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In 2016, we (seven high school students from a school in Plock, Poland) participated in the CERN Beamline for Schools competition. Together with our team coach, Mr. Janusz Kempa, we submitted a proposal to CERN that was selected as one of two winning proposals that year. This paper describes our experiment from the early days of brainstorming to the trip to Geneva.

Describes the historical premises behind a traveling exhibit of Egyptian Hellenistic art from the Ptolemic Period. Focuses on the uniquely Egyptian characteristics of this art, including religious symbolism, costume elements, and characteristics of craftsmanship. (LS)

Examines the ongoing search for Egypt's origins from the Predynastic Period (ca. 4000-3100 B.C.) through the first two dynasties of Archaic times by looking at evidence unearthed in excavations during 1985-86 at Hierakonpolis. Shows how and why Egypt became history's first politically centralized nation state. (LS)

The article presents a teaching unit for gifted upper elementary students, which focuses on the Amarna Period of Ancient Egypt. (Author/DLS)

Covers the cultural and aesthetic significance of Egyptian mummies, as explained in an exhibition at Boston's Museum of Fine Arts. The display, "Mummies & Magic: The Funerary Arts of Ancient Egypt," allowed for restoration work which did much to advance modern knowledge of Egyptian culture and funerary art. (LS)

This brief article describes an archaeological expedition to the Red Sea coast area of Egypt in 2004. Kathryn Bard, an associate professor of archaeology at Boston University, along with her team, discovered the well-preserved cedar timbers of an ancient Egyptian seafaring vessel near the entrance to a large man-made cave. Limestone tablets with hieroglyphic inscriptions that detail trade expeditions to that region were also found.

Describes "Mystery in Progress," a traveling exhibit which traces the development of Predynastic Egypt. The exhibit provides a time line for Predynastic Egypt, depicts the history of the Hierakonpolis expedition, documents the formation of Egypt's first centralized nation state, and summarizes the emergence of a unified Egypt. (LS)

The article describes the publication of a new stela of the Chief Treasurer Maya from the time of Tutankhamun-Horemheb, with a long hymn to the rising sun. The stela, which was in the possession of Linant de Bellefonds, is only known through a handwritten copy by Auguste Mariette. There is no doubt that it comes from Maya's tomb in Saqqara. The stela shows Maya standing before the deities Atum and Re-Horakhty. The lower part of the stela consists of 20 lines of hieroglyphic text, with the last 3 lines almost completely destroyed. The text consists of two parts: lines 1-8, a hymn to the rising sun, and lines 8 and following, a concluding prayer with a list of blessings that the speaker, Maya, hopes to receive from the sun god. The hymn is an original composition or variation, while the prayer is based on the composer's personal oral improvisation. There are parallels to other inscriptions from the time of Amenhotep III to the end of the dynasty, but the arrangement is unique. The exact meaning of some passages remains uncertain. The Linant stela dates from the New Kingdom and is the only known source from this period. It is the counterpart to a limestone stela that was originally placed on the south side of the west wall of the portico in the outer courtyard of Maya's tomb in Saqqara. The stela was discovered together with three statues and a block in the Leiden National Museum of Antiquities. It is believed that the stela was found before the Lepsius expedition, which explored the tomb in the 1840s. The stela contains hymns to the sun god Re-Horakhty and the night sun god Osiris. The given list includes a number of books and articles on various topics related to ancient Egypt. The mentioned works deal with topics such as Egyptian religion, hieroglyphs, tombs, and texts from the New Kingdom. Various authors and their works are also listed. The list does not provide cohesive information or a main focus, but serves as a reference for further research in the field of Egyptology. The text describes various scientific publications and research in the field of Egyptian archaeology. Various topics are covered, including excavations in Saqqara, the representation of the afterlife in ancient Egypt, and the significance of inscriptions and reliefs. Specific artifacts and tombs are also mentioned, such as the stela of Maya and the tomb of Kheruef. The publications come from different years and were written by different authors. [Extracted from the article]

Whenever twentieth-century modern art or new contemporary artworks are included amongst displays of ancient Egypt, press statements often assert that such juxtapositions are 'surprising', 'innovative', and 'fresh', celebrating the external perspective they bring to such collections. But contemporary art's relationship with museums and other disciplines needs to be understood in a longer-term perspective. Pairings of twentieth- and twenty-first-century artistic works with objects of antiquity is an activity that has been undertaken for more than a century in what has been a relatively long period of mutually reinforcing influences between modern/contemporary art, museum display, the art market, and Egyptian heritage. Together, they have decontextualised ancient Egyptian culture and shaped the language and perspectives of scholars, curators, and artists. In this paper, rather than considering how artists have been inspired by ancient Egypt, I will give a few examples of how more recent art practices from the late nineteenth century onwards have impacted the language and discourse of Egyptology and its museum representation. Then, using more recent artist engagements with the British Museum, I argue for greater interdisciplinary dialogues between artists and Egyptologists, as both take more critical stances towards research that recontextualises the power and agency of collections, representation, and knowledge production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The export of antiquities from Egypt to the United Kingdom during the mid nineteenth century required an extensive network of cultural, diplomatic and mercantile actors, including private shipowners. While much previous research has focused on the political stakeholders in the process, as well as the archaeologists conducting excavations in Egypt, the attempted export of Menkaure's sarcophagus from Giza to the British Museum in 1838 allows for a closer examination of one of the private shipowners who was involved in this process – namely, Captain Richard Mayle Whichelo of the merchant vessel Beatrice. This article investigates the diplomatic processes that were required for the export of the sarcophagus and provides an overview of the history of the Beatrice and of Captain Whichelo, placing this within the broader context of the transport of antiquities during the nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ancient texts dedicating or commemorating temples that can be associated with archaeological remains such as architecture and inscriptions, along with identifiable kings who built or commemorated those temples and the specification of the elapsed number of years from a past event, are known from Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Levant over the span of several centuries. Although the texts originate from differing religious, cultural, and geographic contexts and were recorded on various mediums, the similarity in content, style, and objective indicates a shared tradition and allows the grouping of these texts into a distinctive category. These temple construction and dedication texts document a king or kings involved in the construction, reconstruction, or remembrance of a temple, a deity with whom the temple was connected, the location of the temple, and the specific number of years elapsed between construction or dedication and another significant cultural or religious event. Known examples come from Assyria, Babylon, Egypt, Phoenicia, and Israel, spanning the 13th to the 2nd centuries BC, along with a text from ancient Rome that was likely influenced by this practice. Because the kings named are known from various historical documents and inscriptions, archaeological remains related to the temples have often been recovered; since the construction or dedication texts record elapsed years in reference to another event, these texts can be analyzed in regard to their viability as sources for the history and chronology of the ancient Near East in the context of religion and official records of the state. Investigation of these texts alongside king lists and temples reveals that temple construction and dedication texts of the ancient Near East that included mention of elapsed years provide valuable, detailed, and accurate information that can be used to identify the existence of ancient temples in time, corroborate periods of kingship or other important events, and contribute to understanding a method of historical chronology used by the ancients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of archaeology, and of Egyptology, has traditionally been written as a linear narrative of progress, with narrow-minded amateurs—the antiquaries—giving way to professional archaeologists. For some, Joseph Hekekyan's excavations (co-directed by Leonard Horner) at Memphis and Heliopolis in the 1850s have been seen as a turning point, when the geological principle of stratigraphy was applied to archaeology, thus giving rise to methodical scientific excavation. This article challenges the existing narrative by showing how critiques of Hekekyan's excavation and Horner's interpretation, by the antiquary and historian Samuel Sharpe, inspired the eminent geologist Charles Lyell to seek the opinion of John Gardner Wilkinson, another leading antiquarian Egyptologist, as to the validity of the excavations. Wilkinson's specialist knowledge of Egypt enabled him to identity the problematic assumptions that underpinned the excavation programme, which other leading scholars had missed. Though Lyell was unsuccessful in obtaining the support he desired, he became aware of the more complex situation on the ground in Egypt. Instead of ushering in an age of scientific Egyptology, the Horner–Hekekyan programme highlights how new methodological techniques were contested by contemporaries, and did not immediately or necessarily translate into improved knowledge: a much-neglected dimension in fieldwork-centred disciplinary histories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research discusses mining and its relation with the science of energy archaeology; as well as the role of the tools used in the metal industry; during the Greco-Roman era in Ancient Egypt. It reviews the millstones and mills used in this era; as well as the role of humans and animals in energy production and the importance of wood and coal in biological energy production, in order to demonstrate the importance of the archaeology of energy in interpreting many businesses and industries of this era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to Numbers 21:4–9, the Nehushtan was a copper/bronze snake effigy that functioned as a 'magical' healing tool to cure the early Israelites from venomous snakebites they incurred during their desert wanderings. What is unclear from the narrative is the symbolic significance of the event, the materials used, the technical skills required, and whether magic was at play. Firstly, when considering the magical effects of the Nehushtan, we must define which type of magic—apotropaic or sympathetic—was involved. Based upon existing scholarship on the topic, the general consensus is that the Nehushtan represented sympathetic magic, underpinned in this instance by homeopathic/imitative magic. To highlight this point, this study will provide selected examples of both types of magic so that the Nehushtan's association with sympathetic magic can be illustrated. Secondly, and most importantly, we must consider why the image of a snake was chosen if the very affliction (envenomation) suffered by the people was caused by the creature now being posited as a symbol of divine healing. Did the ancient perceptions of snakes and healing play a role in this decision? Why did the early Israelites not question the logic behind the use of a magical snake effigy when both magic and effigies were technically prohibited by biblical laws? To answer these questions, the study will consider the historical background (the Exodus from Egypt), the set (geographical location), and the setting (cultural contact and influence) in which the narrative of the Nehushtan took place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arts Magazine is the property of Thamar University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Throughout the long nineteenth century, nations that tried to expand their consular apparatus in Egypt relied on numerous autochthonous members of the Egyptian elite. Since Luxor was situated next to the site of ancient Thebes, the hordes of travelers visiting Upper Egypt in the course of the nineteenth century relied in particular on the services of consular agents. By means of a multidimensional analysis of the two diplomatic clans that served Belgium's interests from the mid-1870s up until the abolition of the capitulation system in 1937, the Ayads and the Bicharas, this article provides a better insight in the integration of local elites into foreign diplomatic corps. By incorporating the fragmented and dispersed accounts of the services these consular agents provided into a general assessment of diplomatic culture, this contribution explores new grounds at the intersections of the history of tourism, archaeology, and diplomacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ars & Humanitas is the property of Ars & Humanitas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 2022, the author of this paper came across four letters regarding epigraphic documentation of some elite tombs in the Theban necropolis, Egypt, written by Dorothy Mackay and addressed to Alan H. Gardiner, at the archive of the Griffith Institute, University of Oxford. The author of the letters was the wife of Ernest Mackay (1880-1943), a British archaeologist best known for his later work on the Indus Valley Civilisation, who was excavating on the Theban west bank between 1913 and 1916. However, as further investigation revealed, Dorothy, until recently an obscure figure, was an accomplished scholar in her own right, who worked together with her husband, acted as a curator of two museums, and published extensively in times when it was far from easy for women to obtain an education, let alone conduct research. Despite that, the only recent sources discussing Dorothy and her scholarly accomplishments lack some vital details on her life. The aim of this contribution is to provide some further information and context on Dorothy Mackay and her research in the first half of the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "À propos du titre jry nfr- ḥȝ. t, « préposé à celui à l'avant parfait »" examines the title jry nfr- ḥȝ. t in ancient Egypt. The goal is to identify all individuals who held this title from the Old Kingdom to the Late Period. The investigation of the individuals who held this title can help understand the meaning of the expression jry nfr- ḥȝ. t. The article also includes an etymological analysis of the title and a list of the individuals who held it. The title was widespread during the 5th and 6th dynasties in the Memphis region and later used in the provinces as well. In the New Kingdom, only two individuals held this title, including Sénenmout, who was closely associated with Queen Hatshepsut. In the Saite period, the title is held by Haroua and Horménekhib, who have close connections to royal authority. In the Ptolemaic period, the title no longer has significance but is mentioned as one of the seven creation words of the goddess Neith. The title is also used in connection with the goddess Tasentnéféret. There are various interpretations of the title, including its meaning as a wig or as a designation for the wearer of the diadem in royal attire. This study examines the title "jry nfr- ḥȝ. t" and its bearers. It is determined that this title is associated with the king and his court and is associated with the care of the royal headdress. The bearers of the title could be either hairdressers or stylists. The title "jry nfr- ḥȝ. t" has been used since the 5th Dynasty and was associated with political-religious functions. In the Saite period, the title was also bestowed upon relatives of the divine worshippers. The title was mainly used in connection with royal temples and cults. The article includes a list of references to various publications and research works in the field of Egyptian archaeology and Egyptology. It lists various authors, books, and journal articles that deal with topics such as Egyptian statues, theology, Egyptian dictionaries, excavations in Giza and Saqqara, official titles in the Old Kingdom, hieroglyphic texts, and other Egyptian subjects. It also features some illustrations of Egyptian artifacts. [Extracted from the article]

Arid environments are suitable for researching the resilience of landscapes, since their ecological conditions pose continuous water stress to plants, animals, and humans living there. It is not only water, but also soil that is a limited resource. The arid landscape of the Eastern Marmarica (NW-Egypt) serves as an example for studying the resilience in and of a past landscape and its inhabitants from the 2nd millennium BCE to the 1st millennium CE, which is conceptualised as a 'social arid landscape'. The adapted life strategies and resilient practices to make a living in the arid environment are reconstructed from (geo-) archaeological evidence, discussing the applicability of the concept of resilience for ancient (landscape) studies. Resilience is an etic concept, depending on the perspective on and scale of a system. With the categories of 'event', 'practice' and 'knowledge', however, various scales can be bridged; life strategies can be defined as communities of practice and dichotomies be solved. Niche dwellings in the ancient Marmarica, where exposure to stress was normal, functioned because of an elaborate water management and the mobility of the people living there. The resilience of the arid social landscape is based on mixed life strategies, where only a multi-factored crisis (economic and climatic) or a series of smaller shocks (many dry years) could have destructive impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prohibition of fermented beverages in Muslim societies was the result of an interpretative process that developed over time. The Qurʾān serves as a witness to the prohibition of wine (khamr), but is silent about other types of beverages. Documentary sources show that Egyptian authorities in the first century AH stimulated the production and drinking of fermented beverages by requisitioning wine for Arab-Muslim troops, who especially appreciated ṭilāʾ , the Arabic name for a cooked wine known in Greek as hepsēma. Under the influence of jurists (mainly from the Hijaz) who condemned the drinking of fermented beverages, the caliph ʿUmar II b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz decreed, at the turn of the second century, the prohibition of ṭilāʾ and related drinks. Early debates over the lawfulness of fermented beverages discuss pitched and glazed jars whose impermeability permits fermentation. Based on a comparison between pre-canonical hadith collections and archaeological evidence, we identify the main Egyptian amphorae that were controversial. Whereas in the second/eighth century, legal debates focused primarily on pitched and glazed jars, the extension of the prohibition to all fermented beverages in the third/ninth century led to the rejection of all amphorae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Virtual Archaeology Review is the property of Virtual Archaeology Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The evidence for Egyptian Old Kingdom metalworking is reviewed drawing upon archaeology, iconography, metallurgy, history, scientific data and process replication. The charateristics of arsenical copper are considered appropriate for making copper sheet. It is suggested that the ore was initially obtained from the southern Eastern Desert of Egypt where Pre- and Early Dynastic mines are to be found and where there may have been mining and metallurgical expertise amongst the regional nomadic people. Chaîne opératoires are proposed for the fabrication of prestige copper vessels and for the production copper tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper employs a historiographical approach to review the allied fields of Egyptology and Egyptian Archaeology in relation to studies of disability and bodily differences in ancient Egypt. We incorporate critical disability studies and embodiment theories to consider whether ableism is prevalent across these disciplines. The focus of this study has been inverted from 'identifying' disability. Instead our primary driving question is: are Egyptological approaches to bodily differences and disabilities contributing to a production and maintenance of ableism in Egyptology? Here we first identify ableist narratives within numerous methodologies highlighting the need to reconsider existing approaches, terminologies, models, and assumptions regarding studies of disability in the ancient past. We then challenge readers to recognise ableism as a form of inequality in the existing scholarship, and in turn, call for better awareness of assumptions relating to bodily norms, terminologies, and inclusivity in ancient world studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abydos Temple is one of Egypt's most significant sites which has a long history that dates back to the ancient monarchy and continued until the coming of Islam and also served as one of Egypt's most significant ancient royal and high-ranking official burial sites. The main objective of this work was discovering more archaeological features buried underground such as ancient walls, monuments, and tombs. This objective was achieved using two near surface sophisticated geophysical techniques, namely ground magnetic survey and ground penetrating radar (GPR). This site was surveyed firstly using ground magnetic survey as reconnaissance stage and the locations which contain potential anomalies were resurveyed using GPR technique for determination the depth and the geometry of this potential targets. This site was divided into four regular grids and GPR model SIR-4000 equipment with 200 MHz central frequency antenna was used in this survey. The output of the magnetic survey is a total magnetic anomaly map which was filtered using High pass (HP) and first vertical derivative (VFD) techniques to extract the residual component of the shallow objects which may be archaeological targets. The results of the magnetic methods showed a group of anomalies which appeared on the residual map and were attributed to archaeological features by comparing them with the current excavated objects in and around the site. Their geometrical shapes and depths were estimated using source parameter imaging (SPI) and analytical signal (AS) techniques in Geosoft Oasis Montag Software. The estimated depth of these objects is between 1–3 m. Several hyperbolic shapes appeared in the radargram sections, indicating the possibility of probable buried archaeological objects. These potential objects can be found at depths of 2 to 4 m below the ground surface. The presence of eight probable targets associated with archaeological features at depths between 1–4 m is therefore the most likely outcome from both magnetic and GPR approaches. Therefore, this site contains potential archaeological targets which need confirmation by excavation. These results will influence domestic and foreign tourism in Egypt, leading to an increase in visitors and a rise in Economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Halophilic archaea are a unique group of microorganisms that thrive in high-salt environments, exhibiting remarkable adaptations to survive extreme conditions. Archaeological wood and El-Hamra Lake serve as a substrate for a diverse range of microorganisms, including archaea, although the exact role of archaea in archaeological wood biodeterioration remains unclear. The morphological and chemical characterizations of archaeological wood were evaluated using FTIR, SEM, and EDX. The degradation of polysaccharides was identified in Fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR). The degradation of wood was observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) revealed the inclusion of minerals, such as calcium, silicon, iron, and sulfur, into archaeological wood structure during burial and subsequent interaction with the surrounding environment. Archaea may also be associated with detected silica in archaeological wood since several organosilicon compounds have been found in the crude extracts of archaeal cells. Archaeal species were isolated from water and sediment samples from various sites in El-Hamra Lake and identified as Natronococcus sp. strain WNHS2, Natrialba hulunbeirensisstrain WNHS14, Natrialba chahannaoensis strain WNHS9, and Natronococcus occultus strain WNHS5. Additionally, three archaeal isolates were obtained from archaeological wood samples and identified as Natrialba chahannaoensisstrain W15, Natrialba chahannaoensisstrain W22, and Natrialba chahannaoensisstrain W24. These archaeal isolates exhibited haloalkaliphilic characteristics since they could thrive in environments with high salinity and alkalinity. Crude extracts of archaeal cells were analyzed for the organic compounds using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 59 compounds were identified, including free saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acid esters, ethyl and methyl esters of unsaturated fatty acids, glycerides, phthalic acid esters, organosiloxane, terpene, alkane, alcohol, ketone, aldehyde, ester, ether, and aromatic compounds. Several organic compounds exhibited promising biological activities. FTIR spectroscopy revealed the presence of various functional groups, such as hydroxyl, carboxylate, siloxane, trimethylsilyl, and long acyl chains in the archaeal extracts. Furthermore, the archaeal extracts exhibited antioxidant effects. This study demonstrates the potential of archaeal extracts as a valuable source of bioactive compounds with pharmaceutical and biomedical applications., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

As Near Eastern archaeology developed into an academic discipline throughout the nineteenth century, it led to serious considerations on the relationships between those ancient civilizations and contemporary cultures. Issues of progress and decline were particularly paramount as citizens of the European and North American powers considered what the collapse of ancient civilizations implied about the present. Related to these concerns were interests in material and technological progress, and thus the materiality of the ancient Near East became a subject of debate in regard to contemporary design. Here are explored some of the ways that ancient Egypt and the Near East were presented in these hyperreal spectacles, why the past was so fundamental to discussions of the present and future in the nineteenth century, and why comparative geographical approaches to the topic have been so compelling for nonacademic audiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent landscape archaeology projects have assumed that previous generations of Egyptologists eschewed research into environmental change, with the exception of one mid nineteenth century pioneer, Joseph Hekekyan. This article shows that this narrative is mainly a historiographical artefact with little basis in reality: scholars and travellers in Egypt were interested in environmental change, mainly in relation to the River Nile, as far back as the early eighteenth century. Debate about the extent to which Egypt's present-day topography had been shaped by ongoing geomorphological processes on the one hand, and ancient catastrophic events on the other was particularly lively in the early years of the nineteenth century, as was linking such geographical research to historical problems. This article concentrates primarily on the work of one English Egyptologist, Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (1797–1875), in relation to the ancient extent of the Nile Delta, and of the agricultural lands of the Nile valley, at Thebes. Wilkinson followed leading catastrophist geologists, notably Georges Cuvier and Déodat Dolomieu, and investigated alluvial deposition in relation to ancient sites, including the Isle of Pharos, Alexandria, and the Colossi of Memnon, Thebes, in order to reconstruct the ancient landscape, and answer questions relating to Egyptian prehistory and political economy. Although Wilkinson's work may have fallen short of modern standards, it nevertheless demonstrates that early nineteenth century scholars appreciated that Egypt's landscape was dynamic rather than static, and that they used this knowledge to further their understanding of ancient Egyptian history. • Egyptology assumes that research into ancient landscapes is a recent development. • Such research actually took place as far back as the eighteenth century. • John Gardner Wilkinson was a pioneer in the 1820s and 1830s. • Wilkinson was informed by the mainstream catastrophist geology of the time. • Ultimately Wilkinson was interested in answering historical research questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Roman-Egyptian mummy portrait of a young woman in a pink tunic is part of the Allard Pierson collection in Amsterdam. The portrait is well-known and a key piece of the collection, but has received little scholarly attention so far. The life and the afterlife of the portrait are therefore poorly understood. The authors approach the portrait from different perspectives: its provenance and acquisition, the artist's materials and techniques, the dating conventions surrounding mummy portraits and their cultural context. The authors advocate for this in-depth multidisciplinary approach primarily because it spotlights specific areas in mummy portraits (in this case, the pearl earrings) where iconography, materials and techniques and ancient socio-economic developments converge. Provenance research proved important not only for securing the object's bona fide acquisition, but also for tracing its second-life biography. These converging perspectives effectively cast light on research areas where more work remains desirable. In lieu of secure documentation of the archaeological findspot (which is the case with most mummy portraits) this approach is a powerful tool to nonetheless compose histories that help to understand the meaning of mummy portraits in the past and in the present and provide a durable framework for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article revisits the bureaucratic career of Abdüllatif Subhi Paşa (d. 1886), the prominent Ottoman statesman and pioneering numismatist of the nineteenth century, whose much-overlooked early migratory life between Morea and Egypt shaped his contributions to the principal Tanzimat institutions. By weaving together fragmentary biographical accounts, institutional histories, and Subhi's understudied academic work, the article also offers new historiographical approaches to nineteenth-century Ottoman antiquarianism, archaeology, and museology. The varied trajectories of Subhi's itinerant professional life allow us to trace intellectual networks between Istanbul and Cairo, academic initiatives of a diverse cast of Ottoman high officials, changes in the scope of the translation movement, and the growing centrality of history and its writing in cultural undertakings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The photographs also show excavators and researchers at work (fig. 251: F. Magi; fig. 295: A. Minto), as well as inhabitants, which helps to provide scale; Spranger was clearly interested in human beings as well as objects. Even though he was not a professional, Spranger took photography seriously as an excavation tool. Spranger's photographs have been published in their entirety here; they were recently rediscovered when the albums were sold by his heirs to the I Soprintendenza per le antichità dell'Etruria i and are currently housed in the Museo Archeologico Nazionale in Florence. [Extracted from the article]

This paper aims to define the way Egyptians perceived the boundaries of their land and reassesses the impact of Egyptian colonialism during the Ramesside period (c. 1292–1069 BCE). During this era, expansive wars, diplomatic action and land administration/governance reforms led Egypt to control a large part of modern Israel, Palestine, Lebanon and Syria. To refer to this period, historians often use the terms Egyptian "empire" and Egyptian "imperialism", extending terminology coined in the 19th century to describe modern cases of political dominance to Late Bronze Age Egypt. Furthermore, traditional scholarship also presents Egypt's borders in such a way that Egypt appears as a solid territory with fixed borders, despite evidence pointing to a different model of geographical division. Seeking to explore whether the use of modern terms on ancient Egypt may be an anachronism, this paper reviews the scholarship on (a) Egyptian records documenting conquests and (b) contextual archaeological evidence from the southern Near East itself. This review highlights differences between modern and ancient conceptions of land domination. Finally, Egyptian border-related terms are used in a strictly local symbolic cultural context but not in the one of international diplomacy. As for Egypt's boundary, it was mostly formed as a buffer zone rather than a borderline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is the origin of the earliest script in Europe? Is it invented locally or borrowed from an external template? How can we go about addressing this problem? A common view is that the script in question, Cretan Hieroglyphic, is locally created but externally inspired, probably through an influence from Egypt. But this appreciation should be the result of a full examination of the evidence, rather than a superficial appraisal of the script signs. This article reframes this approach, starting with generic assessments on origin and stimulus, and so opens a new avenue that takes into account the following aspects: 1) the establishment of a methodology for cross-comparisons between the Egyptian and Cretan scripts; 2) the situated context of the Egyptian and Cretan scripts in the mid-3rd to late 3rd millennium b.c.e.; 3) the local Cretan seal imagery; and 4) case studies of sign shapes, representing physical and immaterial referents across the Egyptian Hieroglyphic and Cretan repertoires. Only from this broad, multicentric framework, which has input from archaeology, epigraphy, iconography, and paleography, can we establish a solid method to address the origin of Cretan Hieroglyphic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines the role and agency of British archaeologists in the discussions surrounding Egypt's construction of the Aswan High Dam beginning in the late 1950s. The dam was conceived as a grand engineering project that would create new farmland and make Egypt self-sufficient in terms of its energy needs, but flooding caused by the dam threatened to destroy numerous archaeological sites along the Nile River on the border of Egypt and Sudan. With the blessing of the Egyptian and Sudanese governments, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) launched a complex rescue operation in 1960 with the goal of surveying the affected sites, in some cases removing entire structures to safe locations. Despite Britain's initial reluctance—four years after the Suez crisis—to participate in a program that would benefit an avowedly hostile regime, British scientific expertise and private fundraising soon came to play an important role in UNESCO's 'Campaign for Nubia'. Using diplomatic papers and the records of various scientific bodies, I will argue that British participation in the UNESCO archaeological program was a crucial avenue for Anglo-Egyptian rapprochement during the 1960s and 1970s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black organic coatings and ritual deposits on ancient Egyptian coffins and cartonnage cases are important and understudied sources of evidence about the rituals of funerary practice. Sometimes, the coatings were applied extensively over the surface of the coffin, resembling paint; in other cases, they were poured over the mummy case or wrapped body, presumably as part of a funerary ritual. For this study, multiple samples of black coatings and ritual liquids were taken from 20 Egyptian funerary items dating to a specific time period (c. 943 to 716 BC). Multiple sampling from each object enabled several comparisons to be made: the variability of the black coating within one application, the variability between two applications on one object, and the variability from object to object. All samples were analyzed for lipids using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and 51 samples from across the 20 items were further analyzed for the presence of bitumen using solid phase separation followed by selected ion monitoring GC-MS. The majority of the black substances were found to comprise a complex mixture of organic materials, including bitumen from the Dead Sea, conifer resin, and Pistacia resin, providing evidence for a continuation in international trade between Egypt and the eastern Mediterranean after the Late Bronze Age. Both the coating and the anointing liquid are very similar to mummification balms, pointing to parallels with Egyptian embalming rituals and raising questions about the practical aspects of Egyptian funerary practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Studia Nauk Teologicznych PAN is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences, Committee on Theological Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We correlate the gravity aspects (descriptors), namely the strike angles, derived from a recent gravity field model, with the known oil, gas and groundwater deposits/reservoirs and hypothetical paleolakes with the locations of archaeological sites. This allows us to extrapolate the investigation, by analogy, to unknown regions. The gravity aspects, derived from the EIGEN 6C4 gravity field model, are used, together with EMAG 2 magnetic anomalies and ETOPO 1 topography model, for the investigation of oil, gas and water deposits in Egypt. One of the gravity aspects, s/c strike angle, is significantly combed (oriented in one direction locally) in places where the known deposits exist. However, they are combed also in some other places. This may be used as a guide as to where to seek new and promising deposits. Accounting for the combed strike angles and the relationship between gravity anomalies and height differences, we reconstructed potential paleolakes under thick sand layers in the Great Sand Sea, Western Egypt (our previous work), and between Kharga and Toshka, Southern Egypt (this work), consistent with the known archaeological sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sudan occupies a fairly complex place in archaeological enquiry. This is not a result of the archaeological record, rather it is due to a particular perception of the Sudan, its archaeology and history. The first excavators were archaeologists and anatomists who either worked in Egypt or in the Mediterranean, while the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium encouraged white-only scholars to both conduct research and to be active members of the newly formed political service in order to 'know the natives'. In other words, archaeology from the outset was intimately connected to a particular political narrative and aim. This paper traces the historical context from the early 20th century to the development of archaeology south of beyond the Sixth Cataract south of the present-day capital of Khartoum, showing how it was created by Henry Wellcome. In particular, it focuses on the vast mortuary and habitation site of Jebel Moya, south-central Sudan, where new fieldwork is yielding fruitful results. Henry Wellcome's contribution to archaeology remains under-acknowledged. This long-overdue critical assessment traces and contextualizes the historical trajectories at play and situates them within the broader historical archaeology context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Answering a call for help from the Governments of Arab Republic of Egypt and Democratic Republic of Sudan, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) lead the International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia (1959-1968). Involving more than 100 countries, the campaign consisted in a wide range of archaeological missions along with financial aid aiming to preserve and safeguard the cultural heritage threatened by the construction of the Aswan High Dam, built on the Nile River throughout the 1960s. The location chosen for the hydropower plant's reservoir intersected the heartland of an extensive heritage belonging to both Nubian and Egyptian millenary civilizations implying the flood of several archeological sites and monuments of undeniable cultural and historical significance. This last chance to save the relics mobilized several scholars and countries that today exhibit their findings in their most prestigious museums. Entire monuments were dismantled and placed away from the inundations but still in the region, while others were moved to other countries as counterpart gifts on behalf of the Egyptian government. Under one specific angle, this article contests the well-established account that the international campaign was a success. The Nubian Campaign ends up normalizing a quite modern social phenomenon: to dam major rivers in name of national development. We then raise several aspects crossing the disciplines of archeology history and geopolitics as an exercise of counterweight to the official reports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]