (mean age 48.1 years, 61/127 male). Most patients were symptomatic (73.2%, n = 93/127, median symptom duration 10 months). The most common symptoms were gait ataxia, headache, and cognitive decline (52.8%, 50.4%, and 33.9%, respectively). Fourteen patients had papilloedema. Ninety-one patients (71.7%) underwent surgery (84 ETV, 7 VPS). Over a median follow-up of 33.0 months (interquartile range [IQR] 19.0–65.7), 82.4% had a clinical improvement after surgery, and 81.3% had radiological improvement. Clinical improvement rates were similar between ETV and VP shunt groups (82.1% vs 85.7%, p = 0.812). Surgical complication rates were significantly lower in the ETV group than the VP shunt group (4.8% vs 42.9%, p < 0.001). Of the patients treated surgically, 20 (22.0%) underwent further surgery, with 14 patients improving. This study demonstrates the efficacy of ETV as a first-line treatment for LOVA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current dearth of long‐term insect population trends is a major obstacle to conservation. Occupancy models have been proposed as a solution, but it remains unclear whether they can yield long‐term trends from natural history collections, since specimen records are normally very sparse. A common approach for sparse data is to coarsen its spatial and/or temporal resolution, although coarsening risks violating model assumptions.We (i) test whether occupancy trends of three social wasp (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Vespinae) species – the common wasp (Vespula vulgaris), the German wasp (Vespula germanica) and the European hornet (Vespa crabro) – have changed in England between 1900 and 2016, and (ii) test the effect of spatiotemporal resolution on the performance of occupancy models using very sparse data. All models are based on an integrated dataset of occurrence records and natural history collection specimen records.We show that occupancy models can yield long‐term species‐specific trends from very sparse natural history collection specimens. We present the first quantitative trends for three Vespinae species in England over 116 years. Vespula vulgaris and V. germanica show stable trends over the time series, whilst V. crabro's occupancy decreased from 1950 to 1970 and increased since 1970. Moreover, we show that spatiotemporal resolution has little effect on model performance, although coarsening the spatial grain is an appropriate method for achieving enough records to estimate long‐term changes.With the increasing availability of biological records, the model formulation used here has the potential to provide novel insights by making use of natural history collections' unique specimen assemblages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objectives: To evaluate the natural history and outcome of selective fetal growth restriction (sFGR) in monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) twin pregnancy, according to gestational age at onset and various reported diagnostic criteria, and to quantify the risk of superimposed twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS).Methods: This was a cohort study of MCDA twin pregnancies that had their routine antenatal care from the first trimester at St George's Hospital, London, UK. Pregnancies had ultrasound examinations every 2 weeks at 16-24 weeks and then every 2-3 weeks until delivery. The diagnostic criteria for sFGR were estimated fetal weight (EFW) of one twin < 10th centile and intertwin EFW discordance ≥ 25%. We also applied other diagnostic criteria reported in a recent Delphi consensus. Pregnancies in which the diagnosis of TTTS was made before that of sFGR were not included in the analysis. Pregnancies that underwent fetal intervention for sFGR were excluded. The incidence of sFGR was compared between the different diagnostic criteria, overall and according to gestational age at onset. In all subsequent analyses, cases of sFGR included those diagnosed according to any of the criteria. The Gratacós classification of sFGR was applied (Type I, II or III). Pregnancy outcomes included miscarriage, intrauterine death, neonatal death and admission to the neonatal unit. Comparisons between groups were carried out using the Mann-Whitney U-test for continuous variables and the chi-square or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables.Results: The analysis included 287 MCDA twin pregnancies. According to the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology diagnostic criteria, the incidence of early (< 24 weeks) sFGR was 4.9%, while that of late sFGR was 3.8%. When applying the various diagnostic criteria, the incidence of early sFGR varied from 1.7% to 9.1% and that of late sFGR varied from 1.1% to 5.9%. In early-onset cases, the incidence of Type I sFGR was 80.8%, that of Type II was 15.4% and that of Type III was 3.8%. The corresponding figures in late-onset cases were 94.4%, 5.6% and 0%. The incidence of superimposed TTTS was 26.9% in cases affected by early-onset sFGR and 5.6% in those affected by late-onset sFGR. The incidence of perinatal death was 8.0% in early-onset sFGR and 5.6% in late-onset sFGR (P = 0.661). Admission to the neonatal unit occurred in 61.0% and 52.9% of cases, respectively (P = 0.484).Conclusions: In MCDA twin pregnancies, early-onset sFGR is slightly more common than is late-onset sFGR, although this difference was not significant, and is associated with worse perinatal outcome. The incidence of Types II and III sFGR is higher in early-onset sFGR. The incidence also varies according to the diagnostic criteria used, which supports the use of standardized international diagnostic criteria. Superimposed TTTS is more common in early- than in late-onset sFGR. Copyright © 2019 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The public's engagement in museum projects is widely encouraged. However, public participation may also passively impact the relationship of museum and their publics if any existing conflicts cannot be identified and resolved. This paper organised a group of public participants to use Plurality Voting Sheets (PVSs) and Idea Rating Sheets (IRSs) in a museum design project, in order to find out: (1) Which method can generate more in-depth judgements? and (2) Which method can reveal more potential conflicts? The proposed project was the curation of a dinosaur exhibition at the Nottingham Natural History Museum, Wollaton Hall. The results prove that, firstly, IRSs can generate a higher quantity of in-depth judgement than PVSs, and secondly, IRSs can disclose more conflicts than PVSs do. Generally, it is arguable that the performance of IRSs in the judgement-making stage is better than that of PVSs. However, IRSs still require more testing in public participation situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A biography of the 19th century British naturalist Mrs. Margaret Gatty is provided. She was born in Essex, England on June 3, 1809 and married Reverend Alfred Gatty in 1839. Particular focus is given to her study of sea-weeds, including her 1863 book "British Sea-Weeds: Drawn From Professor Harvey’s ‘Phycologia Britannica’ With Descriptions, an Amateur’s Synopsis, Rules for Laying out Sea-Weeds, an Order for Arranging Them in a Herbarium, and an Appendix of New Species." Her relationship with phycologist William Henry Harvey is discussed.

Background: The natural history of depression in stroke patients is complex and the mechanism of change in symptoms over time is not fully understood. We hypothesise that there are different trajectories of symptoms after stroke.Methods: The primary analysis comprised 761 patients who completed 5 years follow up, obtained from the prospective South London Stroke Register (1998-2013). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADs) was used to screen patients for depression symptoms at 3 months after stroke, then annually. Trajectories of depression symptoms were detected using group based trajectory modelling (GBTM).Results: Four patterns of symptoms (Groups I-IV) were identified: 6.31% of patients had severe symptoms, improved slightly in early years then worsen (predicted mean HADs score, 15.74 (se=1.06)); 28.65% had moderate symptoms, a tendency to get worse over time, predicted mean score 7.36 (se=0.35); 49.54% had mild symptoms and a tendency of getting worse, predicted mean 3.89 (se=0.30), and 15.51% of the cohort, had no symptoms and remained so over time. The lowest rate of Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) use, over 5 years after stroke was 1.1% for group (I) and highest was 35% for group (IV). Sensitivity analyses were used to assess the robustness of the findings using several inclusion criteria and findings agreed with the primary results.Limitations: There is loss to follow up of around 20%.Conclusions: The study identified 4 trajectories of depression symptoms, providing useful information for the long term management of stroke patients and for the implementation of cost effective personalized interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the writing of county natural history in England from the 1640s through the 1680s. An overview of the English antiquarian John Aubrey, including the role that the mid 17th century English Civil War played in his desire to research England's antiquities, is provided. The English county historian Robert Plot's role in the research of local English history is discussed.

In 1899 the Victoria County History (VCH) was established as a ‘National Survey’ of England which was intended to show the present day condition of the country and trace the ‘domestic history’ of all English counties to the ‘earliest times’. Natural history was seen as a key component to be included in the first volume for every county. In this paper we examine the reasons for the prominence given to natural history and demonstrate how the expert knowledge of natural historians was marshalled and edited. We use the contrasting counties of Herefordshire and Nottinghamshire to examine key intellectual debates about the role of the amateur and the expert and concern about nomenclature, classification and the state of knowledge about different groups of species. We emphasize the importance of the geography of the natural history and the way in which the VCH charted concerns about species loss and extinction. We examine the reasons why the VCH later abandoned natural history and finally we assess the value of its published output for modern historical geographers, historical ecologists and environmental historians. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Histories of exotic animal collection and display in Britain during the long eighteenth century have not been conventionally concerned with the sensory or bodily experiences of menagerie spectators. Olfactory, haptic and aural impressions - as well as the affective responses of laughter, disgust, anger and sympathy, are conspicuously absent in attempts to historicise animal collections. This paper principally argues that these often historically intangible and transient sensory experiences with animals were culturally significant acts or readings that produced meaning. To understand how spectators utilised their senses as an interpretive tool in reading menageries the article draws upon eighteenth-century understandings of the senses and bodily comfort. The manipulation of exotic animal bodies in menageries during the long eighteenth century had significant implications for British spectators. It is argued that their specific notions of Britishness in relationship to these captive animals from foreign climes articulated elite cultural notions of gender, climate and national character. In writing a sensory history of exotic animals in eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Britain the author contextualises the reading of contemporary print material with the concomitant experience of the material animals to which this print matter referred. What emerges is a reminder that the act of reading should not be isolated from the production of knowledge through other embodied experiences since such a dichotomy is arguably problematic for historians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the introduction of a novel and modern form of natural history education in Britain in the 1960s, the nature trail. The rise in the number of nature reserves owned by county conservation trusts and the Nature Conservancy after the Second World War raised the issue of how they might best be used by members of the public. Reserves were initially seen by many as places from which the public should be excluded. The American concept of Nature Trails was introduced by a powerful group of nature conservationists to raise the profile of nature conservation and educate people. The role of the two National Nature Weeks of 1963 and 1966 is examined. The paper concludes with a detailed case study of the planning and management of the nature trail at East Wretham Heath, Norfolk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper gives a detailed analysis of four seed lists in the journals of John Locke. These lists provide a window into a fascinating open network of botanical exchange in the early 1680s which included two of the leading botanists of the day, Pierre Magnol of Montpellier and Jacob Bobart the Younger of Oxford. The provenance and significance of the lists are assessed in relation to the relevant extant herbaria and plant catalogues from the period. The lists and associated correspondence provide the main evidence for Locke’s own important, though modest contribution to early modern botany, a contribution which he would have regarded as a small part of the broader project of constructing a natural history of plants. They also provide a detailed case study of the sort of open and informal network of knowledge exchange in the early modern period that is widely recognised by historians of science, but all too rarely illustrated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background and aim: We have documented the changing pattern of peptic ulcer disease in our centre in the last quarter of the 20th century and speculate on the reasons thereof. Patients and methods: The profile of peptic ulcer disease patients presenting newly to our centre (population 250,000) from 1977 to 2001 was examined. All patients were prospectively followed and detailed records kept. Results are presented in 5-year periods. Results: Seven thousand five hundred and ninety new peptic ulcer disease patients (5564 duodenal ulcer+2026 gastric ulcer) were seen, peaking in 1982–1986 but declining thereafter, and with a falling male preponderance. Patients with gastric ulcer were older than those with duodenal ulcer; were older than duodenal ulcer, the mean age of both increased over time and the age gap from the general population widened. The numbers presenting with perforation changed little but haemorrhage increased, particularly amongst the elderly. Ulcers refractory to H2 receptor antagonists declined even before proton pump inhibitors were introduced. Elective surgery, already declining before H2 receptor antagonists, had virtually disappeared by 1992–1996. Discussion and conclusion: Peptic ulcer disease affects an older population, an increasing proportion of whom present with haemorrhage. Refractoriness to H2 receptor antagonists and the need for elective operation was declining even before the emergence of modern treatment. We suggest the changes observed result not only from modern therapy but also substantially from a changing natural history. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Peanut allergy affects &thksim;1% of the population. Double-blind placebo-controlled food challenges are gold standard for diagnosis. Serum peanut-specific IgE (PN-IgE) is used in clinical practice as an additional diagnostic and monitoring tool. The purpose of this study was to characterize the clinical features of a peanut-allergic patient's cohort and determine the optimum frequency of measuring PN-IgE to predict the outcome of future peanut challenges. Retrospective chart review was performed of peanut-allergic patients followed up and serially tested for PN-IgE with a qualitative antibody fluorescent-enzyme immunoassay performed at the Immunology Laboratory, London Health Sciences Center, from 1997 to 2004. One hundred eighteen patients (median age at first reaction to peanut, 1.5 years; median baseline PN-IgE, 18.75) were reviewed. Younger age at first reaction and first PN-IgE measurement predicted slower decline of PN-IgE values (p < 0.001 and p = 0.044). At 2 and 5 years post–initial measurement, 12.9 and 66%, respectively, of all patients had a significant decrease of PN-IgE values. Twenty percent of the patients experienced elevation of PN-IgE levels during follow-up. For most patients with significant history of reaction to peanuts and positive skin-prick test, it is probably adequate to measure serum PN-IgE levels every 3–5 years to screen for development of tolerance and predict the outcome of future peanut challenges. More frequent measurements might be considered in older patients with lower initial PN-IgE levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Martin Hinrich Carl Lichtenstein from the Zoologische Museum Berlin went to London in 1819 to bid at the auction of William Bullock's museum. Lichtenstein acquired 175 bird specimens at the sale. The paper provides historical data relating to Lichtenstein's London visit as well as information on selected avian specimens obtained for the Zoologische Museum Berlin at Bullock's auction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In England, a large number of individuals are infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and may develop future liver complications, such as decompensated cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Estimates of the magnitude of this future burden are required to plan healthcare resources. We have estimated past incidence of HCV infection in England and predict future burden of end-stage liver disease in the HCV-infected population. A model of the natural history of HCV as a series of disease stages was constructed. A back-calculation approach was performed, using the natural history model and data on annual HCC deaths in England from 1996 to 2004 with mention of HCV and hospital episode statistics for end-stage liver disease with HCV. The number of HCV-infected people living with compensated cirrhosis is predicted to rise from 3705 [95% credible interval (CrI): 2820–4975] in 2005 to 7550 (95% CrI: 5120–11 640) in 2015. The number of decompensated cirrhosis and/or HCC cases is also predicted to rise, to 2540 (95% CrI: 2035–3310) by 2015. HCV incidence increased during the 1980s, with an annual incidence of 12 650 (95% CrI: 6150–26 450) by 1989. HCV-related cirrhosis and deaths from HCC in England are likely to increase dramatically within the next decade. If patients are left undiagnosed and untreated, the future burden of the disease on healthcare resources will be substantial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diamonds – rough stones, cut stones, host rocks, historical jewellery, contemporary jewellery, and hi-tech materials – were the stars of an exhibition at the Natural History Museum in London in 2005, the biggest of its kind the Museum had ever staged. Why diamonds are so rare, how they have been valued through history, and the links between the unique properties of diamond and its use were the key themes of the exhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the writings of Philip Henry Gosse on the shoreline natural histories of England during the Victorian period. His contribution to the popularization of seashore natural history; Reputation earned by Gosse as a natural history writer; Works of Gosse that were published between 1853 and 1856; Style of his writing, which demonstrates provisionally its concordance with literary realism.

The article informs about Natural History Museum, London. It states that behind the scenes at the Natural History Museum is the world's largest natural history library, with approximately one million printed books. The Natural History Museum in South Kensington was established in 1881 after the natural history departments had endured a long and latterly uncomfortable existence alongside the art and library collections in the British Museum. The highlight of Natural History Museum are its library's art collections, depicting rocks, minerals, fossils, plants and animals, which date from 17th to the 21st centuries. Its more than half a million individual items make this the largest collection of natural history art not only in Great Britain but also in the world. Commercial exploitation of the collection has mostly been by publishers of books and journals, but others have seen opportunities for writing books about the illustrations, putting the art in exhibitions, printing the images on decorative items. In 2003 the library launched a website designed to promote the art collections further and make them accessible to a global audience.

Discusses the literary contributions of writer George Smith of Cumbria, England. Information on the writings of Smith in the "Gentleman's Magazine"; Interest of Smith in natural history and early British monuments; Details of the travel exploits of Smith.

The article deals with correspondence in natural history in the eighteenth century between England and North America. The corpus discussed consists of correspondence between John Bartram and Peter Collinson, and between Alexander Garden and John Ellis. The approach used in the study is qualitative and rhetorical; the main point considered is how the letters construct scientific centre and periphery in the eighteenth-century Atlantic world. A central concept is the "colonial exchange", whereby "raw materials" from the colonies -- in this case plant and animal specimens, along with proposed identifications and names -- are exchanged for "finished products", in this case codified scientific knowledge contained in publications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Famously, geology is on our doorstep, and an understanding of the geology of everyday things helps us communicate to those for whom it is a closed subject. The stone bridges of the River Stour from Stourhead to Christchurch in southern England are a topic worthy of study and rewarding as an example of the variety of the geology of this part of England. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outlines the natural history of 17th-century Oxfordshire in England according to Robert Plot.. Effects of human innovation on the environment; Use of scientific instruments in astronomy; Curiosity about the natural and human-made artifacts.

Comments on several articles on natural history and geology published in several periodicals. Differences of opinion among scientists studying the extinction of dinosaurs; Discoveries of a palm-fringed paradise, a sub-tropical Garden of Eden stretching from West Ham Park to Hackney Wick in London, England; Reservoirs in the English countryside; Mass movement events in Ireland.

Focuses on the natural history of museums in England. Number of natural history museums; Forms and functions of the collections; Management of the collections by the civic elite.

The article explores that changing attitudes to archaeology in Salford, England which was discussed at the 133rd Summer Meeting of the Royal Archaeological Institute in 1987. From about 1820 to 1870 there was a passion for Natural History, which reflected by the establishment of the Manchester Society for the Promotion of Natural History in 1822 and its replacement by other groups. "Palatine Notebook" and "Old South-East Lancashire" were the independently edited monthly periodicals. The archaeological contributions in the publications were reports of chance finds and descriptions of lost objects. Changes in attitudes are due to better funding, more professional workers and encouragement by local authorities and private bodies.

This article presents a review of Robert Merton's "Science, Technology and Society in Seventeenth-Century England." This review is intended to cast a scientific light on Merton's thesis in order to distinguish the reliable information from the unreliable. It will then be evident that the central hypothesis in Merton's thesis was never really tested at all. In chapters I to III and VII to XI inclusive, Merton gives an account of his research into the rise of the natural sciences in seventeenth-century England. Merton detected in the seventeenth century a growing interest in the profession of scientist, and an increasing number of discoveries in the scientific field, reaching a peak between 1660 and 1690, with scientific interest from 1665 to 1702 classified as follows (according to a reliable index): i) physics; 2) biology; 3) and 4) anthropology and medicine; 5) geography and 6) logic plus mathematics. In Chapters II and III Merton noted a flourishing of the natural sciences, while in chapters VII to X inclusive he investigates the extent to which economic and military requirements stimulated this research.

The contents of eighteenth-century gentlemanly cabinets were seldom well recorded. The museum of Sir Ashton Lever (fl. 1771-1806), noted for Pacific ethnography and natural history, is an exception: the collections were listed in 1784, catalogued for sale 1806, as well as being featured in educational and scientific publications. Most important o fall were the watercolours of 1,000 artefacts and natural history specimens prepared by Sarah Stone. This paper sets out the history of the collection emphasizing the activities of James Parkinson, the second owner, during the 1790s. A series of watercolours of the collection, recently acquired by the British Museum, are then briefly described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author of this article describes some of the teaching practices associated with natural history in New Zealand, Fiji, England, Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. During a trip to New Zealand, the author learned that a large number of the average classroom teachers were better qualified than their American counterparts to carry on successful outdoor experiences. In Fiji, he had met Colin Marshall, a forester who had built a forestry school together with a group of high school students. He asserted that some of the laboratories in Sweden were equipped far better than any of their counterparts in America. In Norway, there was less evidence of rich equipment for the teaching of science. As a result of his association with several foreign educators, the author described the approaches to the teaching of conservation.

It is well attested that Francis Bacon considered his History of Winds to be an exemplar, but what lessons should be taken from its example have been subject to debate. Instead of looking at this work as a mere model for the fusion of natural history and natural philosophy, it is also possible to see Bacon as trying to provide tentative solutions to outstanding questions regarding the wind, a topic that was deeply scrutinized during the early modern period. An examination of Bacon's provisional concluding rules reveals deep correspondences with earlier works, such as José de Acosta's Natural and Moral History of the Indies , that revised classical understandings of the wind based on experience, experiments, and accounts of travels beyond Europe. Understanding the History of Winds as a genuine attempt to solve outstanding questions about the wind uncovers its debt to earlier traditions, including those related to Renaissance natural history, and shows it's influence in relation to specific theories of the wind beyond its call for methodological reform.

Background: Atopic eczema onset is described primarily in early childhood, and the frequency and characteristics of adult-onset disease remain controversial., Objective: We sought to determine the proportion of subjects who report atopic eczema symptoms between birth and midadulthood and to examine demographic, immunologic, and genetic factors associated with period of symptom onset., Methods: We conducted a longitudinal study using data from 2 nationally representative community-based birth cohorts from the United Kingdom: the British Cohort Studies 1958 and 1970. Subjects were followed from birth through age 42 to 50 years. The primary outcome was the age period of self-reported atopic eczema symptom onset based on repeated measures of self-reported atopic eczema at each survey wave., Results: The annual period prevalence of atopic eczema ranged from 5% to 15% in 2 cohorts of more than 17,000 participants each followed from birth through middle age. There was no clear trend in prevalence by age, and among adults reporting active atopic eczema during a given year, only 38% had symptom onset reported in childhood. When compared with subjects whose eczema started in childhood, those with adult-onset disease were more likely to be women, from Scotland or Northern England, of lower childhood socioeconomic group, smokers in adulthood, and less likely to have a history of asthma. In a subanalysis using data from the 1958 cohort only, genetic mutations previously associated with atopic eczema, including filaggrin-null mutations, and allergen-specific IgE were more common among those with childhood-onset disease., Conclusion: Rates of self-reported atopic eczema remain high after childhood, and adult-onset atopic eczema has different risk factor associations than childhood-onset eczema., (Copyright © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Information regarding the Fifth International Conference on Interdisciplinary Social Sciences held in Cambridge, Great Britain on August 2-5, 2010 is presented. Topics include interdisciplinary practices across the social sciences, connections between social sciences and the natural sciences, applied sciences and the professions, and overview of the thinking in the social sciences. The conference featured several speakers including Patrick Baert, Jack Goody, and Juliet Mitchell.

Summary: A major new television series highlights the wide-ranging work of the Natural History Museum in London. Nigel Williams reports. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Focuses on the scientific controversy introduced by Charles Darwin, an English natural scientist, after promoting his theory of evolution. Achievements and contributions of Darwin in academia; Impact of his theory on the understanding of new species; Career background and educational attainment of Darwin.