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Deemed consent legislation for deceased organ donation was introduced in England in 2020, and is considered a vital part of the new UK NHS Blood and Transplant's 10-year strategy to increase consent for organ donation. Despite the legislation containing safeguards to protect the public, the introduction of deemed consent creates ethical, psychological and social un/certainties for healthcare professionals in their practice. In this paper, we offer insights into healthcare professionals' perspectives on deemed consent, drawn from interview data with 24 healthcare professionals in an NHS Trust in England, prior to the introduction of the legislation. Whilst participants supported deemed consent in principle, they were concerned that it would present a threat to the nature of donation as a 'gift'; the notion of informed consent (or non-consent); and the autonomy of donors, their relatives, and their own roles as health professionals, posing dilemmas for practice. We argue that healthcare professionals present themselves as guardians of potential (non)donors and thus as having ethics and integrity in their own practice. We draw conclusions around the values and principles that matter to healthcare professionals when contemplating consent in deceased donation which will be useful for organ donation committees and ethics forums. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses how men of the rural 'middling sort' in late medieval England used movable goods to perform their status and gender by applying relational approaches from material culture studies to bequests in their wills and testaments. It is based on analysis of 403 wills produced by husbandmen, yeomen and gentlemen from Norfolk and Suffolk, c. 1425–1538. Ranking between the gentry and peasantry, these men were major landholders, administrators and consumers in the English countryside, but their mentalities and wills have received little attention. Wills provide evidence for how rural men interpreted their belongings in life and how they imagined objects could help them prolong their patriarchal authority after death. By focusing on three moments when wills intervened in the lifecycles of things – commodity exchange, gift-giving and animation – this analysis models the relational interpretation of medieval material culture and reveals how objects helped create male, middling-status identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how music publishers recruited the gendered expectations of musical practice to market their scores to male and female audiences. It shows how the graphic and textual elements of title pages and prefaces were used as promotional material and reveals how publishers encoded gendered representations of music making into their printed editions in order to navigate the social worlds in which they were consumed. The opening section will discuss how music publishers appropriated images of courtship scenes on the title pages of keyboard tutors (to market their scores towards young women) and explain how prefaces could be used to placate the feminine associations of musical practice to help publishers sell to a male audience. The discussion will then turn to the concept of gift giving, explaining how graphic imagery could be used to place the score at the centre of elite romantic interactions, modelling expected commercial behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how gifts, and stories about gifts, to and from the popes were treated and discussed in twelfth- and thirteenth-century England. The first part explores the intellectual context in which these stories were written, namely scriptural and classical ideas about the gift that circulated in the period, and the practical challenges faced by the papacy. The second part explores how English clerks and aristocrats utilised these gifts and stories about them. The exchange of gifts, the article argues, presented the papacy and its partners with mutually incompatible practical and ideological pressures. Despite the efforts of skilled actors such as Pope Innocent III, these challenges could only be navigated, never resolved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People who are seeking asylum often have lived experience of their personal boundaries and human rights being violated. For this reason, it is especially important that we consider the impact of boundaries in therapeutic work with this population. This paper explores work with a woman with a severe trauma history who was seeking asylum in England. Examples of perceived boundary crossings in the therapeutic relationship are examined. Considerations for other clinicians working with asylum seekers are discussed. These include: addressing socio-political factors; being sensitive to cultural differences; the importance of supervision and reflective practice; the personal impact of such work; and using critical thinking and warmth to manage boundaries rather than rigidly following rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Book-gifting programmes alone show no evidence in improving educational outcomes for children in care. • There is reason to believe that book-gifting programmes supplemented by an increased role for foster carers in reading with children in foster care might prove more effective. • The Reading Together programme, which combines book-gifting and an enhanced role for foster carers, showed no evidence of improving outcomes. • Aside from the impact of the Covid pandemic, issues of programme targeting, recruitment and fidelity are possible confounding factors. There now exists a considerable body of international evidence demonstrating the consistently poor educational outcomes faced by children in care. These effects emerge early and worsen as children grow older and last longer term into adulthood. One popular intervention aimed at addressing this has been the use of book-gifting. However, there is limited evidence that this, on its own, is effective in improving reading outcomes for children in care. Moreover, previous research suggests the need for book-gifting programmes to be enhanced through including a direct role for foster carers to support their children's reading when receiving the books. This article reports the main findings of a three-armed randomised controlled trial conducted in the UK across 22 local authorities and involving 266 children, that sought to evaluate the effectiveness of an enhanced book-gifting intervention, supplemented by a paired-reading component for foster carers to undertake with their children, known as Reading Together. The effects of the Reading Together intervention were measured on one primary outcome, children's levels of reading comprehension, and also included a number of secondary outcomes (reading accuracy, reading rate, receptive reading and attitudes towards reading). The trial found no evidence of the effectiveness of the programme, which is attributed to both the possible ineffectiveness of the programme itself and/or the confounding effects of Covid-19 national lockdowns and other restrictions that impacted on foster families during the period of the trial. However, the trial raises a number of important issues which are drawn out and discussed including: which children in foster care a programme like this should be targeted at; how to better ensure fidelity through an enhanced peer foster carer support role; the involvement of schools in interventions like this; and the need for more attention to be paid to the nature and quality of the carer/child relationship. Implications for future research are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predictors of monetary donations to victims of humanitarian disasters were examined. Participants ( N = 219) chose between donating to different scenarios and justified their choices in an open response format. This was followed by a questionnaire. The perceived extent of the victims' Need, the Impact of a potential donation, and the Amount donated by others all influenced donation decisions. There was a three-way interaction between these factors: The perceived Need for help only mattered if the perceived Impact of a donation was high, and the perceived Amount donated by others was small. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A literary criticism of the book "Clarissa: or, The History of a Young Lady" by Samuel Richardson is presented. It outlines the book's portrayal of social institutions, family life, and financial status, focusing on the impact of material objectification, donation, and the gift of property on the character of Clarissa. The author emphasizes the book's portrayal of the concept of gift economy and suggests that it offers an analysis of the power of wealth and obligation in 18th-century England.

Abstract: The paper provides background context to the Anglo-Saxon concept of the ‘mead-hall’, the role of conspicuous consumption in early medieval society and the use of commensality to strengthen horizontal and vertical social bonds. Taking as its primary starting point the evidence of the Old English verse tradition, supported by linguistic and archaeological evidence and contemporary comparative material, the paper draws together contemporaneous and modern insights into the nature of feasting as a social medium. The roles of the ‘lord’ and ‘lady’ as community leaders are examined, with particular regard to their position at the epicentre of radiating social relationships. Finally, the inverse importance of the mead-hall as a declining social institution and a developing literary construct is addressed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Traditional studies of royal itinerancy have depended on locating the king’s progress through his kingdom(s) as precisely as possible and it should therefore not surprise that the iter regis in pre-conquest England has received relatively little attention, since Anglo-Saxon diplomas only rarely record their date and place of issue, making the establishment of the royal itinerary all but impossible. However, more recent studies, particularly by German scholars, have moved away from the earlier attention to the concrete details of the royal iter and focus more on the effects of itinerancy as a method of rulership, viewing itinerancy as a central part of royal ritual. This study argues that if we investigate itinerancy in tenth-century England from this standpoint, we can throw new light onto the subject. Contemporary sources reveal that in England as in France and Germany the iter regis was of great importance, with symbolic acts of feasting and gift-giving accompanying royal visits. The attention given to these ritualised acts in contemporary sources suggests, moreover, that Anglo-Saxon kingship possessed an important ‘charismatic’ quality, which deserves further investigation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Appended to the royal wardrobe accounts, the jewel accounts of King Henry III of England are the earliest records of their type. Describing gifts that were given and received by the king, the purchase of textiles, precious metal objects and specie, as well as the regalia, the Henrician jewel accounts provide valuable information about the aesthetics and material culture of English kingship during the thirteenth century. This article explains how the royal jewel accounts were created and structured, considers their utility, and shows how they can be used to shed new light on Henry III's character and kingship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the legacy of the 2012 Olympic Games in London, England for Great Britain as a whole. The relationship between viewing the Olympic games as a commodity subject to cost-benefit analysis and treating them as a gift proffered to the British people is addressed. The economic and cultural contributions of the Olympic Games to Great Britain are considered.

An essay is presented on the category of commodity food, and the circumstances that constructed it as gifts, rather than as items to be sold and purchased in early modern England. It attempts to understand the role of gifting in the great household. Moreover, the author notes his concern on the ways in which gift repertoires were used to secure political objectives.

The author discusses the relationship between generosity and obligation of gift-giving in England in the eighteenth-century novels "Millenium Hall" and "Sir George Ellison," both by Sarah Scott. Gift-giving was a reflection of social and economic concerns of the period and could be in the form of charitable donations or in the exchange of women in marriage.

Prosocial exchange systems support cooperation and exchange in support of more sustainable forms of consumption. While often assumed that exchanges within such systems are reciprocal, it remains unproven as to what extent reciprocity occurs. This study uses data from a live service – Streetbank.com - to present an analysis of direct and indirect reciprocal relationships (for interactions of giving, lending, and skillsharing) over 4 and half years. The dataset contains behavioural data relating to 5053 acts of offline non-monetary exchange. The analysis categorised different forms of exchange that took place – giving, lending, and skill sharing. These exchanges were then analysed for direct (one-to-one) and indirect reciprocity (chains of three or more users). The results show that instances of reciprocity are rare, and when present often span more than one type of exchange. The conclusion is that reciprocity cannot be assumed to be the norm in prosocial exchange systems. Practically, design and deployment should not be predicated on reciprocity. Furthermore, any means to encourage reciprocity should make patterns of exchange visible, and do so across hybrid forms of exchange. • Direct and indirect reciprocity between users of a popular prosocial exchange system are examined. •Reciprocal relationships are rare (1.58%) across three forms of prosocial behaviour (giving, lending, and skill-sharing). •Results challenge the idea that prosocial exchange is motivated and sustained through 'generalised reciprocity'. •Network analysis reveals users interact through fragmented chains of dyads rather than channels for indirect reciprocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides updates on several reports related to child care in Great Britain as of September 2018. The stillbirth rate for Great Britain in 2016 remained at 3.93 per 1,000 total births according to MBRRACE-UK. The number of people waiting more than 12 hours in accident and emergency departments in Northern Ireland has more than quadrupled in a year. Children in England are consuming twice the suggested amount of sugar according to Public Health England.

The article offers information on the new plans of the British government to extend the existing rules and regulations over gifts and hospitality in which doctors will be required to declare any gifts or trips they received from other companies.

Background: Solid organ transplantation reduces both morbidity and mortality. Donation rates have increased by more than 60% in the last 6 years in the United Kingdom, largely through improved identification and management of potential donors. However, the next of kin (NoK) decline to consent in 43% of cases-the second highest rate in Europe. We aimed to define factors that influence decisions to consent for organ donation., Methods: This is an online survey of 1549 adult residents of England with results weighted to national demographics., Results: Eighty percent would consider donating some or all of their organs. Religion, age, and ethnicity influenced this support. Concerns over body integrity, religion, and effects on the quality of care received reduce support. Only 48% recognized that NoK consent would be sought before any donation. Previous discussion and Organ Donor Register (ODR) enrollment both correlate with NoK consent: 87% would consent after discussion and ODR enrollment, 79% would consent after discussion alone, 55% would consent with ODR registration alone, and 29% would consent without either. Reported misconceptions inhibiting consent included a perceived inability to deregister from the ODR and that individuals were too old to donate. Those who did not wish to donate their own organs were more likely to overrule others' expressed wishes to donate., Conclusions: To ensure that organ donation occurs wherever appropriate, attention should focus primarily on determining an individual's wishes before death, ensuring that any misconceptions are corrected before a decision is made, promotion of ODR enrollment, and challenging those NoK who wish to overrule others' wishes.

Background: Live transplantation presents many stressors for donors and recipients, yet a holistic understanding of the process, from both perspectives, is limited. Gift exchange is a theory governed by the principles of giving, receiving and reciprocating and has many similarities with the process of organ transplantation. It may therefore provide a framework for understanding donor and recipient experiences of live kidney transplantation. However, the relevance of this theory to live kidney transplantation has not previously been properly explored., Objectives: To gain a theoretical understanding of the live transplantation experience from the perspectives of donors and recipients., Design: A phenomenological, longitudinal study., Participants: All donors and their recipients undergoing live kidney transplantation in a regional renal transplant centre in South-West England (between July 2003 and February 2004) were invited to participate in this study. Of this cohort, 11 families (n=55%) volunteered to participate., Methods: Data were collected through a series of 3 recorded, semi-structured interviews with donors and recipients. Interviews were conducted pre transplant and at 3 and 10 months post transplant. Data were analysed using a process of thematic content analysis. Findings were also considered within a theoretical framework of gift exchange., Results: All donors initially made an instantaneous, voluntary decision to donate and found the decision relatively easy to make. In contrast, recipients found accepting the donors' offer arduous, because of concern for their wellbeing. They were only able to accept the transplant after discussing the matter with their donor and establishing that it was something that they wanted to do. Recipients' lives were transformed by a successful transplant and they were subsequently very grateful to the donors for donating. Donors derived immense personal satisfaction from this outcome and it helped to confirm to them that what they had done had been worthwhile. The transplant did not have a detrimental effect on donor-recipient relationships., Conclusions: The concept of gift exchange provides a logical explanation of donor and recipients experiences in this study, particularly in relation to factors that influence giving, receiving and reciprocating. This understanding should help health professionals assist donors, recipients and their families throughout this process.

Chocolate has a number of extremely appealing sensory qualities, and often are given by patients to those working in hospital wards as a token of their gratitude. This study examines whether this has any harmful effects. Eighty nine qualified nurses, 21 ward assistants, and 18 nursing students completed a structured questionnaire, showing that on average 5.4 chocolates were eaten each day. About 2/3 of the recipients ate 1-5 chocolates a day, while a few (3%) ate more than 20 per day. The most common reason given for eating them was simply because they were there. However, a quarter felt that a healthier alternative would be an adequate alternative gift. Around a third of those surveyed felt that the chocolates had a detrimental effect on their well-being. It is unlikely that chocolates will ever be scarce on hospital wards because there is a never-ending supply from grateful patients. Consequently, it will be difficult to restructure the chocolate-eating habits of those working on hospital wards.