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This study documents palynomorph assemblages from the Oligocene through the Early Miocene, across the significant Warm-house to Cool-house transition, using a subsurface section from the AG-5 well, north Western Desert of Egypt. Although the Paleogene and Neogene strata occupied a large area of the land, little about vegetation and ecosystem processes that shaped the climate and biodiversity during this time window is known. Here, based on a comprehensive palynological analysis of the Oligocene to Early Miocene Dabaa and Moghra formations encountered in the AG-5 well, we show that the studied area was characterized by a humid tropical to subtropical climate during the Oligocene-Miocene time interval. The obtained results provide clear evidence of the poorly known Paleogene-Neogene ecosystem in North Africa. In terms of palynostratigraphical framework, three palynozones covering the late Oligocene-Early Miocene interval are recognized. Moreover, the recovered palynomorphs inferred a deposition of the Dabaa Formation under a normal marine, inner shelf to littoral environment. However, for the basal part of the Moghra Formation, a deposition in an offshore marine environment, outer shelf (high sea level, 100–200 m depth) is assumed, whereas a deposition in shallow coastal lagoons, estuary, or delta environment (low sea level) is presumed for its uppermost part. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Palaeogene is a very important time period for mammalian evolution because it documents the first occurrence of many groups. One such group is the enigmatic Ptolemaiida, best known from the Early Oligocene of the Fayum Depression in Egypt, where it is represented by three genera, Ptolemaia , Qarunavus , and Cleopatrodon , including five species. Among these, Qarunavus meyeri is especially rare, as it is only known from two partial juvenile mandibles. Herein, the affinities of this taxon are re-investigated by applying micro-computed tomography (μCT), thus enabling the study and comparison of its unerupted permanent dentition with that of other ptolemaiidans. The μCT analysis confirms that Q. meyeri is a valid species, distinct from all other ptolemaiidans. Both the comparison and a phylogenetic analysis suggest a closer relationship of Qarunavus to the genus Cleopatrodon than to Ptolemaia ; thereby, placing Qarunavus in the family Ptolemaiidae. Furthermore, the μCT analysis enabled the assessment of the dental morphology of Q. meyeri revealing an unusual combination of traits, such as a very small single incisor next to a large canine. The eruption sequence of the permanent dentition in Q. meyeri implies a late dental eruption for the species, which would support the hypothesis of Ptolemaiida belonging to Afrotheria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The taxonomic revision of several species belonging to Marginulina and Marginulinopsis genera revealed that some of these species belonging to genus Percultazonaria and led to erect new species. These new species are Percultazonaria nodosa, P. seminodosa and P. unnodosa that were recorded in the Esna Shale and Egma Limestone through the Paleocene-early Eocene interval in El Hasana area, central Sinai, Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black shale deposits are widespread in the Paleogene successions in the Beni Suef area, Egypt. In this work, the mineralogical composition, total organic carbon (TOC), and total sulfur (TS) contents of black shales were determined. The organic matter (OM), thermal maturation, and kerogen type can be determined using Rock-Eval pyrolysis. The results show that smectite and kaolinite are the dominant clay minerals in the analyzed samples. Al2O3 and SiO2 as major elements and Zr as a trace element are dominant constituents of terrigenous origin of the Dabaa and El Fashn formations. The total organic carbon content reaches 2.27 wt% at the El Fashn Formation in the Ghaida Al-Sharqia quarry but 0.36 wt% in the Oligocene Dabaa Formation in the Maydoum quarry. However, the total sulfur content reaches 0.58 wt% in the Dabaa Formation but 1.52 wt% in the El Fashn Formation. These results confirm that (1) the Dabaa Formation was formed in oxidizing environments and oxidized the high volume of OM and (2) the El Fashn Formation accumulated in reducing environments of mostly suboxic conditions. The Rock-Eval pyrolysis results of the black shale deposits reflected a kerogen type III of terrestrial origin of the El Fashn Formation due to the high OM content preservation in suboxic shallow marine environments. The Tmax and production index parameters of Rock-Eval pyrolysis reflected that the black shale deposits in the El Fashn Formation are immature, but with surface retorting, it can generate natural gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A detailed study of calcareous nannofossils was conducted on a well-exposed succession encompassing the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary interval at Wadi Nukhul, Sinai, Egypt, as a part of the southern Tethyan margin. The nannofossil biostratigraphic data show that the Nukhul succession sustains a complete K-Pg boundary interval. The nannofossil assemblage indicates a shift from cool/oligo-mesotrophic conditions in the late Maastrichtian Micula murus Zone to warm/oligotrophic in the latest Maastrichtian M. prinsii Zone prior to the K-Pg boundary. At the K-Pg boundary, diversity, and total abundance of the calcareous nannofossils remarkably decreased signifying unstable marine conditions. The post-impact assemblage (lowermost part of NP1 Zone) was marked by acme of Cervisiella operculata indicating oligotrophic conditions in the photic zone related to the diminished of the marine primary producers in the lowermost Danian. At the upper portion of the NP1 Zone, the assemblage is still dominated by C. operculata , besides the successive occurrence of the small-sized incoming Paleocene taxa Biantholithus sparsus and Neobiscutum romeinii. This pattern was accompanied by increased frequencies of Zeugrhabdotus sigmoides indicating stressful cool/meso-eutrophic surface water conditions signify the initial recovery interval. Upward in the early Danian NP2-NP3 zones, the nannofossil species diversity and total abundance progressively increased. Also, the nannofossil assemblage characterized by the existence of the new Paleocene oligotrophic indicators like Cruciplacolithus primus , Coccolithus pelagicus , and Ericsonia subpertusa. This probably indicates a tendency toward rebuilding of the biological pump efficiency and, therefore, a full recovery phase was resumed. • One complete stratigraphic section comprising the K-Pg boundary examined in detail. • Calcareous nannofossils reflect a remarkable turnover at the K-Pg boundary. • Cervisiella operculata acme in the survival interval indicating starving ocean. • Initial recovery was evidenced by the presence of the dwarfed Paleocene taxa. • Restoration of the biological pump was indicated in the early Danian NP2-NP3 zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two species of fossil cichlid are described from Oligocene deposits of Libya. One is formally described as Libyachromis fugacior gen. et sp. nov. This species is considered to be the sister group to most of the remaining members of the African subfamily Pseudocrenilabrinae, perhaps close to Heterochromis, and is characterized by two predorsal bones, dorsal fin with 12–14 spines and 9–12 rays, 24–28 vertebrae, cycloid scales present on body and head including cheek, and only unicuspid teeth present on the oral and pharyngeal jaws. The second fossil form is less complete, and so we do not formally name it, but it appears to be most closely related to Tylochromis, and thus we place it in the Tylochromini. These new fossils increase our understanding of the diversity of cichlid lineages in the Palaeogene. The unnamed fossil supports the presence of Tylochromini in the Eocene and Oligocene of North Africa, as was previously suggested by the remains of partial lower pharyngeal jaws from Egypt and Libya. The named fossil adds to the known diversity of early Cenozoic cichlids that document the presence of probably Heterochromini along with Tylochromini in North Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The rich rodent assemblages from the Eocene-Oligocene deposits of the Jebel Qatrani Formation (Fayum Depression, Egypt) have important implications for our understanding of the origin and paleobiogeography of Hystricognathi, a diverse clade that is now represented by the Afro-Asiatic Hystricidae, New World Caviomorpha, and African Phiomorpha. Methods: Here we present previously undescribed material of the enigmatic hystricognath clade Phiocricetomyinae, from two stratigraphic levels in the lower sequence of the Jebel Qatrani Formation--a new genus and species (Qatranimys safroutus) from the latest Eocene Locality 41 (~34 Ma, the oldest and most productive quarry in the formation) and additional material of Talahphiomys lavocati from that species' type locality, early Oligocene Quarry E (~31-33.2 Ma). Results: The multiple specimens of Qatranimys safroutus from L-41 document almost the entire lower and upper dentition, as well as mandibular fragments and the first cranial remains known for a derived phiocricetomyine. Specimens from Quarry E allow us to expand comparisons with specimens from Libya (late Eocene of Dur at-Talah and early Oligocene of Zallah Oasis) that have been placed in T. lavocati, and we show that the Dur at-Talah and Zallah specimens do not pertain to this species. These observations leave the Fayum Quarry E as the only locality where T. lavocati occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Eocene was a key interval for the diversification of squamates worldwide. However, little is known about their early evolution in Africa due to the scarcity of Paleogene fossil squamates from that continent. One of the most important Eocene vertebrate assemblages in Africa is known from the Fayum Depression of Egypt, but only a few lizards and snakes have been reported from these deposits. Here we report the first Paleogene record of the clade Amphisbaenia in Egypt, from the lowest upper Eocene Birket Qarun Locality 2 (BQ-2). It corresponds to a mid-trunk vertebra characterized by a depressed centrum with a flattened base, hemispherical synapophyses, and absence of a neural spine. Additional material from BQ-2 includes seven vertebrae attributed to colubroidean snakes. One trunk vertebra resembles those of early Eocene Procerophis from India while the remaining colubroidean vertebrae are referred to Renenutet enmerwer. Caudal vertebrae of Renenutet are described here for the first time. Similarities in the caudal vertebral morphology between BQ-2 Renenutet and Thaumastophis missiaeni from the lower Eocene of India reinforce the hypothesis of a close affinity between them. The presence of cf. Procerophis and Renenutet in Egypt adds to the evidence for terrestrial faunal exchange between Asia and northern Africa during the early/middle Eocene along the southern margin of the Tethyan Sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Esna Shale Formation is broadly distributed in Egypt and one of the most of its important clay deposits. These deposits in the Dababiya area, Luxor region were subjected to intensive laboratory investigations (XRD, IR, and SEM analyses). The bulk and clay mineralogy of this formation varies from one layer to the next and comprises the phyllosilicates, calcite as principal minerals with remarkable amounts of quartz, feldspars dolomites, and anhydrite. Fluorapatite, pyrite, schaurteite, despujolsite, goethite, and halite are present in some beds but minor quantities. The clay mineralogy consists of smectite (41%), sepiolite-palygorskite (28%), illite (13%), smectite/illite mixed layers (13%), and kaolinite (6%). Smectite was differentiated into three species : nontronite (21%), Na-and Ca-montmorillonites (13%), and beidellite (8%). Smectites are dioctahedral with a typical fully turbostratic stacking mode and crystallite sizes varying from 2 to 3 nm. The detrital input is the dominant aspect responsible for distributing clay minerals in these marine sediments. The presence of shallow Paleogene constrained basins between arose land areas in Egypt, favorable to the neoformation of palygorskite and sepiolite, It indicates that most of the fibrous clay minerals present in this part of the Tethys could have formed in these coastal basins and that their presence is an indication of aridity. By transcending global sea level that occurred at the end of the Paleocene, the nonappearance of kaolinite at the Dababiya area (southern Egypt) and its richness at the Wadi Nukhul Section (Sinai, Egypt) no relationship is shown between differences in kaolinite abundance and sea level fluctuations during this period. Six units of clay mineral species were distinguished throughout this formation reflecting their evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Palaeocene–Eocene succession in southwest Safaga, Eastern Desert, Egypt has been studied to determine its lithostratigraphic units, biostratigraphic zonation, microfacies association, and depositional environments. The variation in lithofacies allows the subdivision of the Danian–Ypresian interval into four lithostratigraphic units that are arranged, from base to top, as the Dakhla Shale (only its upper part), Tarawan Chalk, Esna Shale, and Thebes Formation (only its lower part). Moreover, the Esna Shale is further subdivided into four members, arranged from base to top, as El Hanadi, Dababiya Quarry, El Mahmiya, and Abu Had. The depositional setting is interpreted to primarily reflect the relative sea‐level changes. The planktonic/benthic (P/B) foraminiferal ratio is indicative of oscillations of depositional settings in normal open marine conditions, ranging from shallow inner to outer neritic environments. Biostratigraphically, the Palaeocene–Eocene succession in the studied area is subdivided into 12 biozones and subbiozones. These are correlated with the standard biozonation of the Palaeocene–Eocene. Deposition of the Palaeocene–Eocene succession in the studied area took place on a relatively stable shelf. Three lithofacies were recognized: shale, marl, and limestone. The shale lithofacies is differentiated into two sub‐lithofacies; pure shale and calcareous foraminiferal shale, whereas marl lithofacies contains abundant planktonic foraminifera. The encountered carbonate rocks comprise eight microfacies types. In addition, the studied interval is correlated with the Global Standard Stratotype Section and Point in the Dababiya section, south of Luxor, Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Late Cretaceous sediments on the margin of the Arabia Plate contain information of tectonics and eustatic fluctuation of the Neo‐Tethys Ocean. The sedimentary association in the north of Saudi Arabia, combined with that from Jordan, Israel, and Egypt, revealed three fourth‐order sedimentary sequences that occurred in the Late Cretaceous and Palaeogene. The evolution of the sequences indicates that a most extensive transgression occurred in the south of Neo‐Tethys Ocean during that time, which deposited phosphorite and carbonate overlying the Devonian sandstone directly. The occurrence of thin and interbedded lithological layers implies vigorous fluctuation of the sea‐level during the transgression. We argue that the transgression is the results of tectonic activities and eustatic fluctuation, but may be closely controlled by the regional subduction and Neo‐Tethys collision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Paleogene record of pelicans (Pelecanidae) is represented at present by a single early Oligocene specimen from southeastern France. Here we describe a new pelecanid from the early Priabonian portion of the Birket Qarun Formation within the Wadi Al-Hitan World Heritage Site in Egypt. This specimen, a nearly complete right tibiotarsus, is the first definitive pelecanid recovered from Eocene strata. The tibiotarsus is remarkably similar to those of known Pelecanus species, but sufficiently different to warrant designation as the new genus and species Eopelecanus aegyptiacus. This represents the oldest pelican described to date and extends the pelecanid fossil record by ca. 6 million years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information on the taxonomic composition and stratigraphic distribution of small benthic foraminifers in the Danian–Priabonian Paleogene stages of Syria based on the analysis of V.A. Krasheninnikov's collections is presented. The small benthic foraminiferal zones identified in the Palmyrid sections within the framework of planktonic foraminiferal zonation developed by Krasheninnikov and correlated with the zonal standard of the International Stratigraphic Scale (zones P1–P17) are the following: Stensioeina beccariiformis–Anomalina danica Zone (P1a–P2); Vaginulina robusta–Pyramidina crassa Zone (P3); Reussella paleocenica Zone (P4–P5); Pseudogaudryina soldadoensis–Cibicidoides lybicus Zone (P6–P7); Hydromylinella wittpyuti Zone (P8–P9); beds with Paragaudryina dalmatina–Hydromylininellawittpyuti (P10 and P11); Falsoplanulina ammophila Zone (P12 and P13); beds with Queraltina epistominoides (P14); and Planulina costata Zone (P15–P17). The presence of species from these zones in other regions of Syria and Egypt is inferred from Krasheninnikov's published works. The composition and development of the Paleogene foraminifera of Syria and the Crimean-Caucasian region that represent the Tethys and northeastern Peri-Tethys biota, respectively, are compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maastrichtian‐early Paleocene foraminiferal palaeobathymetry, palaeodiversity and vertical facies changes of Gebel El Sharawna, south Luxor, Egypt have been studied to determine the depositional sequences, their relationships to global records and/or tectonic signatures. Five benthonic assemblages are recorded and replicated in the present study reflect fluctuation in palaeo‐water depth from restricted marginal marine to outer shelf palaeoenvironments. Four sequence boundaries that coincide with the Campanian/Maastrichtian, intra‐early Maastrichtian, Early/Late Maastrichtian, Cretaceous/Palaeogene (K/Pg) and intra‐Danian were recognized based upon sharp vertical facies changes, foraminiferal assemblage changes, hiatuses, mineral hard ground and reworking. The K/Pg unconformity reveals an unexpected ca. 4.2 Myr time gap as indicated by the absence of the CF2 Zone through lower part of the P1c Zone. It is easily distinguished in the field by conglomeration and winnowing of phosphate and glauconite in the lower Paleocene. These sequence boundaries defined five third‐order depositional sequences mainly developed as the result of the eustatic sea‐level changes, coupled with the Arabian–Nubian shield tectonic uplift at the southern edge of the Tethys Ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise of research. The fossil record of Pyrenacantha (Phytocreneae tribe, Icacinaceae) includes well-documented species from the Paleogene of North and South America, but to date, no fossils have been described from its present geographic range, the Old World tropics. We document endocarp remains from the early Oligocene Jebel Qatrani Formation, Fayum Province, Egypt, representing the first fossil evidence of this genus from Africa. We discuss the systematic affinities of these fossils as well as their biogeographic and paleoecological implications. Methodology. The fossil endocarps were studied by a combination of computed tomography scanning and reflected light microscopy and were extensively compared with modern fruits from multiple herbaria (representing all extant genera of Phytocreneae and numerous species of Pyrenacantha) to assess their systematic affinities. We also compared the Jebel Qatrani material with previously described Phytocreneae fossils. Pivotal results. The Jebel Qatrani fossils conform to Pyrenacantha in their overall size, surface ornamentation (pitted), and tubercle morphology and size (tubercles are peg shaped to spiny, like the tubercles of numerous extant species of Pyrenacantha , and the tubercle length-to-diameter ratio is well above 1.0, a feature that further distinguishes Pyrenacantha from other Phytocreneae genera). However, the combination of characters shown by the Jebel Qatrani fossils is unique among modern and fossil species of Pyrenacantha , and therefore we describe them herein as a new species: P. simonsii Stull, Tiffney, Wing & Manchester, sp. nov. Conclusions. The fossils described here indicate that Pyrenacantha has been present in Africa since at least the earliest Oligocene. Although Pyrenacantha is known from the Eocene of midlatitude North America and probably Europe, suggesting a Holarctic origin with subsequent restriction to the tropics in response to climatic cooling, the absence of older Paleogene fossils in Africa could instead reflect inadequate sampling. Given that all modern species of Pyrenacantha (and Phytocreneae in general) are climbers, we can infer that P. simonsii likely also had a climbing growth form, which is consistent with ecological interpretations of the Jebel Qatrani flora as representing at least a gallery forest if not a more widespread forest with appreciable rainfall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcareous nannofossil, δ13C, δ18O, and carbonate content data were used to define and reveal the variations across the latest Paleocene-earliest Eocene interval at the Misheiti Section, Central Sinai, Egypt. The upper part of Tarawan Formation, the Esna Formation, and the lowermost Thebes Formation were included in this study. In this study, the Esna Formation is informally divided into Hanadi/Mahmiya and Abu Had members. Four calcareous nannofossil zones (NP9, NP10, NP11, and NP12) and four subzones (NP9a, NP9b, NP10a, and NP10b) were recognized. The biostratigraphic importance of significant calcareous nannofossil bioevents associated with the P/E boundary was discussed. The LOs of Rhomboaster spp., Discoaster araneus, and/or D. anartios were used to delineate the base of earliest Eocene Subzone NP9b within the lower part of the Esna Formation. The global decreases of δ13C, δ18O, and carbonate contents at the P/E boundary were documented in the study section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Cretaceous and Paleogene periods, the Earth experienced tectonic and climatic changes, which included continental drift following the breakup of the supercontinents Gondwana and Laurasia, the end-Cretaceous mass extinction event, and several climatic events, including the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum and the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum. In response to increased temperatures and vacancies of ecospace left by the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs, mammal and reptile lineages that survived into the Eocene underwent immense evolutionary radiations that led to the diversification of crown clades, such as Crocodylia. Late Eocene deposits in northern Africa provide insights into how crocodyliforms responded to these tectonic and climatic events. Specifically, the Birket Qarun Formation in the Fayum Depression of Egypt contains several species of crown crocodylians as part of its rich fossil record of vertebrates. This study provides description of new material attributable to crocodylian taxa previously known from this formation, as well as newly recognized non-crocodylian mesoeucrocodylian material referable to Sebecosuchia. The sebecosuchian material provides important evidence attesting to the diversity of crocodyliforms in the late Eocene of Africa and expands the known biogeographic range of sebecosuchians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive field, litho-, biostratigraphy, and paleoenvironmental studies of the upper Paleocene–lower Eocene (P–E) boundary interval in the Gabal El-Gir area were conducted. Two selected sections El-Gir-1 and El-Gir-2 were investigated. The prevailed paleoenvironmental conditions were discussed in the frame of the nannofossils, planktonic, and benthic foraminiferal assemblages. Benthic foraminifera assemblages indicate a remarkable turnover across the PETM. The extinction of Angulogavelinella avnimelechi at the base of the PETM represents a significant marker for the base of the benthic foraminifera extinction event at this site and other neritic sites in the Tethyan region. The dominance of calcareous planktonic excursion taxa at the base of the PETM indicates adaptation to extremely warm sea surface temperatures and low nutrient levels. Also, our data suggests that the biotic responses to environmental change in the early Eocene resembled those observed in the early Eocene hyperthermals at the nearbay Dababiya and El-Ballas sections. This could indicate that similar processes characterized the Egyptian sedimentary basin during the early Eocene. Stratigraphically, despite the limited distance between the studied sections, the Dababiya Quarry Member (DQM) in El-Gir-1 resemble those of the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) but reduced in thickness. While in El-Gir-2, the lower part of the DQM was missing. These findings could indicate that the DQM was deposited in a submarine channel. Three third-order depositional sequences were recognized covering the P–E interval. The reconstructed sea level curve shows the presence of eustatic similarities with the global sea level. • The DQM at El-Gir-1 section resembled the GSSP with reduce in thickness. • A deposition in a submarine channel may be interpreting this variation of the DQM. • The DQM deposited in middle-outer neritic refers to a warm and oligotrophic setting. • Three third-order depositional sequences were identified throughout the P–E interval. • The early Eocene sea-level fluctuation may be caused by global hyperthermal events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the imprints of early Paleogene sea level changes on biostratigraphy and paleoenvironmental conditions atGebel Falig inNorth Sinai. Biostratigraphic analysis has allowed the recognition of 17 planktic biozones (Pα-E5) ranging from EarlyDanian toYpresian, representing continuous sedimentation despite the absence of Zone PO. Based on%P, four sea-level transgression cycles of the 3rd order have been recognized, the first cycle, spanning from P&#945 to P3a, is bounded by shallowing phases at the K/Pg andD/S boundaries, where sea level reached amaximum at the P1c/P2 subzonal boundary with a minor eurybathic shift in the upper part of subzone P1a. Agradual buildup of the faunal community in this cycle occurred within oligotrophic conditions. The second cycle includes subzone P3b, representing a middle neritic environmentwith a recovery of the benthic community and return of oligotrophic conditions. The third transgressive cycle extends from the upper part of Subzone P3b to Zone P5.Carbonate dissolution obliteratedmost of the benthic and planktic forms within Zone P5, but the occurrence of Kolchidina paleocenica within this intervalmay suggest a shallow marine environment. The Paleocene oligotrophic conditions ended abruptly with the extinction of Angulogavelinella avnimelechi at the P/E boundary. The last cycle extends from the base of Zone E1 to Zone E5. It is characterized by high %P and very low benthic diversity, which may have been due to environmental stress. It is concluded that shallowing and surface eutrophication due to upwelling are the main factors controlling the development of diagnostic Early Eocene assemblages in the study area and at other sites on the southern Tethys margin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Quantitative analysis of the Upper Campanian-Maastrichtian foraminiferal assemblages in Hawashiya and Umm Omeiyied exposed sections at Wadi Qena, Eastern Deseret, Egypt is reconstructed to study the paleoenvironments and relative sea level changes. This study recognizes eight planktonic biozones from CF8 to CF2. The preservation of the studied samples ranging from moderate to good and is dominated by small-sized of Heterohelix spp. and Globigerinelloides spp. reflecting nutrient-rich/eutrophic marine environments. Eleven benthonic foraminiferal biofacies are recorded and reflected inner to outer neritic environments. Three sea level drops are noted at the Upper Campanian/Early Maastrichtian; Early/Middle Maastrichtian and Maastrichtian/Paleocene boundaries. These sea level drops match well with the eustatic sea level drops which are tectonically effect especially at the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) boundary due to the absence of CF1 to P4a subzones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Cretaceous/Paleogene succession in Quseir area represents one of the most important economic sedimentary rocks, which contain phosphate and oil shale beds. Oil shale samples selected from nine mines around Quseir area were subjected to mineralogical, petrographical and geochemical analyses. As raveled by X-ray diffraction analysis, the oil shale samples are composed of calcite, quartz, dolomite, smectite, kaolinite, gypsum and pyrite. The petrographical investigation of the studied oil shales indicates the dominance of two microfacies: calcareous foraminiferal claystone and Calci-mudstone. The EDX results of oil shale samples show that the pyrite found as framboidal-disseminated particles in smectite. The high ratio of the sulfur and organic carbon contents in the selected mines indicate highly reducing environment. Five mines (El-Nakheil, Abu Tundub, Abu Tundub Bahree, El Beida and Hammadat) are markedly rich in organic content and can be considered as good to excellent source rock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-resolution quantitative analysis of the benthonic foraminifera throughout the K–Pg boundary interval on four sections (Wadi Nukhul, Abu Qada, Thamad, and Sudr Al Hitan) in south Sinai, Egypt was conducted. Planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy indicates a complete K–Pg boundary interval in W. Nukhul section, while minor hiatuses characterized the other sections. Benthonic foraminifera reflect outer neritic-upper bathyal setting for the studied interval, while outer neritic setting marks the latest Maastrichtian. The upper Maastrichtian assemblage indicates mesotrophic to slightly eutrophic marine conditions. At the K–Pg boundary in W. Nukhul, benthonic foraminifera display a significant turnover. A major change in the benthonic foraminifera assemblage which is marked by a decrease in the infaunal taxa and buliminids indicates a shortage in the food supply to the sea floor at the K–Pg boundary. This pattern was associated with increased abundance of the epifaunal taxa indicating oligotrophic conditions that linked to the food web collapse due to extinction of the marine primary producers. A partial recovery of the benthonic foraminifera was observed in the early Danian (Pα and lower part of P1a zones). A comparison between the data of the present study and other K–Pg boundary sites in the Tethyan realm indicates a similar shortage in the food supply with no oxygen deficiency. Two third-order sequences were identified in the studied interval based on the biotic attributes of the fauna. The obtained sea level curve was compared to the global sea level curve. • Four stratigraphic sections encompass the K–Pg interval examined in detail. • Complete K–Pg boundary interval is well preserved in W. Nukhul section. • The benthonic foraminifera experienced a significant turnover at the K–Pg boundary. • Two third-order depositional sequences (SQ1-SQ2) were recognized. • The obtained sea-level curve is matched with Haq (2014). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coxites zubairensis Smout 1956 is documented from the upper Cenomanian Galala Formation, Umm Khayshar stratigraphic section, Southern Galala Plateau, Eastern Desert, Egypt, and treated systematically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bir Dakhl section which is located in the southern Galala plateau, north eastern desert was sampled for microfacies analysis of the upper Cretaceous-lower Paleogene succession. Microfacies analysis led to the recognition of eight mixed clastic-carbonate facies types (black shale lithofacies MF-1, pure shale lithofacies MF-2, sandy shale lithofacies MF-3, marly shale lithofacies MF-4, mudstone microfacies MF-5, foraminiferal wackestone microfacies MF-6, bioclastic wackestone microfacies MF-7, and bioclastic packstone microfacies MF-8) of the studied interval. These microfacies can be grouped into three depositional environments: inner, middle and outer ramp. The interpreted depositional environments have been suggested to range from neritic to middle bathyal (~ 700 m). Based on cyclostratigraphy, five deepening upward cycles and three shallowing upward cycles have been differentiated in Bir Dakhl section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the studied section, there is cooling event started during the earliest Paleocene Pα till P1b Subzones. The warming event started at P1c Subzone and continued till P2 Zone. Nevertheless, during the late Paleocene (Zone P3) there is a cooling trend. Zone P4 is characterized by a warming episode and reached its maximum at the latest Paleocene and continued till the earliest Eocene (Subzone P5b), which indicate that the Late Paleocene-Early Eocene was the warmest period of the Cenozoic. It was possible to recognize four sea-level cycles during the Paleocene/Eocene; the first cycle marks the upper part of P3a Zone and represents shallow depth to ∼50 m; the second cycle (P3b/P4) marks another stratigraphic gap at the top of this zonal boundary, the third sea-level cycle (Zone P5a) marks the greatest paleodepth of ∼600 m whereas the fourth cycle represents gradual return to middle-shallow outer neritic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biostratigraphy and paleoenvironment of seventy surface samples were studied based on calcareous nannofossils along the Upper Maastrichtian – Eocene sequence at Gebel Duwi and Gebel Ghanima sections, Egypt. This succession includes three rock units, arranged from base to top as follow: Dakhla, Tarawan and Esna formations. Seven calcareous nannofossil biozones have been recorded, arranged as follow: CC 25c, CC 26, NP 2/3, NP 4, NP 5, NP 6 and NP 9b, discussed and compared with their counterpart in and outside Egypt. Four present stage boundaries have been discussed; the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary, it seems to be incomplete in the Gebel Duwi section due to the absence of the biozone NP 1. The Danian/Selandian boundary, it can be determined in the Gebel Ghanima section based on the FO of Fasciclithus tympaniformis. The Selandian/Thanetian boundary, it was difficult to trace in the Gebel Ghanima section, where the topmost part of Zone NP 6 was missed. The Paleocene/Eocene boundary, it cannot be accurately determined in the Gebel Ghanima section, owing to the presence of a small hiatus represented by the absence of the Subzone NP 9a. There is predominance in assemblages' taxa and were relatively warm-water temperature during the Late Danian in the Gebel Duwi section and highly warm-water temperature around the Paleocene-Eocene boundary in the Gebel Ghanima section. There are two ecozones have been recognized in our study. In the Gebel Duwi, the sediments of ecozone (A) are deposited in cool-water, and transitional states between eutrophic and oligotrophic environments, while that of ecozone (B) are deposited in warm-water and also transitional states between eutrophic and oligotrophic environments. The sediments of ecozone (B) in the Gebel Ghanima are deposited in warm-water and mainly oligotrophic environments. • This work concerns the study of the Upper Maastrichtian- Eocene sequence at Eastern and Western Deserts, Egypt. • The sequence was represented by three rock units arranged from the base to top as: Dakhla, Tarawan, and Esna formations. • Seven calcareous nannofossil biozones were defined (CC25c, CC26, NP2/3, NP4, NP5, NP6 and NP9b zones). • Stage boundaries along the Upper Maastrichtian- Eocene sequence were discussed and determined as possible. • Our study gives remarks about the paleoenvironment and ecozones of the most identified taxa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The depositional sequence stratigraphy examination of the Paleocene-Eocene succession in Wadi Qena has been carried out based on the quantitative analysis of the nannofossil assemblages. Based on the lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, paleoecologic parameters (relative abundance of calcareous nannofossil, diversity indices of nannfossil, life strategies of calcareous nannofossil, Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and Calcium carbonate (CaCo3%), the temperature index (TI) of calcareous nannofossil, productivity indicators of calcareous nannofossil and sedimentation rate (SR). We detected six nannofossil biozones in the Paleocene-Eocene succession from NP4 to NP10 zones. The Se/Th boundary can be found in the NP7/8 Zone of the Hawashiya succession and the lower part of the NP9 Zone of the Abu Had succession. The P/E boundary is placed in the upper part of the NP9 Zone in the Hawashiya succession, and in the Abu Had sections, it coincides with the NP9/NP10 zonal boundary. These sea level falls compete well with the eustatic sea level drops that are only found in the Paleogene and are linked to tectonic events. In all, five stratigraphic sequences were recognized in the studied area. The first depositional sequence A (DS A) occurs within the nannofossil NP4 zone in the lower part of the Dakhla Formation, the second depositional sequence B (DS B) occurs in Fasciculithus tympaniformis (NP5) Zone in the Dakhla Formation, the third depositional sequence C (DS C) occurs between Heliolithus kleinpelli (NP6) and the lower part of the Discoaster multiradiatus (NP9) Zone, the fourth depositional sequence D (DS D) falls within the interval of Discoaster multiradiatus (NP9) Zone. It covers the Upper Paleocene part of the Esna Formation at Hawashiya and Abu Had sections, the fifth depositional sequence E (DS E) within the interval of the Tribrachiatus contortus Zone (NP10). It covers the Early Eocene (Ypresian) part of the Esna Formation (El Shaghab member) at Hawashiya and Abu Had sections. • Description of the depositional sequence stratigraphy of the Wadi Qena successions. • Decadal scale paleoenvironmental changes in Paleocene-Eocene successions. • Six nannofossil biozones and stage boundaries along the Paleocene-Eocene succession. • Deduce five stratigraphic sequences using palaeoecological parameters. • These sea level drops match well with the eustatic sea level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrated litho- and bio-stratigraphic investigations were conducted on the Paleocene-Eocene successions (P-E) of El-Ballas area (Qena region, Egypt) to map the Dababiya Quarry Member (DQM). Three formations include Dakhla, Tarawan, and Esna were recorded in three sections (El-Ballas-1, El-Ballas-2, and El-Ballas-3). The age of the studied interval was estimated based on the calcareous nannofossils and the planktonic foraminifera. Six planktonic foraminifera and seven calcareous nannofossil zones/subzones were recorded covering the Paleocene-Eocene interval. The paleoenvironmental interpretations were established based on the calcareous nannofossils and benthic foraminifera. The deposition of the DQM was characterized by warm oligotrophic conditions in an outer neritic setting. In addition, the DQM which encompasses the Paleocene/Eocene boundary at El-Ballas-1 resembles the Global Stratotype Section and Point, despite its reduced in thickness. The absence of the lower part of the DQM (beds 1–3) and the presence of 5 cm of sandstone and pebbles beds at the El-Ballas-2 in addition to the sharp upper base of DQM at the El-Ballas-3 indicate subaerial erosion or deposition in a submarine channel. • The Dababiya Quarry Member (DQM) is traced in three sections in El-Ballas area. • The DQM at El-Ballas-1 section resembled the GSSP with reduce in the thickness. • Warm oligotrophic condition marks the deposition of the DQM in outer neritic setting. • Variation of the DQM may be due to the effect of syn-sedimentary tectonic. • A deposition in submarine channel may be interpreting this variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The foraminiferal contents of three surface sections [Gebel Tarboul, Wadi Tarfa (WT) and Bir Dakhl (BD) sections] in southern Galala area, North-Eastern Desert, Egypt, have been studied in detail and used in biostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy of the upper Cretaceous–Paleogene successions. Sixty-nine planktonic foraminiferal species belonging to 23 genera have yielded 17 biozones. They are given in ascending order:Globotruncana aegyptiacaInterval Zone (IZ),Gansserina gansseriIZ,Contusotruncana contusa–Racemiguembelina fructicosaIZ,Abathomphalus mayaroensisIZ, P1c, P2, P3, P3a, P3b, P4, P4a, P4b, P4c, P5, E1, E2, E3, E4 and E5. Moreover, local and widespread regional hiatus was detected in the pelagic to hemipelagic sequence during Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary in southern Galala Sub-basin. This hiatus corresponds to the Early Maastrichtian–Early Eocene in Gebel Tarboul, the interval between Late Maastrichtian–Early Paleocene throughout WT sequences and Late Maastrichtian–Late Paleocene in BD section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myzopodidae is a family of bats today represented by two extant species of the genus Myzopoda that are restricted to the island of Madagascar. These bats possess uniquely derived adhesive pads on their thumbs and ankles that they use for clinging to smooth roosting surfaces. Only one fossil myzopodid has been reported previously, a humerus from Pleistocene deposits at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania that was tentatively referred to the genus Myzopoda. Here we describe a new genus and two new species of myzopodids based on dental remains from Paleogene deposits in the Fayum Depression in Egypt, and provide an emended diagnosis for the family Myzopodidae. Phasmatonycteris phiomensis n. sp. is represented by four specimens from the early Oligocene Jebel Qatrani Formation and P. butleri n. sp. is known from a single specimen from the late Eocene Birket Qarun Formation. Together these specimens extend the temporal range of Myzopodidae by 36+ million years, and the geographic range by nearly 4000 kilometers. The new myzopodids, along with previously described bats from the Fayum and Australia, suggest that eastern Gondwana played a critical role in the origin and diversification of several bats clades notably including the superfamily Noctilionoidea, the majority of which live in the Neotropics today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The variations in assemblages of calcareous nannofossils are tracked in the Dakhla and Tarawan Formations exposed at Gebel Nezzazat (central Sinai, Egypt). Five calcareous nannofossil biozones, namely NP2/3, NP4, NP5, NP6, and NP7/8 are identified. A distinct marker bed related to the Latest Danian Event (LDE) occurs within the Dakhla Fm. The earliest representative of fasciculiths, Lithoptychius schmitzii, first occurs just below the LDE distinct bed and is followed by the Los of Diantholitha alata, D. mariposa, L. varolii, L. felis, and L. collaris. The abundance of calcareous nannofossils drops within the LDE distinctive bed. The base of Selandian Stage is here approximated at the base of Zone NP5 in concurrence with a sudden drop in the abundance of calcareous nannofossils. No considerable lithological changes are noted across this transition. The absence of subsequent occurrences of L. ulii, L. janii, L. billii, and L. stegostus suggest inconsistent lowest occurrences (Los) of these taxa, insufficient sampling resolution, and/or a hiatus. The base of Thanetian is approximated with the base of Zone NP7/8 in the topmost of Dakhla Fm. No considerable changes in calcareous nannofossil assemblages are associated in correspondence to this transition except the LO of D. mohleri, lowest continuous occurrence (LctO) of Bomolithus megastypus, and the increase in abundance of Heliolithus kleinpellii as well as a sudden drop in abundance within Zone NP7/8. The variations in calcareous nannofossil assemblages at Gebel Nezzazat suggest prevailing warm-water and oligotrophic conditions during the Paleocene and particularly along the Danian Stage that are interrupted by minor fluctuations in paleoclimatic conditions. In particular, the Danian–Selandian transition marks a decrease in warm and oligotrophic conditions that persisted along the Selandian Stage. The Selandian–Thanetian transition shows an increase of warm and oligotrophic conditions prevailed in the Thanetian record. The sudden decrease in abundance of calcareous nannofossils in both the Selandian and Thanetian is likely resulted from an increase in dissolution of carbonates rather than variations in the paleotemperature and/or paleofertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The stratigraphy, sedimentology and syn-depositional tectonic events (SdTEs) of the Upper Cretaceous/Paleogene (K–P) succession at four localities in north Eastern Desert (NED) of Egypt have been studied. These localities are distributed from south-southwest to north-northeast at Gebel Millaha, at North Wadi Qena, at Wadi El Dakhal, and at Saint Paul Monastery. Lithostratigraphically, four rock units have been recorded: Sudr Formation (Campanian–Maastrichtian); Dakhla Formation (Danian–Selandian); Tarawan Formation (Selandian–Thanetian) and Esna Formation (Thanetian–Ypresian). These rock units are not completely represented all over the study area because some of them are absent at certain sites and others have variable thicknesses. Biostratigrapgically, 18 planktonic foraminiferal zones have been recorded. These are in stratigraphic order: Globotruncana ventricosa Zone (Campanian); Gansserina gansseri, Contusotruncana contusa, Recimguembelina fructicosa, Pseudohastigerina hariaensis, Pseudohastigerina palpebra and Plummerita hantkenenoides zones (Maastrichtian); Praemurica incostans, Praemurica uncinata, Morozovella angulata and Praemurica carinata/Igorina albeari zones (Danian); Igorina albeari, Globanomanlina pseudomenradii/Parasubbotina variospira, Acarinina subsphaerica, Acarinina soldadoensis/Globanomanlina pseudomenardii and Morozovella velascoensis zones (Selandian/Thantian); and Acarinina sibaiyaensis, Pseudohastigerina wilcoxensis/Morozovella velascoensis zones (earliest Ypresian). Sedimentologically, four sedimentary facies belts forming southwest gently-dipping slope to basin transect have been detected. They include tidal flats, outer shelf, slumped continental slope and open marine hemipelagic facies. This transect can be subdivided into a stable basin plain plus outer shelf in the extreme southwestern parts; and an unstable slope shelf platform in the northeastern parts. The unstable slope shelf platform is characterized by open marine hemipelagic, fine-grained limestones and fine siliciclastic shales (Sudr, Dakhla, Tarawan and Esna formations). The northeastern parts are marked by little contents of planktonic foraminifera and dolomitized, slumped carbonates, intercalated with basinal facies. Tectonically, four remarkable syn-depositional tectonic events (SdTEs) controlled the evolution of the studied succession. These events took place strongly within the Campanian–Ypresian time interval and were still active till Late Eocene. These events took place at: the Santonian/Campanian (S/C) boundary; the Campanian/Maastrichtian (C/M) boundary; the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/P) boundary; and the Middle Paleocene–Early Eocene interval. These tectonic events are four pronounced phases in the tectonic history of the Syrian Arc System (SAS), the collision of the Afro-Arabian and Eurasian plates as well as the closure of the Tethys Sea. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder of motor neurons causing progressive muscle weakness, paralysis, and finally death. ALS patients suffer from asthenia and their progressive weakness negatively impacts quality of life, limiting their daily activities. They have impaired energy balance linked to lower activity of mitochondrial electron transport chain enzymes in ALS spinal cord, suggesting that improving mitochondrial function may present a therapeutic approach for ALS. When fed a ketogenic diet, the G93A ALS mouse shows a significant increase in serum ketones as well as a significantly slower progression of weakness and lower mortality rate. In this study, we treated SOD1-G93A mice with caprylic triglyceride, a medium chain triglyceride that is metabolized into ketone bodies and can serve as an alternate energy substrate for neuronal metabolism. Treatment with caprylic triglyceride attenuated progression of weakness and protected spinal cord motor neuron loss in SOD1-G93A transgenic animals, significantly improving their performance even though there was no significant benefit regarding the survival of the ALS transgenic animals. We found that caprylic triglyceride significantly promoted the mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate in vivo. Our results demonstrated that caprylic triglyceride alleviates ALS-type motor impairment through restoration of energy metabolism in SOD1-G93A ALS mice, especially during the overt stage of the disease. These data indicate the feasibility of using caprylic acid as an easily administered treatment with a high impact on the quality of life of ALS patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work deals with the plankton stratigraphy of the subsurface Upper Cretaceous-Palaeogene succession of the East Bahariya Concession based on planktonic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossils. The examination of the cuttings from five wells: AQSA-1X, KARMA-E- 1X, KARMA-3X, KARMA-NW- 1X and KARMA-NW-5X is biostratigraphically evaluated. It is possible to identify the planktonic foraminifera as well as the calcareous nannofossil biozones. The analyses of calcareous nannofossils revealed the presence of several hiatuses. Information obtained from well data such as seismic facies analysis for the studied area has enabled classification of the Upper Cretaceous-Palaeogene succession into five maj or 2"d order depositional sequences, separated by four major depositional sequence boundaries (SB1, SB2, 8B3 and SB4). The Upper Cretaceous-Palaeogene succession in the East Bahariya is divided into 17 systems tracts. These systems tracts are: 7 System tracts ofprobab!e Cenomanian age, (the sequence stratigraphic framework as well as the cycles and system tracts of the Cenomanian Bahariya Formation match well with those of CATUNEANU et al., 2006); 4 System tracts of Turonian age, 2 System tracts.of Campanian-Maastrichtian age and 4 System tracts of Eocene age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integration of the calcareous nannofossil and planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphies has been performed for the Upper Maastrichtian- Palaeocene successions at Gebel Umm Khushayb and west E1-Hassana sections (north-central Sinai, Egypt). The studied successions include the uppermost part of the Sudr, Dakhla, and Tarawan formations and their lateral coeval Beida Formation. Biostratigraphic analysis has allowed recognition from Zone CF2 to Zone P4 in terms of planktonic foraminifera and from Zone CC26c to Zone NP7/8 in terms of calcareous nannofossils. The Maastrichtian/Palaeogene (K/Pg) boundary is characterized by an erosional surface that marks a hiatus between the Sudr/Dakhla or Sudr/Beida formation boundaries, as confirmed by the absence of the planktonic foraminiferal CF 1 to P1 a zones and their equivalent nannofossil zones (top part of CC26c to lowest part of Zone NP3). The Danian/ Selandian (Da/Sc) boundary lies in the upper part of the Dakhla Formation within the top of nannofossil Zone NP4, and within planktonic foraminiferal Zone P3b, similar to that of the Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point (GSSP) of the D/S boundary which has recently been chosen at the Zumaia section, northern Spain. A minor hiatus was observed across the Selandian/Thanetian boundary as indicated by a lithological change and a very condensed Zone NP6, corresponding to the Dakhla and Tarawan formation boundary in the west E1-Hassana section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the result of a study which described the holotype specimen of Vampyravus orientalis Schlosser from the Oligocene of Fayum, Egypt. A set of equations based on regression analyses of skeletal proportions of modern bats were developed to estimate body mass of fossil bats from known skeletal elements in order to validate the hypothesis that Vampyravus has the same body size range with Fayum bats. Results found that only the Witwatia specimen of bats could have had a body mass similar to Vampyravus.

Integrated field, litho- and bio-stratigraphic analyses were carried out on three Maastrichtian–Paleocene successions exposed at the Gabal Wasif, Wadi Syatin and Gabal Hamadat sections, in the Safaga-Quseir region, Red Sea Coast, Egypt. Two formations are recognized; the Dakhla Fm. and the overlying Tarawan Fm. High resolution planktonic foraminiferal investigations resulted in the identification of eleven planktonic foraminiferal zones that represent four hiatuses caused by three syn-sedimentary tectonic events (I, II and III). These events are related to the onset of the Syrian Arc Orogeny. Tectonic Events I and II coincide with the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) and Danian/Selandian (D/S) boundaries, respectively, while Tectonic Event III occurred at the end of the Paleocene (latest Paleocene). Five paleo-relief profiles demonstrate the relative magnitudes of these tectonic events and their impact on the evolution of the sedimentary basin. Tectonic Event I had a regional effect and is seen in two sedimentary basins that are separated by a submarine paleohigh identified in the W. Syatin section. Tectonic Event II reached a maximum in magnitude toward the north in the Safaga area, forming a paleohigh in the G. Wasif and W. Syatin sections, while the G. Hamadat section represents the depocenter. Tectonic Event III had a limited impact toward the north in the Safaga area, where it formed a paleohigh at G. Wasif. • Field, litho-, bio-stratigraphic analyses at the Safaga-Quseir region were carried out. • Three syn-sedimentary tectonic events related to the Syrian Arc Orogeny were recognized. • The K/Pg Tectonic Event I had a regional effect in the Safaga-Quseir region. • Tectonic Events II and III had maximum magnitude toward the north at Safaga. • The evolution of the sedimentary basin was controlled by these tectonic events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcareous nannofossils were studied in the Paleogene sediments (Upper Paleocene–Lower Oligocene) in four wells onshore and offshore of Northern Sinai, Egypt. The sediments provided well preserved and diversified nannofossils. The nannofossil biostratigraphy records numerous hiatuses of different stratigraphic units in the sections. Hiatuses of considerable duration were recorded across the Paleocene–Eocene boundary, across the Lower-Middle Eocene boundary, and in the Middle-Upper Eocene/Lower Oligocene. The Upper Eocene sediments were not found in the offshore wells, but a shaly–marly succession with intercalations of limestone was deposited in the onshore wells. The partial absence of the Upper Eocene may be related to tectono-sedimentary processes (uplift and/or erosion). At the same time the onshore area seems to have been subjected to vertical movements with less intensity, because of the presence of Zone NP18.The paleoenvironmental settings of the sediments are discussed, based on the nannofossil assemblages. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The detailed examination of the ostracod faunal content in the Maastrichtian-Paleocene succession of Teneida section, Dakhla Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt, yielded 36 ostracod species and subspecies assigned to 25 genera. Most of the species are recovered from the Maastrichtian-Danian interval. Four groups of taxa are differentiated, Maastrichtian taxa, taxa crossing the K/Pg boundary, early Paleocene taxa and early to late Paleocene taxa. Comparison of the species record in the present section with previous records in and outside Egypt implies a remarkable faunal turnover across the K/Pg boundary where taxa characterizing the Maastrichtian and Paleocene are respectively revealed. Whereas the ostracod assemblages found in the Maastrichtian indicate inner to middle neritic settings, the assemblages recorded in the Paleocene reflect deposition in middle to outer neritic settings. The South Tethyan identity of the present fauna during the Maastrichtian-Paleocene is reflected in the wide geographic distribution of many of the recorded species in different areas of North Africa and the Middle East. The less ostracod faunal similarity between the southern Tethys and the West African basins during the Maastrichtian-Selandian compared with the Thanetian is emphasized by the presence only few of the recorded taxa in common with West Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Beni Suef Basin is a rift basin that was formed in the Early Cretaceous in response to the break-up of the Gondwana. The infill consists of a thick Mesozoic–Paleogene succession deposited during two main tectonic phases; the Early Cretaceous syn-rift phase and the Late Cretaceous post-rift phase. The post-rift phase was subsequently subjected to an intense compressional tectonic regime related to late Cretaceous Syrian arc tectonics. Within the basin-fill succession, the Senonian deposits, which are composed of carbonates and mixed siliciclastic/carbonate rocks of the "B" and "A" members of the Abu Roash Formation, was formed as a marine platform developed under fluctuated shelfal conditions. These deposits were overlain by chalk of the Khoman Formation that is interpreted to have formed in an outer shelf–middle slope setting. The Senonian succession is subdivided into two 3rd order depositional sequences (Latest Turonian–Early Coniacian SQ-1 and Coniacian–Santonian SQ-2) and one 2nd order depositional sequence (Campanian–Maastrichtian SQ-3). The depositional history of the Senonian in the Beni Suef Basin is interpreted to have been controlled by variable sedimentation accompanied by progradation and retrogradation of carbonate platform between inner and outer shelf environments during the Coniacian–Santonian, and between inner shelf and upper slope environments during the Campanian–Maastrichtian to the end of Senonian. The changes in depositional environments and relative sea-level fluctuations were a factor of the variations in accommodation and sedimentation likely controlled primarily by the Syrian Arc tectonic pulses, which may also have affected basin development and that of the surrounding areas over the northern Western Desert of Egypt particularly during Senonian. • Sequence stratigraphy of tectonically controlled depositional sequences. • Senonian cyclic sedimentation at Beni Suef Basin. • Tectono-depositional evolution of Senonian sediments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In their recent paper, Youssef et al. (2017) published a quantitative study of Paleocene ostracod distributions in the Southwestern Desert of Egypt and recognized regional ecozones within a paleobiogeographic concept. To understand the significance of this ecozonation, a solid stratigraphic framework is required, though the authors only provided limited information. We demonstrate that fundamental aspects of their data representation and stratigraphic interpretation are incorrect, and thus not warrant utilization of the reported age of the ostracod record. For that reason, we stress that basic geological aspects of correlation between outcrops and creation of composite sections should be described in full detail upon publication. Based on our detailed reconstruction, the composite sequence at Bir Dungul spans calcareous nannoplankton Zones NP5-NP7/8, and mostly Thanetian in age, contrasting the observations of Youssef et al. (2017). The lowermost part of the sequence, suggested to comprise NP4 by Youssef et al. (2017) and thus Danian in age, cannot be dated because of lack of calcareous nannofossils and planktic foraminifera. Accordingly, there is no evidence in this sequence for the Latest Danian Event (as proposed by Youssef, 2014) either, and the potential relationship with the Mid Paleocene Biotic Event should be assessed critically. Consequently, accurate stratigraphic analysis, including biostratigraphy, remains essential to safeguard future paleobiogeographic interpretations along the edges of the Tethyan Ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is to reconstruct a depositional model and establish a sequence stratigraphic framework for the exposed Paleocene-Lower Eocene succession in the Farafra Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt. This has been performed by an integration of the microfacies analysis with aid of the nannofossils and P/B foraminiferal ratio in the studied rocks. The identified microfacies and their related palaeoenvironments suggest a deposition in a carbonate shelf (inner, middle and outer shelf) environment. The Paleocene deposits (Dakhla, Tarawan and lower part of Esna formations) were laid down in a mid-to outer-shelf setting, whereas the deposits of Early Eocene age (Farafra Formation and upper part of Esna Formation) were deposited in an inner shelf setting. An integration of the resultant microfacies, nannofossils and P/B foramineferal ratio in the studied four stratigraphic sections led to record five 3rd order depositional sequences (SQs) separated by six sequence boundaries (SBs). Each sequence consists of transgressive (TST) and highstand (HST) systems tracts. The TST consists of a retrogradational package of facies (planktonic foraminiferal wackstones/packstones, as well as shales and marls rich in planktonic foraminifera) ended by marine flooding surface (MFS). The HST is made up of aggradational package of facies (nummulitic bioclastic packstone, algal alveoline packstone, alveoline-miliolid packstone and shale with a relatively low P/B foraminiferal ratio) topped by sequence boundary (SB). The sequence boundaries are distinguished by lithologic and paleontologic criteria. The recognized lithologic criteria comprise calcretes, iron-stained surface, extensive bioturbation and erosional irregular surfaces. The paleontologic criteria are evidenced by the time gaps (hiatus). The maximum flooding surfaces are recognized where there are a relatively high P/B foraminiferal ratio in the studied facies. The integrated results suggest that sedimentation regime of the studied Paleocene-Lower Eocene rocks was mainly controlled by tectonic activities and subsequent sea-level changes that were a result of a reactivation of the Syrian Arc System during Early Paleogene time. Image 1 • This study aims to reconstruct depositional environments and establish the sequence stratigraphy. • Microfacies analysis indicates a deposition in inner, middle and outer shelf environments. • Five depositional sequences (SQs) are recognized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The end of the Cretaceous is a dramatic period in the Earth's history, when a catastrophic event known as the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction event took place (66.043 ± 0.011 Ma). During the early Danian a minor hyperthermal event, known as Dan-C2 event, was raised and caused a minor perturbation in the carbon cycle. These two events were coincident with the second and the last phases of Deccan eruption in India. In El-Beida section, Quseir area, Red Sea, Egypt, the (K/Pg) is placed in the middle part of Dakhla Formation on the contact between the Hamama and Beida Member and is determined based on the high occurrence HO of Nerphrolithus frequens (CC26), the abrupt shift in δ13C org from −23.5‰ to −24.3‰, and Hg enrichment was observed just below KPB; the Hg reaches 63.5 ppb, the earliest Danian zones (NP1, lower part of NP2, P0 and P1a) are missing due to the KPB hiatus. Dan-C2 is placed at the top of the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary hiatus, and coincident to the base of NP2 nannofossil biozone. In general, only the second carbon isotope spike of the Dan-C2 is present and is characterized by 1.5‰ negative shift in organic carbon isotope, a sudden drop in TOC content, and mercury enrichment coincident with the δ13C org onset that may be linked to the Deccan volcanic eruption (phase-3). • Study of nannofossils biozons associated with KPg and Dan C2 • Isotopic profiles of both KPg and Dan-C2 • Mercury anomaly during the KPg and Dan-C2 linked to Volcanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kharga, Dakhla and Farafra oases and their surrounding areas in the southern and central parts of the Western Desert of Egypt yield excellent exposures of Cretaceous and lower Tertiary succession. The Late Cretaceous rocks has a great attention for paleontologists as it coincides with the greater mass extinction of many vertebrate groups such as non-avian dinosaurs and marine reptiles and invertebrate groups such as ammonites. The two main late Cretaceous formations that contain those vertebrate horizons are Quseir and Dakhla formations. Quseir Formation starts with varicolored claystone, siltstone and sandstone yielding plant remains fresh water gastropods, fresh water reptiles and dinosaur bones indicating a deposition in terrestrial to brackish environments (tidal flat / estuaries). This grades upward to shallow shelf facies of poorly fossiliferous varicolored mudstone and sandstone being in some intervals glauconitic and containing some marine gastropods and pelecypods. The Dakhla Formation is divided into three distinctive members being from older to younger: 1) Mawhoob shale member: It consists of inner to middle shelf papery shale and marl of Early to Middle Maastrichtian age. 2) Baris oyster member (named Ammonite Hill Member at west Dakhla and Abu Minqar areas): it consists of shale and limestone interbeds crowded with Exogyra overwegi and Libycoceras ismaeli, which dated to middle to Late Maastrichtian. 3) Kharga shale member: it consists of dark green to gray shale with dwarfed fauna in its lower part grading in the upper part to fossiliferous marl and shale yielding fossils of Paleocene age. The Campanian horizon of Quseir Formation in Kharga oasis contains vertebrate fauna such as turtles, crocodiles, fish and dinosaurs. The Maastrichtian horizon of Dakhla Formation in Dakhla oasis and west Dakhla -Abu Minqar areas contains vertebrate fauna such as turtles, crocodiles, fish, marine reptiles and dinosaurs. Field excursions were undertaken to locate the vertebrate fauna horizons as mentioned previously in literature. The collected vertebrate faunas are from Quseir Formation in Kharga oasis contains at least two new taxa of Testudines from important lineages of the family Bothremydidae. The other collection is from Dakhla Formation from west Dakhla – Abu Minqar area includes at least one new taxa of Testudines, in addition to marine reptiles, shark and fish fragments. The specimens from Quseir Formation are recorded the oldest known Testudines from South Western Desert, Egypt. The specimens from Dakhla Formation represents the second recording of Maastrichtian Testudines remains from Egypt. Our last collected specimen from the basal part of Dakhla Formation from Abu Minqar area represents the first record of gigantic Testudines in Egypt. The two collections are filling the missing evolutionary gap from the Late Cretaceous Testudines records in Egypt and generally in Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]