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Tomato is the most widely grown vegetables in the world and also the most important item of the vegetables processing sector. Tomato is important vegetable plant in our agriculture map which used as food in many countries of the world and especially Egypt. It infested with many pests, among of the most serious pest, whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). This work was aimed to study effectiveness of acetamprid alone and binary mixtures with oil and foliar fertilizer against whitefly larvae mortality, egg hatchability (under laboratory condition) and yield of tomato plants. The results showed that in case of egg hatchability, adding fertilizer to oil, fertilizer to acetamprid and oil to acetamiprid cause decreased in hatchability percentage compared with other treatments. Also, the results illustrated that adding of fertilizer to acetamiprid or oil causing increasing in reduction percentage to B. tabaci larvae. In case of initial effect when adding fertilizer to acetamiprid cause increasing mean reduction percentage to 92.61% recording the first superior treatment. The results showed that adding foliar fertilizer to oil or acetamprid and oil to acetamprid recorded 85.48, 83.12 and 77.95% reduction, respectively. In case of tomato yield during two summer successive seasons 2016 and 2017, the results reported that the tomato yield increased when adding oil to acetamprid recorded 609.45 Kg during 2016 season with increasing value of 40.17% compared with control and other treatments, but control record the lowest yield (433.09 kg). During 2017 summer season, adding oil to acetamiprid recorded superior yield of 621.53 kg with increasing 35.53% compared with control. Impact of adding oil and fertilizer on residues of acetamprid on tomato fruits (washed and unwashed): Unwashed fruits in case of acetamiprid alone recorded residues up to maximum residue limit until 12 days from spray but addition fertilizer or oil to acetamiprid cause disappearance acetamiprid in 9th day from spray. Wash using water or acetic acid caused speed disappearance to acetamprid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inequality between available water supplies and growing water demand from diverse sectors, as well as the predicted climate changes are putting significant pressures on Egypt's food security. There is a nation-wide demand for new scientifically proven on-farm practices to boost water productivity of major food crops. The objective of this study was to explore the use of various deficit irrigation schemes to improve water productivity (WP) of tomato cultivated in Egypt under distinct climate change scenarios, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, in three time-steps of the reference period (2006-2016), 2030s, and 2050s. The AquaCrop model was used to simulate the influence of climate change on the tomato crop, as well as two deficit irrigation application schemes for the full growing season and the regulated application for the initial and maturity crop stages. With the same irrigation method, the predicted WP increased in a general pattern across all climate change scenarios. The combination of irrigation schedule with the 80% deficit irrigation can enhance WP near the optimum level (approximately 2.2 kg·m-3), especially during early and mature stages of the crop, saving up to 16% of water. The results showed that the expected temperature rise by 2050s would reduce the crop growth cycle by 3-11 days for all irrigation treatments, resulting in a 1-6% decrease in crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and affecting the dry tomato yield with different patterns of increase and decrease due to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar application is a promising sustainable strategy for enhancing soil properties thus crop production. However, biochar application to soil certainly alters its biological and physical properties, and could require extra costs. Therefore, biochar suitability to agroecosystems must be proactively estimated. The advantage of biochar addition to poor fertile or weathered soils has been well studies, however, its feasibility to fertile soil under low quality (saline) irrigation water was not frequently studied. Consequently, this work investigates the hypothesis of whether the application of biochar at a rate of 4.8 tons/ha to fertile soil (Nile Valley, Giza, Egypt) would ameliorate the negative effects of saline irrigation regime (3000 ppm) on tomato crop and soil. The results of two seasons experiments showed that saline irrigation significantly reduced tomato crop yield by an average reduction ratio of 51%, and biochar addition could not compensate such reduction. Furthermore, biochar did not reduce accumulated Na+ in fruits or roots. Tomato fruits produced from biochar-added soil were lower in TSS levels (41.7% reduction ratio) yet larger in diameter by approximately 1.5-fold increase. Interestingly, biochar addition into soil greatly promotes the length of stem-borne lateral roots and elevates the expression of LeNR (encodes nitrate reductase enzyme) in leaves yet under fresh irrigation regime. For soil properties, biochar application enhanced the soil properties under either saline or fresh water irrigation conditions. Collectively, it is assumed that biochar application to fertile soil in Nile Valley of Egypt could not alleviate tomato fruits yield reduction affected by applied saline irrigation regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The control of the two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch, a worldwide agricultural pest, is largely dependent on pesticides. However, their efficacy is often encountered by the development of resistance. The present study was conducted to evaluate resistance levels to five pesticides with different modes of action in field population of T. urticae collected from tomato plants grown in open fields at Bernasht village, El-Ayat, Giza Governorate, Egypt, using leaf-dip technique. These pesticides were dimethoate, chlorpyrifos, and ethion (organophosphates), etofenprox (pyrethroids), and abamectin (avermectins). Moreover, the common resistance mutations associated with different groups of pesticides in T. urticae was identified by quantitative sequencing. Very high resistance levels of TSSM to organophosphate pesticides were observed in Eg-Bernasht population. Also, the nucleotide sequences were aligned, megablasted, and compared for similarity with the corresponding genes in different databases such as NCBI nucleotide collection (nr/nt). Of the five common mutations associated with organophosphate and carbamate pesticides, three mutations were identified in Eg-Bernasht population: a threonine residue was replaced by alanine (T280A), glycine was replaced by alanine (G328A), and phenylalanine was replaced by tryptophan (F331W). One of the three common mutations associated with pyrethroid pesticides, alanine was replaced by aspartic acid (A1215D). Further two substitutions of amino acids, leucine to valine (L988V) and aspartic acid to glutamic acid (D1569E) were also identified. The common mutations associated with the target site of avermectins (glutamate-gated chloride channels, GluCl1, GluCl3) and etoxazole pesticide (chitin synthase, CHS1) were absent in Eg-Bernasht population. Also, with glutamate-gated chloride channel genes in one clone of Eg- Bernasht population, two substitutions of alanine to leucine (A308L) and valine to leucine (V309L) were identified. The results obtained from the current investigation indicated that four common mutations associated with pesticide resistance were present in the field population of T. urticae. These mutations were T280A, G328A, and F331W in the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) gene and A1215D in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene. An improved understanding of acaricides resistance in TSSM is important to maintain the efficacy of these chemicals for the control of this pest in tomato and other crops. We recommend focusing on the use of integrated pest management programs and pesticide alternatively to manage resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomato is the most susceptible hosts to many insect pests and broomrape, which causes significant yield losses. The present study was carried out with the purpose to know which infestation density of Egyptian broomrape (Phelipanche aegyptiaca Pomel) was affected on efficiency the bio-agent, Phytomyza orobanchia Kaltenbach (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in the area grown with tomato crop, which was affected at the same time by tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Gelechiidae: Lepidoptera) under natural conditions during two successive years (2019 and 2020) at El-Beheira governorate, Egypt. Three randomized fields cultivated with tomato crop in summer were selected during 2019 and 2020. Infestation density with Ph. aegyptiaca was divided into three levels, Low (1 – 10 shoots / plant), Medium (11 – 25 shoots / plant) and High (≥ 25 shoots / plant). Number of pupae in capsules, number of pupae in stems, total number of pupae in shoots and the percentage of pupae in capsules were determined per Ph. aegyptiaca shoot. Highest effectiveness of P. orobanchia (36.0%) was recorded in low infestation density with Ph. aegyptiaca, while with medium and high infestation density with Ph. aegyptiaca only 23.5% and 18.6%, respectively in second year 2020. No significant difference was found between low and medium infestation density with Ph. aegyptiaca in the total number of P. orobanchia pupae per shoot. At the beginning of fruiting stage of tomato crop, leaves and fruits were taken from the randomly selected tomato plants according to infestation density with Ph. aegyptiaca flourishes, to estimate the infestation percent by leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) throughout the two year (2019- 2020). In addition to, percentage of parasitism by egg parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma on tomato leaf miner was determined. According to infestation density with Ph. aegyptiaca, tomato yield was calculated. At the end of this study, under the medium infestation density of Egyptian broomrape the infestation percent by T. absoluta was (16.67%) synchronized with high percentage of its parasitoid, Trichogramma spp. (63.2%) with high yield of tomato (820 gm/ plant) compared with control (without infestation with Ph. aegyptiaca). Obtained data may provide information for improving effective of P. orobanchia in biological control program of Ph. aegyptiaca in the frame of integrated pest management (IPM) of T. absoluta in tomato fields. However, combining Egyptian broomrape (Ph. aegyptiaca) and T. absoluta in IPM program will contribute to management efficacy as well as avoid used each control methods separately for each pest. Further research is needed to choose the timing in combining between these pests to use IPM, taking into consideration efficacy, cost and environmental aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Chemistry & Biotechnology is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The research aimed to study each of: the evolution of the area, production and productivity of tomatoes for the three loaves in Egypt, the development of economic indicators for tomatoes in Egypt, the development of marketing indicators for tomato crops in Egypt during the period (2005-2019), and study of the development of area, production and productivity of the summer tomato crop in Sharkia Governorate during the period (2005- 2019), determining the relative importance of the area and the total production of the most important administrative districts producing summer tomatoes in Sharkia Governorate during the agricultural season 2019/2020, and estimating the productive and economic indicators for summer tomatoes in the field study sample for the year 2019-2020, and the economic estimate of the loss of summer tomatoes. Determining the factors affecting this loss, and estimating the economic effects of the loss from the crop on costs and revenues and irrigation water in the sample of the study, and also identifying the causes of the loss in summer tomatoes in Sharkia Governorate during the production and marketing phases and proposals to reduce the loss, and the research relied on the two methods of descriptive and quantitative analysis and the use of some methods Statistical data such as arithmetic averages, percentages, and stepwise multistage regression analysis methods of estimating losses on the data obtained from the personal interview of the farmers of the study sample, and the research relied on the published secondary data and random sample data from summer tomato farmers in Sharkia Governorate. The sample size was 120 farmers with 60 farmers from each district. The most important results were that the average area of tomatoes for the total lugs was about 504.81 thousand faddans, reaching a maximum of the summer loop by about 217.67 thousand faddans, then the winter loop by about 215.9 thousand faddans, then the the indigo by about 71.24 thousand faddans during the period (2005-2019), and the average available for the consumption of tomatoes is about 8330.92 thousand tons, and the average loss of tomatoes amounted to 2114 thousand tons, and the average surplus of tomatoes was about 668.2 thousand faddan, while the average self-sufficiency of tomatoes amounted to 112 thousand tons, and the total productive and marketing losses together amounted to 3.16 tons of tomatoes at a rate representing about 17.7% of the total production quantity. Total production losses amounted to 2.13 tons of tomatoes, representing about 11.95% of the total amount of production, at a value of about 4.9 thousand pounds, while the total marketing losses amounted to 1.03 tons of tomatoes, representing about 5.8% of total production, at a value of about 7.3 thousand pounds. The value of the qualitative loss represented by the loss in the case of sale at a reduced price amounted to about 3.3 thousand pounds. The total value of summer tomato losses is 15.6 thousand pounds، and it turns out that the total amount of losses at the sample level is about 25.2 tons, while at the level of Sharkia Governorate is 131.4 tons. It also turned out that the wasted area amounted to about 1.4 acres at a value of 6.8 thousand pounds at the level of the sample, and amounted to about 7.96 acres at a value of 38.2 thousand pounds at the governorate level, and since there is a waste in the cultivated area thus unifying a waste in costs amounting to 46.4 thousand pounds at the level of the sample, and about 261.3 thousand pounds at the governorate level. There is a waste of farm income amounting to about 89.1 thousand pounds at the sample level, and about 501.1 thousand pounds at the governorate level. There is wastage in water with a quantity of about 4.1 thousand cubic meters at the sample level, and about 23 thousand cubic meters at the governorate level. The missed opportunity was the result of the wasted area about 11. 3 thousand pounds at the sample level and about 63.7 thousand pounds at the governorate level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomato is a major vegetable crop in Egypt and worldwide. Yet, many plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs), especially Meloidogyne spp. and Rotylenchulus reniformis are a devastating threat to tomato cultivation in Egypt. This review addresses their biology, ecology, and economic importance from the standpoint of pest management. Soil treatment with synthetic nematicides has given some protection and enhanced tomato yields, but health hazards and environmental pollution are obstructing their intensive use. Moreover, some of such nematicides are being banned from the market. Therefore, safe biological control agents (BCAs) and their bioactive compounds should better be researched and developed to effectively replace hazardous nematicides. Abamectin, produced during the fermentation process of the actinomycete Streptomyces avermitilis, is recommended to manage PPNs of tomato in Egypt but further exploration should allocate where BCAs can reliably act with other agricultural inputs. Examples are given herein to streamline their development via synergistic interaction with compatible inputs such as chemicals and organic manure. Moreover, optimizing their delivery, interaction, and persistence under field conditions through novel ways such as the use of endophytic fungi and bacteria as well as bioactive molecules/nano-particles that have systemic activity in the nematode-infected plants should further be investigated and broadly disseminated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Plant Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research aimed to identify the role of agriculture in greenhouses in raising the efficiency of some agricultural resources. The study used descriptive and quantitative analysis methods. The objectives of the research were mainly based on preliminary data for a randomly selected field samples from vegetable producers in the Nubaria region its size (120) farmers, for the agricultural season 2016/2017. The results showed that the number of greenhouses in Egypt increased during the period (2003-2016) at a statistical annual average of about 2814 greenhouse, representing about 6.5% of the average number of greenhouses in the Republic during that period. Total vegetable production of greenhouses increased at a statistically significant annual rate of about 11.54 thousand tons. The seasonal fluctuations of the monthly labor of vegetable crops studied, it was found that the average working days fluctuated between periods of decline and height, which is due to the different needs of the monthly crops of working days as well as the area cultivated. The monthly seasonal fluctuations of agricultural labor for the study crops were found to be lower than the general average in January, February, May, June, and December. The results of the statistical estimation of the cost functions in the short run showed that the average total cost of the cucumber crop in the sample amounted to about 2360.4 LE per ton, the marginal costs of about 2609.0 LE per ton, and the elasticity of the costs of 1.11. Production which maximizes profit is about 20.6 tons. The total cost of the tomato crop was about LE 1464.2 per ton. The marginal costs are about LE 1470.3 per ton. The elasticity of the costs is 1.004. The production, which maximizes profit, is about 19.4 tons. The pepper crop has a total average cost of about 2441.5 LE per ton, marginal costs of about 2915.3 LE per ton, and elasticity of costs 1.19. The production, which maximizes profit, is about 34.9 tons of pepper. In general, the results showed that by increasing the production of vegetable crops by 10%, the total costs increased by 11.1%, 10.04% and 11.9% for cucumbers, tomatoes and pepper, respectively. This means that production is at an economic production stage, which means that it is possible to increase production by adding units of the productive elements used. It has also been shown that farmers in the vegetable crops under study still have the opportunity to increase their production to maximize their profits by vertical expansion in the production of those crops.The economic efficiency criteria showed a positive effect on the productivity of land (m2) and irrigation water (m3) units in the greenhouses compared to agriculture in the open field, where the productivity of (m2) of land in greenhouses increase than in the case of agriculture in the open field by 435%, 223% and 388%, and the productivity of (m3) of irrigation water increase by 508.8%, 403.1% and 240.0% for cucumbers, tomatoes and peppers, respectively. The results indicated that there are many problems facing the producers of greenhouses, which were divided into three main groups: structural problems, behavioral problems and technical problems. The results of the statistical analysis showed that the technical problems were the most influential with an average weight of 77.8%, followed by structural problems with an average of about 71.4%, and last ranked behavioral problems with an average of 61.5%. The research recommended supporting the idea of the national program of the "Thousand Greenhouses" project, and encouraging research institutes and colleges of agriculture in universities to hold training courses on greenhouses and the economic feasibility of young graduates to expand the production of greenhouses. Activate the role of agricultural cooperatives to contribute to the marketing of agricultural products, and work to provide soft loans for young people interested in investment in the greenhouses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Plant Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The biological control agents of endophytic actinomycetes was investigated to determine whether control of bacterial speck of tomato, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst). From natural infected tomato leaves showing bacterial speck disease symptoms, six isolates of Pst (Pst1, Pst2, Pst 3, Pst4, Pst5, and Pst DC3000) were isolated, it proved to be pathogenic and able to infect tomato plants under greenhouse condition, causing speck disease symptoms. From the eighty eight isolates of endophytic actinomycetes recovered from healthy tomato leaves plants, nine isolates were selected and tested for their potential inhibition against bacterial tomato speck disease in vitro and in vivo. According to16SrDNA analysis the isolates TR-24 and TR-26 of isolated actinomyces proved to be Streptomyces glaucescens. While the isolates TR-20, TR-32 and TR-34 were identified as Streptomyces graminisoli and isolates TR-25 identified as Streptomyces flavovirens as well as isolates TR-33 and TR-35 were identified as Streptomyces scabies. Finally isolate TR-36 was identified as Streptomyces roseochromogenus. Application of nine isolates of Streptomyces by spraying or drenching methods, all Streptomyces isolates were able to reduce disease severity of bacterial speck compared to infected control. Minutely, the spore suspensions of TR-24 and TR-26 isolates gave the highest reduction of the disease severity. However, the lowest reduction was achieved by isolate TR-35 compared with other Streptomyces isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]