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Wastewater plays a major role in water pollution causing transmission of several viral pathogens, including Aichi virus (AiV) and human bocavirus (HBoV), associated with gastrointestinal illness in humans. In this study, we investigated the presence of AiV and HBoV in aquatic, sludge, sediment matrices collected from Abu-Rawash wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), El-Rahawy drain, Rosetta branch of the River Nile in Egypt by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). AiV RNA was detected in 16.6% (2/12), 8.3% (1/12), 8.3% (1/12), 22% (16/72), 12.5% (3/24), 4% (1/24), and 0/24 (0%) of untreated raw sewage, treated sewage, sewage sludge, drainage water, drain sediment, river water, and river sediment, respectively. On the other hand, HBoV DNA was detected in 41.6% (5/12), 25% (3/12), 16.6% (2/12), 48.6% (35/72), 29% (7/24), 3/24 (12.5%), 4% (1/24) of untreated raw sewage, treated raw sewage, sewage sludge, drainage water, drain sediment, river water, and river sediment, respectively. This study provides data on the presence of these viruses in various types of water samples that are valuable to environmental risk assessment. In addition, the current study demonstrates the importance of environmental monitoring as an additional tool to investigate the epidemiology of AiV and HBoV circulating in a given community.

Incidence of enteric viruses in sewage, the efficacy of wastewater treatment plants to remove these viruses, and health effects from their release into the surface water are very important environmental issues in the microbiology field. One of the most pathogenic enteric viruses is adenovirus which can cause a serious disease such as gastroenteritis with low grade fever and mild dehydration in humans. In this study we performed qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of HAdV on 60 stool samples from children with acute gastroenteritis admitted to Abu-Rish hospital and 96 environmental samples (32 raw sewage, 32 treated sewage, 32 sewage sludge) collected from Zenin wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). HAdV were detected in 17 (28.3%) of stool, 27 (84.4%) of raw sewage, 16 (50%) of treated sewage and 25 (78%) of sludge samples. The viral concentrations were in the range of 2.02 × 10 6 -7.23 × 10 6 , 8.7 × 10 5 -4.3 × 10 6 , 1.22 × 10 4 -3.7 × 10 6 and 1.48 × 10 6 -1.77 × 10 7 GC/mL in stool, raw sewage, treated sewage, and sludge, respectively. HAdV was detected throughout the whole year of sample collection. Moreover, our results suggested that males were more susceptible to adenovirus infections than females. The results indicate that the high incidence of HAdV in the treated sewage may cause adverse health effects.

This study aimed at the assessment of the nurses' knowledge and attitudes towards epilepsy. A sample consisting of 273 nurses working in different hospital departments, at three University hospitals in Tanta, Menoufiya and Zagazig was chosen. The results revealed a deficiency in the nurses' knowledge about epilepsy. However, they had a moderately positive attitude towards epilepsy. Although more than half of them considered epilepsy a mental illness, they agreed that epileptics must learn in special schools. It is recommended that all in-service training programs for nurses should emphasize epilepsy management, rehabilitation of epileptics, and how to change public attitudes towards epilepsy.

The Physical Education Faculty students are highly exposed to different types of accidents, mainly fracture, sprains, strain, cramp, bleeding and wounds. The present study revealed that more than half of the students had correct knowledge about first aid of three injuries only out of eight namely fracture, cramp and bleeding. Lack of knowledge noted regarding cut wound, penetrating wound, falling, sprains and epistaxis. It is recommended that first aid course should be taught by specialized medical personal and the course content should include theoretical knowledge plus clinical practice of first aid in correct ways.

This study was conducted to determine the elderly health problems and family care presented to them. The study was carried out in four MCH centers in Zagazig. The sample was composed of 275 women, having elderly members in their families, they were interviewed individually at the MCH center. The results showed that the main elderly physical problems were decline in daily activities, impairment of vision & digestive and urinary disorders. Psychological problems as mentioned by their families were agitation, depression and low body image. While the main identified socio-economic problems were loneliness and limited income. Regarding the family care presented to the elderly, the results showed that the low social class families had poor consideration as regards nutrition of elderly, regular physician visit, foot care, and personal hygiene. It is recommended to provide health education programs for the family about aging process, problems and needs of elderly people. As well as health education to the elderly themselves to motivate them to seek medical advice at regular intervals and integration of geriatric care in MCH centers.