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Cultivation of citrus in Egypt receives great attention because of its economic and agricultural importance, and citrus is the main fruit crop in the Arab Republic of Egypt. The most important types of Egyptian fruits, in terms of economic and nutritional importance and export value, and the high nutritional value of orange fruits is due to the high content of its juice from vitamins A, B1, B6, and the research problem was represented in the many complaints of orange producers in Sharkia Governorate about the decrease in their share of the consumer pound, which The increase in the cultivated area of citrus at the end of the last century led to a decrease in the prices of oranges By studying the function of the average total costs of producing a ton of the summer orange crop in pounds, and the marginal costs function of producing a ton of the summer orange crop in pounds, the most important results came as follows: The curve of the average total costs per ton of summer oranges takes the form of a letter U and this is consistent with the concept of economic theory, which means that the average total cost of a ton of summer oranges decreases with the increase in productivity up to a certain level (25.7 tons), then the average total costs start at The increase involves two stages. The first stage: The production of an additional ton of summer oranges up to the level (25.7 tons) adds less to the average total costs than the previous one, due to the production efficiency of the production elements used in the production process. It can be concluded that the production volume, which is the lowest average total cost of producing a ton of summer oranges, is about 25.7 tons, with an average production cost estimated at 745.29 pounds per ton. The actual average productivity per acre of flanichia oranges in the old lands was estimated at 14.3 tons, with an average actual cost per ton estimated at 1449.65 pounds per ton, as the average actual total costs amounted to about 20,730.01 pounds per acre, and the actual average total revenue was about 51,999 pounds per acre. The actual net return is about 18,338.21 pounds per acre. The actual average productivity per acre of summer oranges in the old lands was estimated at 14.3 tons, with an average actual cost per ton estimated at 1449.65 pounds per ton, as the average actual total costs amounted to about 20,730.01 pounds per acre, and the actual average total revenue was about 51,999 pounds per acre. The actual net return is about 18,338 pounds per acre. It is recommended to search as follows: Farmers must use production elements in combinations that lead to the use of these elements with the highest economic efficiency in order to be able to obtain the highest possible production and the highest possible return. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objectives of the study can be summarized as follows: (i) studying the production performance and economic efficiency for different types of dairy cows. (ii) studying the main dairy production problems or constraints affecting the milk productivity and total return per dairy head. The main results can be summarized as follows: (i) the total costs per kg of milk is estimated at 6.84 LE/kg for baladi cow, 4.77 LE/kg for crossbred cow and 5.35 LE/kg for buffalo cow. (ii) the net total costs per kg of milk (i.e., total costs less non-milk return) is estimated at 2.74 LE/kg for baladi cow, 2.07 LE/kg for crossbred cow and 2.59 LE/kg for buffalo cow. (iii) the gross margins and the net profits per kg of milk for baladi cow, crossbred cow and buffalo cow are estimated at 1.44 LE/kg, 1.21 LE/kg; 2.02 LE/kg, 1.88 LE/kg and 3.04 LE/kg as well as 2.86 LE/kg, respectively. (iv) the farmer incentive per kg of milk is estimated at 31% for baladi cow, 48% for crossbred cow and 53% for buffalo cow. (v) the milk quantities produced from the studied cows increase when the problem degrees decrease. (ii) the total returns from milk per head increase when the problem degrees decrease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]