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The article presents a study, conducted by the author, which assessed the contribution of recognized medical factors, especially those of genetic origin, to mild mental retardation in children attending educationally subnormal/mild (ESN/M) schools in Southampton, England. The study population consisted of 169 children, aged 7-11 years, attending ESN/M schools. The study also estimated to what extent mild mental retardation in the local population might be preventable by early diagnosis followed by treatment, genetic counselling or prenatal diagnosis as appropriate.