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Aim: To identify and describe the impact areas of a newly developed leadership development programme focussed on positioning leaders to improve the student experience of the clinical learning environment. Background: There is a need to consider extending traditional ways of developing leaders within the clinical learning in order to accommodate an increased number of students and ensure their learning experience is fulfilling and developmental. The Florence Nightingale Foundation implemented a bespoke leadership development programme within the clinical learning environment. Identifying the areas of impact will help to inform organisational decision making regarding the benefits of encouraging and supporting emerging leaders to undertake this type of programme. Method: For this qualitative descriptive study, eight health care professionals who took part in a bespoke leadership development programme were interviewed individually and then collectively. The Florence Nightingale Foundation fellowship/scholarship programme is examined to determine impact. Results: Two key themes were described in relation to impact of the programme. These were 'Personal Development' and 'Professional Impact'. The two key themes comprised several subthemes. The notion of time and space to think was subsumed within each theme. Conclusion: Data highlights that the Florence Nightingale Foundation programme had a distinct impact on participants by transforming thinking and increasing self‐confidence to enable changes to make improvements both within their organisations and at national level. Implications for Nursing Management: Health care managers must continue to invest in building leadership capacity and capability through programmes that can help position individuals to realize their potential to positively influence health outcomes and wider society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we explore how participants articulate experiences of emotions during Covid-19 lockdown in the UK. We posit that emotions fulfil experiential and interpersonal functions, which are construed and conveyed through language choices. An online narrative survey was carried out. About 88 responses were analysed. Participants were from England and Wales. The mean age was 48.9 years old (SD = 62). A mixed-method approach was used. This combined quantitative Corpus Linguistics analysis and qualitative Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis with linguistic analysis. The findings show similarities to the public health and medical literature that highlight negative emotions, such as fear, distrust and anger in participants. However, we also found positive emotions not considered elsewhere, including happiness, relaxation, safety, optimism for the future and connectedness arising from the thematic IPA analysis. Emotions were construed using language explicitly labelling emotions and language implicitly signalling emotions. Our study highlights implications for managing risk behaviours associated with transmission in public health practices such as social distancing, as indicated by negative emotions. We also bring to light implications with perceived benefits of engaging in protective behaviours and social support central to public health measures, as suggested by the communication of positive emotions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Being sentenced to imprisonment can be traumatic. This may lead to further negative effects, including reoffending or disorders of mental health. Emerging research, however, has suggested that traumatic events can, at times, also lead to post‐traumatic growth, leading us to question whether prisoners could experience this. Aims: Our aims were to explore the prevalence of post‐traumatic growth in prisoners and any association between this and prisoners' perceptions of the quality of their relationships with staff. Our primary hypothesis was that there would be a positive association between perceptions of the quality of relationships with staff members and post‐traumatic growth. We also hypothesised an interaction between staff–prisoner relationships and the extent to which sentencing was experienced as traumatic. Method: The Post‐traumatic Growth Inventory and the Barrett‐Lennard Relationship Inventory were distributed to all 762 prisoners in a high‐security prison for adult men in England. First, one‐tailed correlations between variables were run, then a hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to test for an interaction between staff–prisoner relationship ratings, trauma of sentencing and post‐traumatic growth. Results: Just over one fifth of the men (n = 160) returned questionnaires; 76 (48%) had scores indicative of moderate‐to‐high post‐traumatic growth. There was a significant positive association between perceptions of the relationships with staff members and the post‐traumatic growth reported. There was no significant interaction between the staff–prisoner relationships and the experience of trauma of imprisonment. Conclusions: Our study extends understanding of prisoners through finding that higher levels of self‐rated post‐traumatic growth were associated with experiencing empathy, positive regard, acceptance and genuineness from prison staff. This highlights the need for high‐quality relationships to be adopted in all aspects of prison setting and culture and offers further direction for research into such relationships and their role in promoting positive psychological outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In December 2015, northern England experienced two major flooding events with extreme, even in some locations unprecedented, rainfalls and flooding. New 24-, 36-, and 48-hour UK rainfall records were created of 341.4, 401.4 and 405.2 mm, respectively. Three river-flow gauging stations, with flows of around 1,700 m3/s exceeded the previous peak flow record for England and Wales. There was widespread flooding, including major towns and cities, some of which had recent flood alleviation schemes. In Cumbria, the flood events in 2005, 2009 and 2015 compared with previous and historical events raise questions about the stationarity of the flood data and flood-producing mechanisms. These possible effects are less apparent elsewhere in northern England. This paper discusses whether present methods of estimating flood risk are able to cope with such extreme events and suggests topics for future research. In the meantime, for studies where flood estimates are important, practical hydrologists are faced with the difficult task of producing design flood estimates which fit with our understanding of these events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Identifying and tackling the social determinants of infectious diseases has become a public health priority following the recognition that individuals with lower socioeconomic status are disproportionately affected by infectious diseases. In many parts of the world, epidemiologically and genotypically defined community-associated (CA) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains have emerged to become frequent causes of hospital infection. The aim of this study was to use spatial models with adjustment for area-level hospital attendance to determine the transmission niche of genotypically defined CA- and health-care-associated (HA)-MRSA strains across a diverse region of South East London and to explore a potential link between MRSA carriage and markers of social and material deprivation.Methods and Findings: This study involved spatial analysis of cross-sectional data linked with all MRSA isolates identified by three National Health Service (NHS) microbiology laboratories between 1 November 2011 and 29 February 2012. The cohort of hospital-based NHS microbiology diagnostic services serves 867,254 usual residents in the Lambeth, Southwark, and Lewisham boroughs in South East London, United Kingdom (UK). Isolates were classified as HA- or CA-MRSA based on whole genome sequencing. All MRSA cases identified over 4 mo within the three-borough catchment area (n = 471) were mapped to small geographies and linked to area-level aggregated socioeconomic and demographic data. Disease mapping and ecological regression models were used to infer the most likely transmission niches for each MRSA genetic classification and to describe the spatial epidemiology of MRSA in relation to social determinants. Specifically, we aimed to identify demographic and socioeconomic population traits that explain cross-area extra variation in HA- and CA-MRSA relative risks following adjustment for hospital attendance data. We explored the potential for associations with the English Indices of Deprivation 2010 (including the Index of Multiple Deprivation and several deprivation domains and subdomains) and the 2011 England and Wales census demographic and socioeconomic indicators (including numbers of households by deprivation dimension) and indicators of population health. Both CA-and HA-MRSA were associated with household deprivation (CA-MRSA relative risk [RR]: 1.72 [1.03-2.94]; HA-MRSA RR: 1.57 [1.06-2.33]), which was correlated with hospital attendance (Pearson correlation coefficient [PCC] = 0.76). HA-MRSA was also associated with poor health (RR: 1.10 [1.01-1.19]) and residence in communal care homes (RR: 1.24 [1.12-1.37]), whereas CA-MRSA was linked with household overcrowding (RR: 1.58 [1.04-2.41]) and wider barriers, which represent a combined score for household overcrowding, low income, and homelessness (RR: 1.76 [1.16-2.70]). CA-MRSA was also associated with recent immigration to the UK (RR: 1.77 [1.19-2.66]). For the area-level variation in RR for CA-MRSA, 28.67% was attributable to the spatial arrangement of target geographies, compared with only 0.09% for HA-MRSA. An advantage to our study is that it provided a representative sample of usual residents receiving care in the catchment areas. A limitation is that relationships apparent in aggregated data analyses cannot be assumed to operate at the individual level.Conclusions: There was no evidence of community transmission of HA-MRSA strains, implying that HA-MRSA cases identified in the community originate from the hospital reservoir and are maintained by frequent attendance at health care facilities. In contrast, there was a high risk of CA-MRSA in deprived areas linked with overcrowding, homelessness, low income, and recent immigration to the UK, which was not explainable by health care exposure. Furthermore, areas adjacent to these deprived areas were themselves at greater risk of CA-MRSA, indicating community transmission of CA-MRSA. This ongoing community transmission could lead to CA-MRSA becoming the dominant strain types carried by patients admitted to hospital, particularly if successful hospital-based MRSA infection control programmes are maintained. These results suggest that community infection control programmes targeting transmission of CA-MRSA will be required to control MRSA in both the community and hospital. These epidemiological changes will also have implications for effectiveness of risk-factor-based hospital admission MRSA screening programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Both low-level mupirocin resistance (LMR) and high-level mupirocin resistance (HMR) have been identified. The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiology of LMR and HMR in MRSA isolates at five hospitals that have used mupirocin for targeted decolonization as part of successful institutional control programmes.Methods: All MRSA identified in three microbiology laboratories serving five central and south-east London hospitals and surrounding communities between November 2011 and February 2012 were included. HMR and LMR were determined by disc diffusion testing. WGS was used to derive multilocus sequence types (MLSTs) and the presence of HMR and LMR resistance determinants.Results: Prevalence of either HMR or LMR amongst first healthcare episode isolates from 795 identified patients was 9.69% (95% CI 7.72-11.96); LMR was 6.29% (95% CI 4.70-8.21) and HMR was 3.40% (95% CI 2.25-4.90). Mupirocin resistance was not significantly different in isolates identified from inpatients at each microbiology laboratory, but was more common in genotypically defined 'hospital' rather than 'community' isolates (OR 3.17, 95% CI 1.36-9.30, P = 0.002). LMR was associated with inpatient stay, previous history of MRSA and age ≥65 years; HMR was associated with age ≥65 years and residential postcode outside London. LMR and HMR varied by clone, with both being low in the dominant UK MRSA clone ST22 compared with ST8, ST36 and ST239/241 for LMR and with ST8 and ST36 for HMR. V588F mutation and mupA carriage had high specificity (>97%) and area under the curve (>83%) to discriminate phenotypic mupirocin resistance, but uncertainty around the sensitivity point estimate was large (95% CI 52.50%-94.44%). Mutations in or near the mupA gene were found in eight isolates that carried mupA but were not HMR.Conclusions: Mupirocin resistance was identified in <10% of patients and varied significantly by clone, implying that changes in clonal epidemiology may have an important role in determining the prevalence of resistance in conjunction with selection due to mupirocin use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article documents the significant successes and major setbacks of a campaign led by Latin American cleaners for union recognition and better pay and conditions at the University of London. It shows how they overcame fear, resignation, intimidation, racism, poverty and cultural and linguistic alienation to find their political agency. However, their collective empowerment was met by dismissals and deportations. The article argues that there are a number of important lessons for the trade union movement to learn; namely, the need to have specific legal and campaigning strategies in place to defend its migrant activists as well as calling for the regularisation of ‘irregular’ workers. In sum, the struggle for immigrant rights is at the cutting edge of the global working-class fightback.1 [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

lthough knowledge of ring recovery rate is of crucial importance to establish demographic parameters, such as survival probability, this information is generally unknown for the dabbling ducks. The almost single existing value from the North American Mallard ( Anas platyrhynchos) is thus generally applied to other species or geographic areas, even though this assumption may be strongly misleading. In the study reported here, we have relied on a proxy for actual ring recovery rate, namely, the proportion of rings fitted each year that were eventually reported, to test for differences between duck species (Mallard and Teal Anas crecca) and between countries [England (UK) and France] for Teal. Potential trends over time (1952-2005) were also assessed. Ring recovery rate was found to have sharply decreased and at a similar rate over time in both species in France, and in both countries for Teal (e.g. from 22.7% in 1952 to 7.2% in 1992 for the British Teal). Teal rings were, however, reported more frequently than Mallard ones, and Teal rings were more frequently reported in the UK than in France. In recent years, a phone number for reporting the information has been included on the bird mark, with the immediate result of a doubling in the recovery rate in France. Adaptations to current ringing procedures that would improve ring reporting would appear to be necessary in the future if researchers are to keep ringing as a valuable source of information for bird demography studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary observers and historians have interpreted Australia's first Labor Prime Minister, John Christian Watson, as an ideal leader for Labor's early participation in nation-building following the inauguration of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901. Little attention has been paid to the values Watson brought to Labor's participation in nation-building. Race, defence and the 'cultivation of an Australian sentiment' formed the recurring themes of Watson's national narrative. Compelled by a need to fix an identity from the peripheral territories of empire as a British subject and the leader of white Australians in a nation, as he claimed, that 'we have made our own', Watson's narrative provides insights into the anxieties of racialised white identity in the federation period - an identity tested by conflicting class and national loyalties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to develop multi-layered reflections on men in England, Finland and Ireland. It connects autobiographical memories, the politics and the problematic of men, studies on men, and men's situation in three countries and societies, and their postcolonial contexts. In each case, personal, political and academic connections with the countries concerned are explored and interlinked. Though postcolonial studies have been developed mainly by those who are members of or in an ambiguous relation to social categories that have been marginalised by colonialism and imperialism, these perspectives are drawn on to interrogate and deconstruct the dominant. Postcolonialism figures in different ways in the three countries, providing multiple means to deconstruct men, the unified, coherent, individual and collective male subject. `Men', the mystified/mythologised One(s), are made material Other(s). Studying men needs to be less ethnocentric, less national(istic), and more fully located in transnational contexts. INSETS: England Memory I: Woolwich, Chariton, Greenwich.;Finland Memory I: post-war television beyond the Empire.;England Memory III / Ireland Memory II: Oxford….;England Memory V: Finding men problematic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the maternity portraits in England. The portrait of Mildred Coke, which is presumed to date from 1563, suggests that the birth of her child is expected to be an important dynastic achievement. Maricke de Winkel noted that in English art, ladies have the tendency to be depicted as pregnant during the 16th and early 17th century. The surviving English pregnancy self-representation seemed to have flourished from 1580s to 1630 with ambiguous reason to its growth.

Focuses on the eastern arm of England's Canterbury Cathedral and its relevance to the development of Gothic architecture. Construction during the formative years of the cult of Saint Thomas Becket; Early Gothic eastern arm's replacement of a Romanesque structure which burned in 1174; Analysis of building modifications; Reconstitutions of the intended scenes; Lack of provision for the pilgrimage cult of St. Thomas.

This article presents information on two conferences held to mark the 900th anniversary of the start of the Durham Cathedral. The author discusses the conclusions made at the conferences "Engineering a Cathedral," held at the Durham Cathedral September 9 to 11, 1993, and "Anglo-Norman Durham, 1093-1993," held at the University of Durham September 13 to 17, 1993, and the works that will be published on them.

This study was designed to provide a broad estimate of the level of dental disease in a group of patients attending a Regional Addiction Unit, and outline some of the perceptions of this group with regard to the importance of dental health and gaining access to dental services. In a survey of consecutive patients admitted to a day Hospital Service at a Regional Addictions Psychiatry Unit, 50 patients were with either opiate or alcohol dependence were surveyed and asked a range of questions in relation to their dental health. A basic dental examination was carried out. The majority of patients had either moderate or severe dental disease. Disease levels were higher among opiate abusers compared to alcohol abusers. A large majority of patients had experienced dental problems within the preceding year and there was found to be a problem in accessing dental care for this group of patients. Improving dental care for this group of patients presents various challenges given the high rates of dental disease and poor access to dental services.