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The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of explicit affective strategy instruction on the speaking performance of Freshmen English majors at Faculty of Education, Suez University, Egypt. The design of the study is a pre-post quasi experimental one. The instrument is a pre/post speaking performance test (designed by the researcher). Participants were eighty Freshmen English majors, randomly divided into two groups: a control group (N=40) and an experimental one (N=40). During the experiment, the experimental group was explicitly taught some affective strategies (lowering anxiety, encouraging yourself and monitoring emotions) while the control group was taught using the traditional method. All participants were tested using the pre/post speaking performance test before and after the intervention. The difference between the post test's mean scores of the control and experimental groups were calculated using Independent Samples t-test and the difference in the mean scores between the pre- and post tests of speaking performance was calculated for each group separately using Paired Samples t-test. A significant difference was found between the post test's mean scores of the control and the experimental groups in favor of the experimental group. Moreover, a significant difference was found between the mean scores of the pre- and post test of the experimental group in favor of the post test. It was concluded that participants' level of speaking performance significantly improved after receiving the explicit affective strategy instruction.

This paper presents an investigation of verb morphology in the spontaneous productions of three preschool Egyptian Arabic- (EA) speaking children with language impairment (LI) and a group of typically developing children. The typological characteristics of Arabic, such as its rich morphology, lack of infinitival form and complex verb system, make it an interesting test case for determining both language specific and universal features of specific language impairment (SLI). The children's use of both tense and agreement was examined. The group with language impairment had particular problems with verb morphology. Use of default verb forms resembling the imperfective-stem and imperative was a frequent substitution error in the children's language productions. In contrast to previous cross-linguistic observations of SLI, although there was difficulty with subject-verb agreement for gender, number and person, marking for tense and aspect was not found to be as problematic for these children. The findings are examined in the context of cross-linguistic research and theories proposed for error patterns in SLI.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of teaching some self-regulated strategies to Egyptian university students on improving their speaking proficiency and reducing their speaking anxiety. The design of the study was a one group pre-posttest quasi experimental design. Forty 3rd- year EFL university students were selected to form the experimental group of the study. This experimental group was tested using the pre-post speaking test and speaking anxiety scale before and after being exposed to the self-regulated strategy treatment. The experiment lasted for three months during the first term of 2015-2016 academic year. Paired- samples t-test revealed significant differences between the pre-test and posttest of speaking proficiency as well as speaking anxiety in favor of the posttests. Additionally, a negative correlation was shown between speaking proficiency and speaking anxiety. It was concluded that teaching self-regulated strategies to university students was effective in developing their speaking proficiency and reducing their anxiety considerably.

Background:Neonatal sepsis is a significant cause of neonatal mortality, particularly in developing countries, and Klebsiella pneumoniae is a significant contributor to this problem in some Egyptian hospitals. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between CTXM-15 and Klebsiella pneumoniae resistance in neonates. Results:Five hundred and nine positive samples were collected from newborns at some Egyptian hospitals between March 2019 and March 2021, and 101 isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using VITEK® 2. The majority of the isolates were from late-onset infections and showed high levels of resistance to several antibiotics, including Ampicillin, Ampicillin/sulbactam, Ceftazidime, and Cefotaxime. The blaCTXM-15 gene was found to be highly expressed in 66% of the multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, indicating the high level of resistance conferred by this gene. Double combination therapy was evaluated, and the combination of cefotaxime and amikacin showed the most promising results, with synergistic effects against the tested isolates. The addition of magnesium was suggested to enhance cell wall integrity, allowing cefotaxime to diffuse more easily into the cells, and the Cefotaxime-Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid combined disc and double disc synergy test confirmed the absence of metallobeta-lactamase CTXM-15. Conclusion:The study highlights the high prevalence of antibiotic resistance in K. pneumoniae isolates in neonatal sepsis in Egypt and demonstrates that the combination of cefotaxime and amikacin may be an effective treatment option for multidrug-resistant isolates with high CTXM-15 expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education is the foundation of culture and the engine of economies; it is an essential part of life. However, it remains inaccessible or unavailable in some parts of developing nations. Moreover, such barriers for girls and women can extend beyond education and into the workplace, and this is a bone of contention based on erroneous beliefs and other factors. Barriers for girls' and women's education are debatable in the literature; however, there is a sparsity of literature that focuses on the bridge to the workplace. Therefore, through a focus group study, this study explores the barriers that prohibit the transition for women from higher education to employment in Egypt. Based on qualitative data from focus group participants, the barriers to girls' and women's education are related to cultural, economic, family, and structural–educational barriers. In addition, stereotypical thinking and discrimination are factors hindering girls and women from 'decent' employment in Egypt. Based on this study's results, some practical recommendations were elicited, which centre around awareness enhancement, formulation of laws and policies, and development of employability skills and entrepreneurship skills. The managerial and societal implications of this study are illustrated. It is anticipated that the results of this study will serve to create an inherent need to undertake a larger survey to investigate the barriers from a wider number of respondents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Viral hepatitis C (HCV) and B (HBV) were at the top of Egypt's most significant public health challenges, with an estimated 14.7% of its population having antibodies to HCV in 2008. Egypt issued an ambitious action plan in 2014 to eliminate viral hepatitis through strengthening infection control and improving patient care. In 2018, an extensive HCV mass screening campaign was conducted for the entire country's population with treating more than 4 million patients with antivirals. This study aimed to evaluate the current prevalence of viral hepatitis in Egypt after all these efforts. Methods: A cross‐sectional household cluster survey was conducted in all 27 Egyptian governorates to obtain a representative sample of Egypt's population. Subjects aged 1–70 years were interviewed using a standardised questionnaire that included demographics, viral hepatitis knowledge, previous infection and risk factors data. Laboratory testing was performed for all subjects for anti‐HCV and HBsAg using chemiluminescence. Subjects positive for anti‐HCV were further tested for HCV‐RNA by RT‐PCR. Prevalence rates were calculated by demographic groups and compared to the demographic health survey 2015 results. Results: Of 20 881 subjects interviewed, 48.8% were males, 20.2% were children <15 years of age, and 53.7% were residents of rural areas. Of all subjects, 92 (0.4%) were HCV‐infected, 1577 (7.6%) were anti‐HCV positive and 177 (0.8%) were HBV‐chronically infected, including one patient who had mixed HBV and HCV current infection. The prevalence of HCV‐current and HBV chronic infections decreased by 93% and 20%, respectively, compared to 2015. Conclusions: Egypt achieved the elimination of the viral hepatitis goal. To maintain low rates of viral hepatitis, community health education, in addition to maintaining infection control and blood safety programs, is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Anesthesiologists are vulnerable to work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) due to sustained repetitive movements and awkward postures. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of WMSDs among anesthesiologists and to evaluate its association with ergonomic risk factors. Methods: A convenience sample of 380 Egyptian anesthesiologists were invited to participate in this cross-sectional study through an electronic questionnaire. Data were collected from May to August 2022 and involved questions about participants' demographic, health, and work-related characteristics; the ergonomic risks and perceived hazards; and the musculoskeletal complaints during the past 12 months and 7 days - using Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ). Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate statistical analyses were used to estimate the prevalence of MSD and identify its determinants in the studied sample. Results: A total of 215 anesthesiologists were included in this study, with a 56.8% response rate, 66% males with an average age of 38 (± 0.7) years. 21% were resident physicians, 47% were specialists, and 32% were consultants. The 12-month prevalence of MSD among anesthesiologists was 71.6% (95% CI: 65.6– 77.7%). Multivariate analysis showed that the main determinants of MSD among the studied sample were age of 45-years and older (OR: 3.22, 95% CI: 1.21–8.52, p = 0.018), regular physical exercise (OR: 0.25, 95% CI: 0.10–0.65, p = 0.005), insufficient rest time between procedures (OR: 2.25, 95% CI: 1.15–4.41, p = 0.018), and three or more awkward postures of the trunk (OR: 3.55, 95% CI: 1.43–8.82, p = 0.006). Conclusions: The study highlights a high prevalence of WMSDs among Egyptian anesthesiologists, linked to advancing age, lack of regular exercise, insufficient rest between procedures, and frequent awkward postures. Addressing these ergonomic risk factors through targeted workplace interventions is crucial for promoting the overall well-being of anesthesiologists and ensuring the provision of safe anesthesia services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Interval cancers might be divided into true negative interval cancer where a new lesion is detected that no sign of disease could be detected on previous screening mammogram. For false-negative interval cancers, those missed for overt symptoms and those missed for mild or undetectable ones, this includes interpretive error as benign interval cancer (benign mimics), subtle changes, masked carcinoma or slowly growing or patient factors, such as the dense breast parenchyma. Technical failure interval cancer hampered the reader to discover the abnormality. The aim of this study was to relate the risk factors for the development of the interval breast cancer such as breast density, positive family history of breast cancer in Egyptian population. Highlight the causes of missed breast cancer in order to overcome it in the future radiological interpretation. Methods: A total of 74,546 screening mammographic examinations were performed in the radiology department at specialized breast cancer center in the period between 2015 and 2021 with about 844 pathologically proved malignant cases. Out of the 844 pathologically proven breast cancer cases, 185 breast cancer patients were interval breast cancer having reported normal examination in the previous year, 88 were true interval breast cancer and 97 were missed on mammography and detected later on. The cases were subjected to full-field digital mammogram (FFDM), complementary ultrasound, contrast-enhanced digital mammography (CEDM) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in some cases, and all cases were histopathologically proven by either fine needle aspiration, core needle biopsy (CNB) or open biopsy. Results: The mean age of the patients was 53.5 years (range 36–83 years). The overall breast cancer detection rate was 11 per 1000 women. The 185 interval cancers were present at a rate of 3.8 per 1000 women. True negative interval breast cancers where 88 cancers were not present in retrospect on screening mammograms, 17 cases present with benign findings (benign mimics mass or calcifications) and 80 cancers were missed cancers. Analysis of the cause of missed carcinoma revealed patient-related, tumor-related, or provider-related factors. Tumor factors were the most commonly encountered, accounting for 49.5% (48 cases), then provider factors in 25.8% (25 cases) while the patient factors were the least commonly encountered in 24.7% (24 cases). Recorded positive family history found in about 35% (31cases) of the true interval breast cancers. Conclusions: Although mammography is the standard for detecting early breast cancer, some cancers can be missed due to various causes. Mammographic interpretation must meet high standards to reduce missed cancers. Radiologists should carefully assess screening views and order additional imaging if needed. Palpable lesions and clinical data should be further examined with ultrasound and contrast imaging if necessary. Always compare current images with previous examinations to check for any changes in lesion size. When one pathology is found, search for additional lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles are considered new antibacterial agents with a potential broad range of applications. Recently, the synthesis of bio-nanoparticles (NPs) from natural sources such as coral, Ostrea shell, and eggshell, has attracted considerable attention. Eggshells are organic waste, rich in calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and it is an easy method to reduce it into powder of nano size. Utilization of waste materials as a precursor for NPs synthesis makes the entire process cheaper, greener, and more sustainable. Waste chicken eggshells were collected from the Specific Pathogen Free farm in Egypt. Eggshells were rinsed, dried, and finely ground to powder. The sol-gel chemical method was used for the synthesis of CaO-NPs from eggshell powder. The characteristics of eggshell NPs were visualized using a scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. Additionally, the minimum inhibitory concentration was applied to test the antibacterial efficacy of CaO-NPs at 1.00, 0.50, 0.25, 0.12, and 0.06% concentrations on Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enteritidis. The results of the characterization confirmed the conversion of CaCO3 to CaO-NPs with an average diameter of 27.7 nm. Zones of inhibition started to appear from 0.25% concentration for B. cereus, 0.50% for MRSA and E. coli, and 1.0% for S. enteritidis. The concentration of CaO-NPs solution strongly correlated with the resulting zone of inhibition (r= 0.86 to 0.90). CaO-NPs showed a potent efficacy against gram-positive bacteria. Hence, eggshell wastes from poultry production could be a feasible organic source for the biosynthesis of CaO-NPs with promising efficient antibacterial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In late 2022, severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) surveillance reported an abrupt increase in non-COVID-19 infections among children after three years of drastic reductions. Signals of increased absenteeism due to respiratory symptoms among primary and preparatory school children were detected by Event-Based Surveillance. We conducted a hospital-based survey of children who were admitted with SARI to identify the causative pathogen(s) and estimate the burden of infection. A survey was conducted among children < 16 years in 21 referral hospitals in the three governorates with the highest SARI rates. Patients' demographics, clinical symptoms, and severity were collected from medical records using a line list. Patients were swabbed and tested for a panel of 33 respiratory pathogens by RT-PCR at the Central Laboratory in Cairo. Descriptive data analysis was performed for demographic data. Patients' characteristics were compared by causative agents' clinical picture and severity using Chi2 with a p < 0.05 significance. Overall, 317 patients were enrolled, 58.3% were ≤ 1 year of age, 61.5% were males. Of 229 (72.7%) of positively tested patients, viruses caused 92.1% including RSV 63.8%, Rhinovirus 10.0%, Influenza 9.2%, Adenovirus 5.2%, and 1.3% co-infected with two viruses. Bacteria caused 3.5% of cases and 4.4% had mixed viral-bacterial infections. Rhinovirus was the most common cause of death among children with SARI, followed by RSV (8.7% and 1.4%), whereas influenza and Adenovirus did not result in any deaths. Patients with viral-bacterial infections are more likely to be admitted to ICU and die at the hospital than bacterial or viral infections (60% and 20% vs. 31.8% and 1.9% vs. 12.5% and 12.5%, p < 0.001). Viruses particularly RSV are the leading cause of SARI causing significant health problem among children < 16 years in Egypt. Bacterial on top of viral infection can worsen disease courses and outcomes. Studies are required to estimate the SARI burden accurately among Egyptian children and a comprehensive approach tailored to Egypt is necessary to reduce its burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are common worldwide and result in considerable morbidity and mortality associated with neurologic illness. Until now, there have been no epidemiologic data regarding viruses causing aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, and CNS infections in Egypt. We investigated 1735 archived cerebrospinal fluid samples collected from Egyptian patients between 2016 and 2019 and performed molecular characterization for infection for12 different viruses: herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesviruses 6 and 7 (HHV-6 and HHV-7), human enteroviruses (HEVs), human parechovirus (HPeV), parvovirus B19 (B19V), adenovirus (AdV), and mumps virus (MuV). All included samples were negative for bacterial infection. Our results indicated a relatively high prevalence of viral infection, with HEVs being the most prevalent viruses, followed by HSV-1, EBV, and then HSV-2. The highest prevalence was among male patients, peaking during the summer. Data obtained from this study will contribute to improving the clinical management of viral infections of the CNS in Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Two years after unprecedented low rates of circulation of most common respiratory viruses (SARS-CoV-2), the Egyptian ARI surveillance system detected an increase in acute respiratory infections (ARIs) with a reduced circulation of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), especially among school children. A national survey was conducted to estimate the burden and identify the viral causes of ARIs among children < 16 years of age. Methods: A one-day survey was carried out in 98 governmental outpatient clinics distributed all over Egypt 26 governorates. The four largest referral hospitals in each governorate where most influenza-like illness (ILI) patients seek care were selected. Using the WHO case definition, the first five patients < 16 years of age with ILI symptoms visiting the selected outpatient clinics on the survey day were enrolled. Basic demographic and clinical data of patients were collected using a linelist. Patients were swabbed and tested for SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV) by RT-PCR at the Central Laboratory in Cairo. Results: Overall, 530 patients enrolled, their mean age was 5.8 ± 4.2, 57.1% were males, and 70.2% reside in rural or semi-rural areas. Of all patients, 134 (25.3%) had influenza, 111 (20.9%) RSV, and 14 (2.8%) coinfections. Influenza-positive children were older compared to RSV, (7.2 ± 4.1, 4.3 ± 4.1, p < 0.001), with more than half of them (53.0%) being school students. Dyspnea was reported in RSV more than in influenza (62.2% vs. 49.3%, p < 0.05). Among RSV patients, children < 2 years had a higher rate of dyspnea than others (86.7% vs. 53.1%, < 0.001). Conclusions: A resurgence of influenza and RSV was detected in Egypt in the 2022–2023 winter season. Influenza caused a higher rate of infection than RSV, while RSV caused more severe symptoms than influenza. Monitoring a broader range of respiratory pathogens is recommended to estimate the ARI burden and risky groups for severe disease in Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Our case report demonstrates extremely uncommon data associated with MIS‐A, such as cholestatic jaundice, anemia, and quickly progressing pneumonia. IVIG and pulse steroid medications are the best treatments for improving clinical outcomes. We report a case of multiple organ dysfunctions due to MIS‐A in an adult with a history of suspected COVID‐19. Our case demonstrates extremely uncommon data associated with MIS‐A, such as cholestatic jaundice, anemia, and quickly progressing pneumonia. IVIG and pulse steroid medications are the best treatments for improving clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To meet its future challenges in financing higher education, Egypt has no option but to search for alternative funding arrangements. This article considers the question of how to do so, keeping in mind the need to ensure equitable access to good quality education for those who cannot afford it. To this end, the article begins by assessing public expenditure on higher education in Egypt, with respect to its adequacy, efficiency, and equity. Next, it analyzes the impacts that demographic changes, the demand for quality education, and the transition to private provision of education will have on the nature of financing higher education in the future. It concludes by suggesting alternative strategies to address the problem of financing higher education in Egypt.

Background: COVID-19 vaccines are effective against infections and outcomes; however, breakthrough infections (VBT) are increasingly reported, possibly due to waning of vaccine-induced immunity or emerging variants. Most studies have focused on determining VBT rate based on antibody levels. This study aims at describing clinical features, risks, time trends, and outcomes of COVID-19 VBT among hospitalized patients in Egypt. Methods: Data of SARS-CoV-2 confirmed patients hospitalized in 16 hospitals was obtained from the severe acute respiratory infections surveillance database, September 2021-April 2022. Data includes patients' demographics, clinical picture, and outcomes. Descriptive analysis was performed and patients with VBT were compared to not fully vaccinated (UPV). Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed using Epi Info7 with a significance level < 0.05 to identify VBT risk factors. Results: Overall, 1,297 patients enrolled, their mean age 56.7 ± 17.0 years, 41.5% were males, 64.7% received inactivated, 25.% viral vector, and 7.7% mRNA vaccine. VBT was identified in 156(12.0%) patients with an increasing trend over time. VBT significantly was higher in (16–35 years) age, males, in those who received inactivated vaccine compared to corresponding groups of UPV (14.1 vs. 9.0%, p < 0.05 and 57.1 vs. 39.4%, p < 0.001 and 64.7 vs. 45.1, p < 0.01 respectively). Whereas receiving mRNA vaccine was significantly protective against VBT (7.7 vs. 21.6%, p < 001). VBT patients tend to have shorter hospital stays and lower case fatality (mean hospital days = 6.6 ± 5.5 vs. 7.9 ± 5.9, p < 0.01 and CFR = 28.2 vs. 33.1, p < 0.01 respectively). MVA identified younger ages, male gender, and inactivated vaccines as risks for VBT. Conclusion: The study indicated that COVID-19 vaccines significantly reduce hospital days and fatality. VBT trend is on the rise and males, young ages, and inactivated vaccine receivers are at higher risk. Caution regarding relaxation of personal preventive measures in areas with higher or increasing incidences of COVID-19, particularly for the at-risk group even if they are vaccinated. The vaccination strategy should be revised to reduce VBT rate and increase vaccine effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Only 57 countries have vaccinated 70% of their population against COVID-19, most of them in high-income countries, whereas almost one billion people in low-income countries remained unvaccinated. In March–May 2022, Egypt's Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP) conducted a nationwide community-based survey to determine COVID-19 vaccine coverage and people's perceptions of vaccination in order to improve COVID-19 vaccination uptake and confidence among Egyptians, as well as to prioritize interventions. Methods: A cross-sectional population-based household survey among Egyptians ≥ 18 years of age was implemented in two phases using a multistage random sampling technique in all of Egypt's 27 governorates. A sample of 18,000 subjects divided into 450 clusters of 20 households each was calculated in proportion to each governorate and the main occupation of the population. Participants were interviewed using a semistructured questionnaire that included demographics, vaccination information from the vaccination card, history of COVID-19 infection, reasons for vaccine refusal among the unvaccinated, and vaccination experience among vaccinated subjects. Vaccination coverage rates were calculated by dividing numbers by the total number of participants. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed by comparing the vaccinated and unvaccinated to identify the risk factors for low vaccine uptake. Results: Overall 18,107 were interviewed, their mean age was 42 ± 16 years and 58.8% were females. Of them, 8,742 (48.3%) had COVID-19 vaccine and 8,020 (44.3%) were fully vaccinated. Factors associated with low vaccination uptake by multivariate analysis included: age groups (18–29 and 30–39) (ORs 2.0 (95% C.I. 1.8–2.2) and 1.3 (95% C.I.1.2–1.4), respectively), residences in urban or frontier governorates (ORs 1.6 (95% C.I. 1.5–1.8) and 1.2 (95% C.I. 1.1–1.4), respectively), housewives and self-employed people (ORs 1.3 (95% C.I. 1.2–1.4) and 1.2 (95% C.I. 1.1–1.4), respectively), married people (ORs 1.3 (95% C.I. 1.2–1.4), and primary and secondary educated (ORs 1.1 (95% C.I. 1.01–1.2) and 1.1(1.04–1.2) respectively). Vaccine hesitancy was due to fear of adverse events (17.5%), mistrust of vaccine (10.2%), concern over safety during pregnancy and lactation (6.9%), and chronic diseases (5.0%). Conclusions: Survey identified lower vaccination coverage in Egypt compared to the WHO 70% target. Communication programs targeting the groups with low vaccine uptake are needed to eliminate barriers related to vaccination convenience, side effects, and safety to effectively promote vaccine uptake. Findings from the survey could contribute significantly to vaccination promotion by guiding decision-making efforts on the risky groups and preventing vaccine hesitancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Cocirculation of influenza (Flu) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (SARS-CoV-2/Flu) represent a public health concern as it may worsen the severity and increase fatality from coronavirus disease 2019. An increase in the number of patients with coinfection was recently reported. We studied epidemiology, severity, and outcome of patients with SARS-CoV-2/Flu coinfection seen at Egypt's integrated acute respiratory infections surveillance to better describe disease impact and guide effective preventive measures. Methods. The first two outpatients were seen daily, and every fifth patient admitted to 19 sentinel hospitals with respiratory symptoms was enrolled. Patients were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire and provided nasopharyngeal swabs to be tested for SARS-CoV-2 and influenza by real-time polymerase chain reaction at the central laboratory. Data from all patients with coinfection were obtained, and descriptive data analysis was performed for patients' demographics, clinical course, and outcome. Results. The total number of patients enrolled between January 2020 and April 2022 was 18,160 and 6,453 (35.5%) tested positive for viruses, including 52 (0.8%) coinfection. Of them, 36 (69.2%) were coinfected with Flu A/H3, 9 (17.3%) Flu-B, and 7 (13.5%) Flu A/H1. Patients' mean age was 33.2 ± 21, 55.8% were males, and 20 (38.5%) were hospitalized, with mean hospital days 6.7 ± 6. At the hospital, 14 (70.0%) developed pneumonia, 6 (30.0%) ICU admitted, and 4 (20.0%) died. The hospitalization rate among patients coinfected with Flu-B and Flu A/H3 was 55.6 and 41.7%, with mean hospital days (8.0 ± 6 and 6.4 ± 6), pneumonia infection (40.0 and 80.0%), ICU admission (40.0 and 26.7%), and death (20.0% for both), while no patients hospitalized with A/H1. Conclusions. The recent increase in the number of SARS-CoV-2/Flu coinfections was identified in Egypt. The disease could have a severe course and high fatality, especially in those coinfected with Flu-B and Flu A/H3. Monitoring disease severity and impact is required to guide preventive strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Total of ninety random samples of raw chilled whole chicken carcass, chicken fillet and chicken giblet, 30 of each, were randomly collected from butchers located in Qalubiya governorate, Egypt, and were subjected to mycological examination for the incidence of yeast species contamination during summer and winter seasons, samples were collected equally during each season (15 samples of each product/season). Results revealed contamination of 100 and 93.3% of the whole examined samples during summer and winter seasons, respectively; where giblet samples showed the highest contamination levels with mean count of 3.8 and 3.0 log10 CFU/g, respectively, followed by fillet and whole carcass, respectively. Candida and Rhodotorula species were detected in the incidence of 60% and 40% of the examined samples during summer and winter seasons, respectively indicated that the levels of chicken meat contamination with yeast is higher in summer season than winter season. After all, the application of strict hygienic measures is highly recommended during processing and storage of raw chicken meat cuts, as well as keep raw chicken cuts chilled to avoid the enhancement of hot and humid climate of summer season on the microbial growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 was first diagnosed in Egypt on 14 February 2020. By the end of November 2021, over 333,840 cases and 18,832 deaths had been reported. As part of the national genomic surveillance, 1027 SARS-CoV-2 near whole-genomes were generated and published by the end of July 2021. Here we describe the genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Egypt over this period using a subset of 976 high-quality Egyptian genomes analyzed together with a representative set of global sequences within a phylogenetic framework. A single lineage, C.36, introduced early in the pandemic was responsible for most of the cases in Egypt. Furthermore, to remain dominant in the face of mounting immunity from previous infections and vaccinations, this lineage acquired several mutations known to confer an adaptive advantage. These results highlight the value of continuous genomic surveillance in regions where VOCs are not predominant and the need for enforcement of public health measures to prevent expansion of the existing lineages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first detected in Egypt in February 2020. Data about the prevalence rates of the SARS-CoV-2 lineages are relatively scarce. To understand the genetic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 in Egypt during several waves of the pandemic, we analyzed sequences of 1256 Egyptian SARS-CoV-2 full genomes from March 2020 to May 2021. From one wave to the next, dominant strains have been observed to be replaced by other dominant strains. We detected an emerging lineage of SARS-CoV-2 in Egypt that shares mutations with the variant of concern (VOC). The neutralizing capacity of sera collected from cases infected with C.36.3 against dominant strains detected in Egypt showed a higher cross reactivity of sera with C.36.3 compared to other strains. Using in silico tools, mutations in the spike of SARS-CoV-2 induced a difference in binding affinity to the viral receptor. The C.36 lineage is the most dominant SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Egypt, and the heterotrophic antigenicity of SARS-CoV-2 variants is asymmetric. These results highlight the value of genetic and antigenic analyses of circulating strains in regions where published sequences are limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The eriophyid mites, Aceria kenyae (Keifer), A. mangiferae Sayed, and Calepitrimerus baileyi Keifer are important phytophagous pests in Egypt. In this study, the effect of the above-mentioned eriophyids, as natural prey, on the biological and population growth parameters of the phytoseiid mite, Typhlodromus athiasae Porath & Swirski was evaluated. This phytoseiid can successfully develop and reproduce on A. kenyae, A. mangiferae, and C. baileyi. Individuals of T. athiasae fed on A. mangiferae displayed the shortest pre-adult development, while those fed on A. kenyae and C. baileyi took more time to reach the adult stage. Adult female longevity of T. athiasae was longer on A. mangiferae (36.79 days) than on A. kenyae (31.65 days) and C. baileyi (31.18 days). The total number of eggs per T. athiasae female was the highest on A. mangiferae, followed by A. kenyae, and C. baileyi (46.29, 37.62, and 34.39 eggs/female, respectively). Presently, feeding of T. athiasae on A. mangiferae resulted in the maximum intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), and net reproductive rate (R0) as compared to the other prey. In addition, preying on A. mangiferae showed the shortest mean generation time (T), while A. kenyae showed the longest one as prey of T. athiasae. In conclusion, the present results showed that the T. athiasae population could display a high capacity to increase when preying on the tested eriophyids (especially on A. mangiferae). So, this predator may be capable of providing effective management of these eriophyid mites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic required a transformation of medical education in Egypt. Public health measures necessitated a rapid shift from traditional face to face lectures to largely online platforms following campus closures. The aim of this study is to characterize medical student use and perception of online medical education in Egypt as well as exploring the efficacy of different e-learning modalities. Additionally, many barriers and opportunities as perceived by students are reviewed to inform future educational improvements. Methods: A 29-item online survey was created on google forms and distributed by social media to medical students across 26 Egyptian medical schools. The survey was administered from August 20th, 2021, to September 5th, 2021. The survey consisted of a mixture of questions style. The medical students were asked about their experiences with online medical education during the COVID-19 pandemic as well as medical students' anxiety, perceived academic performance, and obstacles related to online education. Results: Of the 4935 responses collected, 43.4% (n = 2140) of respondents were women; 56.6% (n = 2795) were men. Medical students from private medical schools were 13.0% (n = 644), whereas 87.0% (n = 4291) were from public medical schools. 54.6% of students reported that online education is not as effective as face-to-face education. There was a significant rise in hours spent by medical students on online medical education compared to before COVID-19 pandemic. More than half of students (63%) agreed that online recorded video tutorials (e.g., YouTube) were the most effective form of online medical education. Conclusion: The shift to online education has significantly impacted medical students in Egypt. Medical students reported various limitations and challenges of online medical education, which must be addressed considering the potential benefits of online platforms over traditional face to face learning. The results of this nationwide study provide a framework for potential areas to implement change to improve the accessibility and structure of online medical education in Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) constitutes a challenging health problem in Egypt due to the high incidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Improved understanding of genetic mechanisms underlying the individual predisposition to HCC will lead to enhancements in the early diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of this disease. Transcription factor forkhead box P1 (FOXP1) is involved in the cellular processes of proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, and longevity. In addition, it has been implicated in hepatic tumorigenesis. The present study explored the association of C/A single‐nucleotide polymorphism in the FOXP1 gene (rs2687201) with HCC susceptibility in HCV Egyptian patients. The study included 108 patients with HCV‐dependant HCC, 86 HCV patients, and 80‐ age and gender‐matched healthy controls. rs2687201 genotyping was performed by allelic discrimination method using TaqMan real‐time PCR assays while FOXP1 gene expression and protein level were determined using qRT‐PCR and enzyme‐linked immunoassay, respectively. Our results revealed a significant association between FOXP1 rs2687201 and HCC risk where (A) allele was significantly more frequent in patients with HCC compared to controls (odds ratio [OR]: 1.88, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.17–3.04, p = 0.01) and to HCV patients (OR: 1.85, 95% CI: 1.62–2.94, p = 0.012). Furthermore, FOXP1 gene and protein expression levels were remarkably higher in (CA + AA) than in CC genotype carriers in a dominant model. The (CA + AA) genotype displayed a significantly shorter overall survival than the CC genotype in HCC patients. In conclusion, FOXP1 gene polymorphism rs2687201 is significantly associated with HCC, but not with HCV infection, in Egyptian patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a universal health problem that is particularly alarming in Egypt. The major risk factor for HCC is hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection which is a main burden in Egypt. The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a stem cell marker involved in the tumorigenesis and progression of many malignancies, including HCC. We investigated the association of -935 C/G single nucleotide polymorphism in EpCAM promoter region (rs62139665) with HCC risk, EpCAM expression and overall survival in Egyptians. A total of 266 patients (128 HCV and 138 HCC cases) and 117 age- and sex-matched controls participated in this study. Genotyping, performed using allelic discrimination and confirmed by sequencing, revealed a significant association between EpCAM rs62139665 and HCC susceptibility, with higher GG genotype and G allele distribution in HCC patients than in non-HCC subjects. Such association was not detected in HCV patients compared to controls. EpCAM gene expression levels, determined in blood by RT-qPCR, and its serum protein expression levels, determined by ELISA, were significantly higher in GG relative to GC+CC genotype carriers in HCV and HCC patients in a recessive model. ROC analysis of EpCAM protein levels revealed significant discriminatory power between HCC patients and non-HCC subjects, with improved diagnostic accuracy when combining α-fetoprotein and EpCAM compared to that of α-fetoprotein alone. Altogether, EpCAM rs62139665 polymorphism is significantly associated with HCC and with EpCAM gene and protein expression levels in the Egyptian population. Moreover, serum EpCAM levels may hold promise for HCC diagnosis and for improving the diagnostic accuracy of α-fetoprotein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communication towers are vital assets in our daily lives as they transfer signals between cell phones facilitating communication and commerce among people and businesses all around the world. Wind loads are crucial in the communication towers design since they are tall and slender. With climate change bringing more storms and higher wind speeds, it is more crucial to research the finest tower structure that withstands such conditions with the least life cycle cost. Therefore, in this paper, a comparative case study is performed between 45 m height lattice tower and monopole tower in Egypt. Two locations were considered, the first is inside the city and the second is an open terrain. In addition, two load scenarios were investigated. The comparison parameters are the behavior under critical wind loads taking into account three wind speeds which are 100 km/hr, 130 km/hr and 140 km/hr, and life cycle cost analysis. It was found that the lattice tower behaves better under critical wind loads with a maximum tilting equal to 0.4784 degrees at location 1, load 2, and a wind speed of 140 km/hr compared to 0.5806 in the case of the monopole tower. Similarly, the lattice tower behaves better at the second location as well. However, the monopole tower has less life cycle cost with a total life cycle cost of 3,201,846.80 EGP compared to 4,380,419.91EGP in case of lattice tower. Therefore, based on the location, wind speed, and available land area, and life cycle cost assessment, the optimum tower structure could be selected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To compare the outcomes of miniaturised percutaneous nephrolithotomy (mini‐PCNL) and extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) in the management of 10–20 mm, non‐lower pole, renal stones. Patients and Methods: This prospective randomised double‐arm trial was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Egypt from February to December 2020. Adult patients with single, non‐lower pole, high‐density (≥1000 HU) renal stones were randomised to receive mini‐PCNL or ESWL. The stone‐free rate (SFR); operative, fluoroscopy and hospitalisation times; blood loss; auxiliary procedures; retreatment; unscheduled hospital readmission; and complications were compared between the groups. Results: The primary analysis included 34 patients in the mini‐PCNL group and 33 in the ESWL group. Overall, the SFR was 97.1% in the mini‐PCNL group vs 30.3% in the ESWL group (P < 0.001). All patients in the ESWL group required retreatment, and none of them were stone‐free after the first ESWL session. None of the patients in the mini‐PCNL group required retreatment. The overall operative time, fluoroscopy time, auxiliary procedure, retreatment, and unscheduled hospital readmission were significantly higher in the ESWL group. The hospital stay and decrease in the haemoglobin level were significantly higher in the mini‐PCNL group. The groups were comparable for the overall complication rate. Conclusions: Mini‐PCNL is more effective than ESWL for treating 10–20 mm, high‐density, non‐lower pole renal stones. Mini‐PCNL has the advantages of a high SFR and abolishing the need for retreatment and re‐hospitalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of the present study were to examine the association between the brix refractometer% and ELISA assays in the assessment of colostrum-IgG content and in studying the factors affecting this content. Contents of IgG in colostrum samples of 132 healthy primiparous and multiparous Montbeliard x Holstein cross dairy cows kept in Egypt were evaluated using ELISA assay and brix refractometer%. The ELISA results showed that the IgG contents in the colostrum samples ranged from 5.96 to 114.84 mg/mL, with a mean of 57.07 mg/mL. Brix% results ranged from 15% to 35%, with a mean of 23.97%. The correlation and regression coefficients between ELISA(IgG) and brix% were significantly high (r=0.68 and r2=0.59, respectively). Prediction regression equation was ELISA(IgG)= 31.81+1.12(brix refractometer%). The effects of parity and season of calving on both ELISA(IgG) and brix% were significant. ELISA(IgG) and brix% were higher in cows = 3 lactations than those in the first and second lactations. Moreover, summer calving recorded higher ELISA(IgG) and brix% than autumn calving. Either ELISA(IgG) or brix% were not significantly affected by calf's sex, single/twin births, or history of cows' diseases. ELISA(IgG) and brix% had a significant positive correlation with calf's birth weights and gestation lengths, while they recorded a non-significant correlation with dry-period length. It can be concluded that a refractometer is a simple on-farm tool to assess colostrum quality. Its high correlation with the lab analytical assay of ELISA confirms the validity of using refractometers by researchers in colostrum studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Egypt has established different types of surveillance systems to monitor influenza activities, early detect outbreaks, and tailor efficient prevention and control strategies. This is the first study to describe epidemiology and outcome of influenza‐associated infections among hospitalized patients using the National Electronic Disease Surveillance System (NEDSS) data, 2016‐2019. Methods: Data reported from 284 hospitals all over Egypt were extracted from the NEDSS. Data of hospitalized patients with Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI), 2016‐2019, were included in the analysis. Laboratory testing for influenza by RT‐PCR according to US CDC testing protocol was used to confirm influenza type and subtype. Results: Overall 46 417 patients hospitalized with ARI were identified, their mean age was 30.9 ± 26 and 52.9% were males. Among 41 512 (89.4%) laboratory‐tested patients, 7167 (17.3%) were positive for one or more types of influenza viruses. Influenza viruses circulated in all ages and throughout the year, with higher rates in winter, late childhood, and middle ages. Mortality from influenza was significantly higher than other causes of ARIs (5.0% vs 3.8%, P <.001), and it was associated with older ages, December‐May, delay in hospital admission, residence in urban and frontier governorates and infection with A/H1N1 virus. The distribution of influenza subtype by time shows alternate pattern between A/H1N1 and H3N2, each subtype peaks every other year with a high peak of A/H1N1 in 2016. Conclusions: The national Egyptian surveillance succeeded to describe the epidemiology of hospitalized patients with ARIs and influenza in Egypt over time. Surveillance with strain‐specific laboratory testing and annual assessment of associated severity might be useful to guide influenza prevention and control strategies including vaccination and case management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the sole global concern is recurring waves of the COVID-19 virus that began in 2020 and is ongoing. This study aimed to compare the trends of COVID-19 infections in Egypt during the different waves. We calculated the COVID-19 positivity rate between March 2020 and the fourth week of April 2021 among those tested at the Reference Laboratory of the Egyptian University Hospitals. We then compared our results with those obtained from the WHO and the Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population websites. A dramatic increase in the positivity rate was observed during May and June 2020 (26.35% and 33.11%, respectively). This was followed by an abrupt reduction in July (11.7%), and flattening until a second increase was noted during November (9.6%), which reached its peak during December (17.8%). However, after the figures declined during January 2021, they began to rise again in February 2021 and continued to increase until the end of April 2021, simulating the first wave data. The analysis of the COVID-19 growth rate from April 1st to the 25th, 2021 revealed a slight downward trend in new cases. Data from both the WHO and the Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population websites showed similar patterns to our results. The third wave of COVID-19 started in Egypt. Analyzing future data can aid in forecasting the COVID-19 epidemic and allow us to use foresight to enact effective measures and strategies to keep this virus under control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to investigate the association between teat-end hyperkeratosis (THK) and somatic cell count (SCC) and to assess the effect of SCC on milk yield, fat, and protein percentages of Holstein cows. A total of 740 udder quarters of 185 Holstein cows kept in three commercial herds in Egypt were enrolled in the study from May to September 2019. Foremilk samples were collected from udder quarters for assessing milk SCC, fat, and protein percentages. On the same cows, a digital picture of each teat end orifice was taken with a digital camera. Cows' teats were assessed for THK and classified into two different groups of hyperkeratosis; mild and severe THK. SCC was converted to five classes of somatic cell score (SCS). Simple linear regression was performed to determine the loss of milk yield, fat, and protein percentages. SCC was significantly affected by THK (p<0.0001). About 57% of teats were classified as mild THK and 43% as severe THK. The teats with severe THK recorded higher SCC in milk. It was observed that SCS had a significant effect on fat and protein percentages (p<0.0001). A similar trend was shown for the effect of SCS on milk yield (p<0.05), where the highest values of milk traits were obtained for the lowest SCS. The loss of milk was 220 g/day. Also, fat and protein percentages decreased by 0.11% and 0.08%, respectively, for each unit increase in SCS, from zero to four. In conclusion, severe THK can lead to high SCC, which negatively affects milk traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Standard prone position (PP) during percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) has multiple drawbacks. We aimed to compare PNLs performed in split-leg (SL) modified lateral position (MLP) and those performed in standard PP. Methods: A prospective, randomized, unblind, double arm trial was conducted at a tertiary care academic medical center in Egypt, between November 2017 and October 2019. Adult patients with renal stones undergoing PNL were included. According to renal anatomy and stone complexity, stratified randomization was performed and study participants were allocated into either SL-MLP group or PP group. The stone free rate (SFR), total operative time, track formation time, fluoroscopy time, auxiliary procedures, and complications were compared. Results: There were 61 patients in SL-MLP group and 63 patients in PP group. Both groups had similar baseline characteristics. The SFR was comparable between groups: 75.4% in SL-MLP group and 77.8% in PP group (p = 0.755). The mean total operative time was shorter and mean track formation time was longer in SL-MLP group (55.33 ± 20.73 vs. 98.49 ± 9.23, p < 0.001 and 7.89 ± 3.68 vs. 6.52 ± 1.77, p = 0.002). There was no significant difference in fluoroscopy time, total complication rates, hemoglobin reduction and need for blood transfusion between the groups. In SL-MLP group, all PNL procedures as well all the associated procedures were performed with the patients in the same position. Conclusion: SL-MLP PNL has a short operative time and similar SFR and complication rate compared to PP PNL. SL-MLP allowed antegrade and retrograde access to the urinary tract without patient repositioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multiple case definitions are used to identify hospitalized patients with community-acquired acute respiratory infections (ARI). We evaluated several commonly used hospitalized ARI case definitions to identify influenza cases. Methods: The study included all patients from a population-based surveillance site in Damanhour, Egypt hospitalized for a broad set of criteria consistent with community acquired ARIs. Naso- and oropharyngeal (NP/OP) swabs were tested for influenza using RT-PCR. Sensitivity, specificity and PPV for influenza identification was compared between the 2014 WHO Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) definition (fever ≥38°C and cough with onset within 10 days), the 2011 WHO SARI definition (fever ≥38°C and cough with onset within 7 days), the 2006 PAHO SARI definition, the International Emerging Infections Program (IEIP) pneumonia case definition, and the International Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) case definitions for moderate and severe pneumonia. Results: From June 2009-December 2012, 5768 NP/OP swabs were obtained from 6113 hospitalized ARI patients; 799 (13.9%) were influenza positive. The 2014 WHO SARI case definition captured the greatest number of ARI patients, influenza positive patients and ARI deaths compared to the other case definitions examined. Sensitivity for influenza detection was highest for the 2014 WHO SARI definition with 88.6%, compared to the 2011 WHO SARI (78.2%) the 2006 PAHO SARI (15.8%) the IEIP pneumonia (61.0%) and the IMCI moderate and severe pneumonia (33.8% and 38.9%) case definitions (IMCI applies to <5 only). Conclusions: Our results support use of the 2014 WHO SARI definition for identifying influenza positive hospitalized SARI cases as it captures the highest proportion of ARI deaths and influenza positive cases. Routine use of this case definition for hospital-based surveillance will provide a solid, globally comparable foundation on which to build needed response efforts for novel pandemic viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Severe intrauterine growth restriction complicates approximately 0.4% of the pregnancies. It increases the risk of perinatal morbidity and mortality.Subjects and methods: A double blind placebo controlled trial was conducted in Beni Suef University hospitals during 2017. It included 46 pregnant women with severe intrauterine growth restriction. Women were randomly allocated into two groups each included 23 patients. Intervention group received sildenafil citrate 20 mg orally three times a day, in addition to fish oil and zinc supplementation. Control group received tablets similar to sildenafil and the same treatment as intervention group. Primary outcomes included improvement in umbilical and middle cerebral arteries pulsatility indices and abdominal circumference.Results: Umbilical and middle cerebral arteries Doppler indices showed significant difference between groups after intake of sildenafil. Umbilical artery pulsatility index decreased significantly (p value = .001) while middle cerebral artery pulsatility index increased significantly in intervention group (p value0.001). Moreover, abdominal circumference growth velocity improved after two weeks of sildenafil intake (p value = .001).Conclusions: Sildenafil citrate may improve uteroplacental and fetal cerebral perfusion in pregnancies complicated by severe intrauterine growth restriction. It also improves abdominal circumference growth velocity. A wide scale randomized trials are needed for evaluation of neonatal and long term morbidity and mortality outcomes of pregnancies treated by sildenafil citrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fishing has been practiced in Egypt for several millennia in the Nile and various lakes, the Mediterranean, and the Red Sea. Here, the marine fisheries catch from the area corresponding to Egypt's current Exclusive Economic Zone in the Mediterranean were re-estimated for the shorter period from 1920 to 2019. This study covers reported and formerly unreported commercial and non-commercial, small- and large-scale fisheries catches and estimated discards. Given that the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has been publishing annual fisheries statistics only since 1950, the comparison of reconstructed marine catch data to the FAO-reported catch data covers only the period from 1950 to 2019. Reconstructed marine fisheries catches for the Egyptian Mediterranean EEZ for 1950–2019 were about 1.3 times the reported catch by the FAO on behalf of Egypt. This discrepancy is due to a combination of elements, mainly unreported commercial industrial and artisanal catches and industrial discards. Several events have drastically affected the Mediterranean marine fisheries of Egypt, such as the opening of the Suez Canal, the Aswan High Dam, and, more recently, the Egyptian Revolution of 2011. Climate change has also influenced the overall productivity as well as the species composition of the catch. The Mean Temperature of Catch (MTC) from the Mediterranean Egyptian waters has increased by an annual average of 0.07 °C per year since 1987. The Marine Trophic Index (MTI) showed that 'fishing down' has occurred in Egypt's Mediterranean waters since the early 1970s. The dataset provided by this study can be applied to catch-based indicators to better assess the Egyptian Mediterranean fish stocks. This would help improve fisheries management in the region and ensure the sustainability of the Egyptian Mediterranean fisheries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a proximate composition analysis of forelegs of steers and their pharaonic cultural context. Particular focus is given on the ancient Egyptian traditions and habits that remain active in Egypt by drawing links between contemporary and ancient Egyptian cultural heritage, especially food issues.

Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. is a medicinal plant belonging to family Malvaceae with both ethnomedical and culinary value; however, its phytochemical and biological profiles have been scarcely studied. Accordingly, this work was designed to explore the chemical composition and the hepatoprotective potential of M. arboreus against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity. The total extract of the aerial parts and its derived fractions (petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and aqueous) were orally administered to rats for six consecutive days, followed by injection of CCl4 (1:1 v/v, in olive oil, 1.5 ml/kg, i.p.) on the next day. Results showed that the ethyl acetate and dichloromethane fractions significantly alleviated liver injury in rats as indicated by the reduced levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (TB), and malondialdehyde (MDA), along with enhancement of the total antioxidant capacities of their livers, with the maximum effects were recorded by the ethyl acetate fraction. Moreover, the protective actions of both fractions were comparable to those of silymarin (100 mg/kg), and have been also substantiated by histopathological evaluations. On the other hand, liquid chromatography-high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC‒HR‒ESI‒MS) metabolomic profiling of the crude extract of M. arboreus aerial parts showed the presence of a variety of phytochemicals, mostly phenolics, whereas the detailed chemical analysis of the most active fraction (i.e. ethyl acetate) resulted in the isolation and identification of six compounds for the first time in the genus, comprising four phenolic acids; β-resorcylic, caffeic, protocatechuic, and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acids, in addition to two flavonoids; trifolin and astragalin. Such phenolic principles, together with their probable synergistic antioxidant and liver-protecting properties, seem to contribute to the observed hepatoprotective potential of M. arboreus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The verbal abilities of autistic children differ from those of typically developing ones and they also differ among autistic children themselves. Neuroanatomical changes and an abnormal organization of functional networks are expected to accompany such a neurodevelopmental disorder. The aim of this study was to delineate the brain neuroanatomical changes in Egyptian children with autism and to compare them with previous studies in order to add more insight into the global brain imaging deviations linked to autism. Patients and Methods: Twenty-five autistic children and 25 typically developing children underwent MRI. Further analysis was performed using surface-based morphometry to obtain cortical thickness, brain volume, and cortical complexity. Results: MRI analysis results revealed significantly greater cortical thickness, cortical complexity, and gray matter volume in the autistic as compared to the control group. On the other hand, the white matter volume was significantly smaller. Conclusion: These findings generally align with findings in previous studies, except for occasional differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facial freckles are a cosmetic concern to Egyptians, particularly young females. Several therapeutic lines exist with variable response rates and limitations. Fractional carbon dioxide (FCO) laser provides minimal ablation and therefore less down time and less side effects. The efficacy and safety of this laser technology have still not been studied in freckles. The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy and safety of FCO laser in the treatment of unwanted facial freckles in Egyptians. Twenty patients undergone a single session of FCO laser and then were followed up clinically a month later. Photographs were taken before treatment and at follow-up visit and were assessed by three blinded investigators. Percent of global improvement was measured on a 4-point grading scale. Patient's satisfaction and adverse events were recorded. Two patients (10 %) showed grade 1 improvement, while eight patients (40 %) showed grade 2 improvement. Nine patients (45 %) showed grade 3 improvement, and only one patient (5 %) showed grade 4 improvement. FCO laser resurfacing is effective and safe in treatment of facial freckles in skin phototypes II-IV. It can offer a more practical alternative to topical treatments, and a cheaper alternative to Q-switched lasers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: the aim of this study is to assess the growth parameters, vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorous status in children with thalassemia major receiving packed red cells transfusion with chelation therapy. Patients and Methods: In a case control study, 100 patients with beta thalassemia major (aged from 4 to 15 years) were compared with 100 sex- and age-matched children serves as a control group. Anthropometric measurement, Serum level of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D (25 hydroxycholecalciferol) were estimated for all patients & controls. Results: 49% of our patients had short stature. 47% were underweight. BMI of 43 (43%) patients were low. The mean total serum calcium (6.6±1.2 mg/dl) and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH Vit D) (10.4±4.6 mcg/dl) levels were significantly lower in our patients than in controls (10.2±1.06 mg/dl and 40.2±12.3 mcg/dl, respectively); each P< 0.001. Conclusion: Children with beta thalassemia major have delayed growth and metabolic abnormalities that signify the importance of therapeutic interventions. The presence of these abnormalities may be due to iron overload and poor nutritional support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the method of treatment of tapestry textile, that considers the most common technique used in decoration of textile since the new kingdom until now, it is called Kabaty. The paper deals with selected piece of museum of Applied Art Faculty in Cairo. Treatment procedure was performed by several stages; firstly, Dating by comparing the decoration technique, the type of material and the decorative motifs existed in the object with another one known its date. Then samples taken from object were examined by optical microscope, scanning electron microscope to identify type of fibers and surface morphology .x-ray analysis was performed to identify mordant and dust. FTIR analysis to identify dyes in dyed samples. Then, the paper deal with the treatment of tapestry pieces by testing sensitive of fiber to water, mechanical cleaning and chemical cleaning to remove stain, washing stage using distilled water, and finally consolidation the object by fixed on support of natural linen which was stretched on wooden frame treated by anti-fungal substance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fibromyalgia (FM) is the most common chronic pain syndrome encountered in medical practice, affecting females more than males, and the estimated prevalence of FM in Egypt is 1.3 %. The aim was to translate and adapt the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) into Arabic and assess reliability and validity. The Arabic version of Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ-A) was adapted following the forward/backward translation approach. Fifty-one female patients with FM were studied to assess psychometric properties of the FIQ-A. Reliability was analyzed by the correlation coefficient between test and retest. Internal consistency was checked by the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Construct validity was assessed comparing FIQ-A with Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), Health Assessment Questionnaire of Fibromyalgia (FHAQ), The Medical Outcome Survey Short-Form-36 (SF-36), and the Total Visual Analog Scale (TVAS) for FM symptom, and feasibility was assessed by the time taken in completing the FIQ-A and the proportion of patients completed the questionnaire. Patients studied were 33.2 ± 9.8 years old. Translation was concordant. Adaptation affected 4 sub-items of physical function. Test-retest correlation coefficient was 0.89 for total FIQ-A and Cronbach's alpha was 0.76. Excellent to good statistically significant correlations ( p < 0.05) were found between the FIQ-A items and HAQ, FHAQ, and SF-36. The FIQ-A is a reliable, valid for measuring health status and physical function in Arabic-speaking FM patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Genetically Williams syndrome (WS) promises to provide essential insight into the pathophysiology of cortical development because its ∼28 deleted genes are crucial for cortical neuronal migration and maturation. Phenotypically, WS is one of the most puzzling childhood neurodevelopmental disorders affecting most intellectual deficiencies (i.e. low-moderate intelligence quotient, visuospatial deficits) yet relatively preserving what is uniquely human (i.e. language and social-emotional cognition). Therefore, WS provides a privileged setting for investigating the relationship between genes, brain and the consequent complex human behaviour. Methods We used in vivo anatomical magnetic resonance imaging analysing cortical surface-based morphometry, (i.e. surface area , cortical volume , cortical thickness , gyrification index ) and cortical complexity , which is of particular relevance to the WS genotype-phenotype relationship in 22 children (2.27-14.6 years) to compare whole hemisphere and lobar surface-based morphometry between WS ( n = 10) and gender/age matched normal controls healthy controls ( n = 12). Results Compared to healthy controls, WS children had a (1) relatively preserved Cth; (2) significantly reduced SA and CV; (3) significantly increased GI mostly in the parietal lobe; and (4) decreased CC specifically in the frontal and parietal lobes. Conclusion Our findings are then discussed with reference to the Rakic radial-unit hypothesis of cortical development, arguing that WS gene deletions may spare Cth yet affecting the number of founder cells/columns/radial units, hence decreasing the SA and CV. In essence, cortical brain structure in WS may be shaped by gene-dosage abnormalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Insomnia symptoms are highly prevalent among the elderly. Nearly half of the elderly population reported difficulty in initiation and maintaining sleep. The presence of insomnia affects the quality of life of elderly and increases the risk of falls. This study aims to measure the prevalence of insomnia among a group of elderly living in geriatric homes in Cairo and to assess the factors affecting it. A cross sectional study was conducted on 184 elderly living in two geriatric homes in Cairo. Athens insomnia scale was used to assess insomnia through an interview questionnaire. The prevalence of insomnia among the studied elderly in geriatric homes in Cairo was 36.4%. Higher prevalence of insomnia was found among males and married elderly. Also, insomnia was associated with longer stay in geriatric homes. Feeling sleepy during the day (59.2%) was the most prevalent symptom. Suffering pain (73.5%), nocturia (42.7%), and suffering from chronic diseases (40.4%) were significantly associated with insomnia. A significantly higher percentage of elderly with bad self-perception of owns health, suffered of insomnia (77.8%). This study reveals that changes in lifestyle, optimization of living environment and symptom control can reduce the burden of insomnia and improve quality of life of institutionalized elderly in Egypt. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

During November 2014-April 2015, a total of 165 case-patients with influenza virus A(H5N1) infection, including 6 clusters and 51 deaths, were identified in Egypt. Among infected persons, 99% reported poultry exposure: 19% to ill poultry and 35% to dead poultry. Only 1 person reported wearing personal protective equipment while working with poultry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to conduct a feasibility study of producing fuel from plastic waste. It is a suggested approach to deal with the huge production of synthetic plastic around the world, so as to avoid its accumulation in landfills and the depletion of resources. Several types of research have addressed the conversion of plastic waste into energy, and in this study the authors focused on using pyrolysis to convert plastic to liquid oil. Accordingly, the volume of the waste was reduced significantly, and the produced liquid oil had a high calorific value in comparison to fossil fuel. The authors managed to develop a profitable business model for a facility producing fuel from plastic waste in Egypt. This project could be a very lucrative business opportunity for investors or venture capitalists interested in investing in green economy. A Business Model Canvas was used as a tool to identify how the different components of the business relate to each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection is a major global health challenge; it is estimated that more than 80 million people are chronically infected worldwide. Egypt has the highest prevalence of HCV in the world (predominantly genotype 4) secondary to the previous schistosomiasis eradication campaigns with very high incidence rates among elderly, rural areas and in lower social classes. However, several oral anti-HCV drugs (direct acting antivirals; DAAs) have been developed over the last several years. Now, HCV can be eliminated from the infected host within 12 wk of DAA combination therapy without noticeable side effects. Aims: to evaluate the Effect of presence of portal hypertension on the results of treatment of chronic HCV infected naive patient with direct acting antivirals. Patients and Methods: 200 subjects were divided into 2 groups: group I: including 100 cirrhotic patients with HCV infection and portal hypertension, group II: including 100 cirrhotic patients with HCV infection without portal hypertension. Diagnosis of portal hypertension was confirmed by presence of esophageal varices in endoscopy. Both group received combination of IFN-free DAAs. Results: CK-18 was significantly elevated in patients of group I in comparison to group 11, with mean ± SD: 460 ± 279, 167 ± 56 and 149 ± 57, respectively, and P value: 0.001. with mean 6SD: 59.66 28, when compared with control group (with 2368) P value < 0.001. ROC curve between Cases and Control as regards CK18 with Area Under the Curve (AUC): 0.925. Cutoff > 30 ug/l With Sensitivity: 86.67% & Specificity: 83.33%. Ck-18 was found to be correlated with steatosis and fibrosis assessed by fibroscan with P value < 0.001. Conclusion: treatment of 200 patients with HCV and compensated cirrhosis, HCV eradication reduced risk for liver decompensation, regardless of whether the patients had EVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]