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After the spread of the coronavirus around the world, the Egyptian government imposed blended learning on higher education institutions. Consequently, colleges and universities in Egypt are entering a new era where learning is not confined to the classroom alone but also through learning management systems (LMSs). Thus, this study adopts the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) to study how students accept and use the LMSs. An online survey was conducted through a structured questionnaire to collect quantitative data for analysis. Obtained data from 803 respondents were analyzed using structural equation modelling Partially least squares regression was used for the model and hypothesis testing. The results show that trust is vital in determining the acceptance and use of LMSs. The study results may provide insights into a better approach to promoting LMS acceptance.

The fourth edition of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV) has been used extensively for assessing adult intelligence. This study uses Mokken scale analysis to investigate the psychometric proprieties of WAIS-IV subtests adapted for the Egyptian population in a sample of 250 adults between 18 and 25 years of age. The monotone homogeneity model and the double monotonicity model were consistent with the subtest data. The items of all subtests except Matrix Reasoning, Information, Similarities, and Vocabulary formed a unidimensional scale. The WAIS-IV subtests have discriminatory and invariantly ordered items, although some items violated the invariant item ordering and scalability criteria. Therefore, the WAIS-IV subtests--with the exception of some items--are hierarchical scales that allow items to be ordered according to difficulty and subjects to be ordered using the sum score. In conclusion, the current study provides evidence of the dimensionality and hierarchy of the WAIS-IV subtests in the framework of Mokken scaling, although care should be taken when interpreting or including certain items.

This study carried out throughout two successive seasons 2017 and 2018, on 4 yearsold Flame seedless grapevines grown in sandy soil at 2x3 m apart under drip irrigation system and vines were trellised with Y- shape system in a private vineyard at Belbies District, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. The experiment included 8 treatments as follow: T1-Control (spraying water) vines will be fertilized according to the used fertilization program followed in the vineyard (60 N, 40 P2O5 and 80 K2O g/vine/year). T2-Spraying vines with mixture of a nano fertilizer containing potassium (36%), amino acid (5%), total nitrogen (5%), total phosphorus (2%) and micronutrient (2%) [Potacrystal at 3 cm/L] (except potassium and 1/5 nitrogen). T3-Spraying vines with mixture of a nano fertilizer containing calcium (15%), magnesium (2%), boron (1.5%) with amino acid (2%) and nitrogen (10%) [Kalmagbor at 3 cm/L] (except 1/10 nitrogen). T4-Spraying vines with mixture of a nano fertilizer containing phosphorus (40%), potassium (28%), amino acid (5%) and nitrogen (5%) [Phospho one at 3 cm/L] (except potassium and phosphor and 1/5 nitrogen). T5-Spraying vines with mixture of nano micro nutrient + citric acid (Magro nano mix at 1 g/L) + (60 N, 40 P2O5 and 80 K2O g/vine/year). T6- Spraying vines with normal chelated iron at 2 g/L+ (60 N, 40 P2O5 and 80 K2O g/vine/year). T7- Spraying vines with nano chelated iron at 3 cm/L + (60 N, 40 P2O5 and 80 K2O g/vine/year). T8- Spraying vines with normal potassium silicate at 5g/L+(60 N, 40 P2O5 and 80 K2O g/vine/year). All spraying treatments carried out three times a year at monthly intervals i.e., the first week of each of March, April and May. The results showed that total yield/feddan (ton) significantly increased by application of all treatments compared with control in both seasons. The uppermost values of total yield per feddan (ton) recorded for treatments T4 (15.59 and 19.94 ton) and T7 (17.20 and 22.11ton) in the first and second season, respectively. The shortest bunches were from treatments control and Normal potassium silicate in the first and second season, respectively, while, other treatments recorded higher values of bunch length in the two seasons without significant differences between them. Leaf surface area (cm2 ) and leaf fresh and dry weight were significantly increased by the tested treatments compared with control (T1) in the two seasons. However, leaves of T7 treatment (Nano chelated iron) contained the highest chlorophyll a (1.133 and 1.233 mg/100 mg FW), b (0.933 and 0.920 mg/100 mg FW), total chlorophyll (2.033 and 2.153 mg/100 mg FW) and carotenoids (0.950 and1.077 mg/100 mg FW). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trauma is a hidden disease in Egypt, and its significance on public health has been underestimated for decades. Road traffic accidents are the leading cause of injuries presented to hospitals in Egypt. Trauma systems in developed countries effectively reduced the morbidity and mortality associated with injuries in crowded cities. Developing a trauma system in Egypt is mandatory with the exploding population growth, increasing incidence of injuries, and the vast expansion of the infrastructures in the road network. However, the implementation of the trauma system in Egypt will not be devoid of challenges, including a lack of mandatory healthcare infrastructures such as adequate pre-hospital care, poor quality of data, and a shortage of adequately trained emergency physicians across the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction of huge metro projects in congested areas in Cairo City, Egypt, calls for optimization of the underground excavation process. The soil profile in Cairo city, Egypt, is generally characterized as soft soil containing layers of clay and sand. To control the ground movements and shotcrete stresses, it is necessary to optimize the ground surface settlements and excavation step. In this paper, several tunnel sections were compared to illustrate how the tunnel shape affects the soil deformations and straining actions results. Results of numerical modeling using plane-strain finite elements are presented; different types of sequences for the tunneling excavation of each section are compared. Analysis results from different models show that using different tunnel section excavation sequences affects the soil behavior differently, and that suitability of the sequence is determined by the soil properties and the dimensions of the tunneling section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Majority of patients with pneumonia fail the treatment by the noninvasive ventilation (NIV), not because of its low efficacy for maintaining upper airway patency but because of intolerance. The current study was designed to compare the effectiveness of stacked breathing exercise (SBE) versus continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) mask on the chest expansion and pulmonary functions for patients with pneumonia. Methodology: A randomized controlled experimental study was conducted in chest ICU in Assiut University Hospital in Egypt and registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04576221 identifier). Sixty patients with pneumonia were selected by convenience sampling and randomly assigned into two groups (30 patients each), the patients in SB group received SBE and were instructed to perform the exercise 3 times per day for one week; and the CPAP group received NIV with using CPAP mask. Chest expansion and pulmonary functions were assessed before and after the exercise. Results: There were significant differences in chest expansion and pulmonary functions between the SB and CPAP groups after exercise in the first day, after 3 days and on the last day of the study (p=0.018, < 0.001 and < 0.001) respectively. Chest expansion and pulmonary functions in the SB group was much improved than those in the CPAP group. Conclusions: Implementing SB exercise had a significant effect on improving chest expansion and pulmonary functions in patients with pneumonia than NIV with CPAP mask. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Misr Journal of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During 2014/ 2015 and 2015/ 2016 seasons, a field experiment was conducted on 45 trees of each of Siddek and Kiett mango cvs. The trees were 8-year-old, grafted on Succari rootstock, similar in growth vigour as possible and grown at 4 × 3 m in sandy soil under drip irrigation system in a private mango orchard at Belbies District, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. The experimental trees were foliar sprayed with GA3 at 0, 50 or 100 ppm and urea at 1.5% either alone or in combination with GA3 at 100 ppm. The trees were sprayed at 3 dates at fortnightly intervals (1st Dec., mid Dec. and 1st Jan.). The obtained results showed that sex ratio, fruit set and flower drop percentages were higher on Siddek trees than those of Kiett ones. The trees were sprayed at mid Dec. induced the highest sex ratio and fruit set percentages. The trees were sprayed at early Dec. showed the highest flower drop percentage than those sprayed at the other two dates. Fruit retention percentage was significantly affected by either variety or spraying date in both seasons. Mango trees sprayed with GA3 at 100 ppm or urea at 1.5% either alone or combined exhibited the highest values of sex ratio, fruit set and fruit retention percentages in most cases. Whereas, unsprayed trees (control) and those sprayed with GA3 at 50 ppm induced the highest flower drop percentage. It is quite evident from the previous trends that spraying Siddek and Kiett mango trees with GA3 at 100 ppm or urea at 1.5% either alone or in combination at early or mid Dec., was more effective in increasing fruit set and fruit retention percentages than unsprayed trees (control) which gained the least percentages in most cases and the highest flower drop percentage. Accordingly and from the economic view, we can suggest to spray Siddek and Kiett mango trees with urea at 1.5% at early or mid Dec. for increasing fruit set and fruit retention percentages and consequently increasing fruit yield/tree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Snails’ susceptibilities to infection with Schistosoma mansoni were determined through observation of infection rates, total cercarial production and tissue responses of the first generation (F1) of Biomphalaria alexandrina snails, originally collected from different Egyptian governorates (Giza, Fayoum, Kafr El-Sheikh, Ismailia and Damietta) and responses were compared between groups. The emergence of cercariae for a 3-month period and the calculation of survival and infection rates, in control (Schistosome Biological Supply Center; SBSC) and infected snails were evaluated. SBSC and Giza snails showed greater susceptibilities to infection and lower mortality rates. In addition, at 6 and 72h post-exposure to miracidia all the snail groups showed no difference in the anatomical locations of sporocysts. The larvae were found in the head-foot, the mantle collar and the tentacles of the snails. Sporocysts showed normal development with low tissue reactions in SBSC and Giza snail groups infected with S. mansoni miracidia (SBSC). However, in Fayoum, Kafr El-Sheikh, Ismailia and Damietta snail groups, variable tissue responses were observed in which numerous hemocytes made direct contact with S. mansoni larvae forming capsules. The results suggested that, different responses of B. alexandrina snail’s hemocytes towards S. mansoni are related to the degree of susceptibility of these snails. So this is important in planning the strategy of schistosomiasis control. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract A major problem encountered by managers of large reservoirs, such as Lake Nasser (located in the south of Egypt), is the continuous deposition of sediments, resulting in a bed-level increase, a decrease in lake capacity, and the creation of a new delta that might eventually hinder navigation. To investigate the sedimentation problem in Lake Nasser, a series of surveyed cross-sections were reviewed and samples of suspended sediment and bed material collected. These sets of data were analysed to investigate the progress of the delta formation, the change in its properties in all directions and the corresponding patterns of suspended and deposited sediment particles. Results showed that deposited sediments, characterized by a variable pattern of particle composition, are building up at the lake entrance. Although the expansion of the delta is multidirectional, its accelerated advance towards the High Aswan Dam would depend on the frequent occurrence of high floods following extended drought periods. Based on the calculated deposited sediment volume in Lake Nasser during the period 1964–1998, the lifetime of the dead storage zone allocated for sediment deposition (31 × 109 m3 ) is estimated at a minimum of 310 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There is a steady increase in the rate of cesarean delivery. In Egypt, Cesarean sections were performed in 38.84% of deliveries in 2008, 37.88% in 2009, 39.08% in 2010, 37.72% in 2011 and 41.17% in 2012, repeated cesarean sections (RCS) was the main indication. In making plans for delivery, physicians and patients should consider a woman's chance of a successful VBAC as well as the risk of complications from a trial of labor. Approximately 60-80% of appropriate candidates who attempt vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) will be successful. Aim of the Work: was to determine a cut-off value that can be clinically used to allow a safe vaginal delivery by using abdominal ultrasound to evaluate the thickness of the lower uterine segment in patients with history of previous cesarean section. Patients and Methods: The lower uterine segment thickness was measured by both transabdominal ultrasound in 200 cases, gravidas (37 week – 40 week),100 cases with previous CS (study group) undergoing repeated CS, and the other 100 cases without any scar in the uterus (control group), then the grade of the scar was assessed intraoperatively. Results: By TAS the best cut-off value was 2.5 mm and this yielded a sensitivity of 77.3% and a specificity of 73.5%. At this cut-off value, the positive predictive value was 85% while the negative predictive was 62.5% and the accuracy was 76%. Conclusion: Ultrasonographic evaluation permits good assessment of the risk of scar complications intra partum. The lower uterine segment thickness is related to the grade of the scar. The best timing to perform the scan is at late third trimester. A cut-off value of 2.5 mm by TAS can be safely used with high degree of sensitivity and specificity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The goal of this study was to evaluate the outcome of Tension-free Vaginal Tape Obturator (TVT-O) operation in the treatment of urodynamic stress incontinence (USI) in obese females, with respect to uroflowmetric changes, success rate and postoperative complications.Methods: This prospective observational study included 26 patients with USI at the Obstetrics & Gynecology department-Cairo University hospital during the year 2015. The participants had body mass index (BMI)≥30. Patients underwent TVT-O operation. Follow up of the patients was performed by cough test and uroflowmetry after one week, one month, three months and six months. Postoperative complications such as groin pain, sense of incomplete emptying, need to strain to complete micturition and urinary tract infection were recorded. Comparisons between groups were done using Chi square, Phi-Cramer test for categorical variables.Results: The mean age for the subjects was 43.58±9.01years. The mean BMI was 33.4±2.1. The success rate of TVT-O operation was 21 out of 26 patients (≈81%). Normal maximum flow rate was in 88% of patients at week one and was normal in 100% of patients at months three and six (p=0.101 & 0.101). Postoperative groin pain was the main complaint during the first week after operation and decreased significantly from week one to the 1st month postoperative (84.62% & 65.38%, P=0.041).Conclusion: TVT-O operation showed a high success rate in treatment of USI in obese patients without affecting the voiding function of the bladder as proven by the uroflowmetry. The main postoperative complaint was the groin pain which significantly improved after one month. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the efficacy of intralipid supplementation in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) and elevated natural killer cell activity undergoing in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection.Methods: Between February 10, 2013, and April 30, 2015, a double-blind randomized controlled study was conducted at a center in Egypt. Women with unexplained secondary infertility, RSA, and elevated levels of natural killer cells (>12%) were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive intralipid (2mL diluted at 20% in 250mL saline) or saline (250mL) infusion on the day of oocyte retrieval using random numbers and sealed envelopes. Patients and attending physicians were masked to group assignment. The infusions were repeated within 1week of a positive pregnancy test and then every 2weeks until the end of the first trimester. The primary outcome was chemical pregnancy 14days after embryo transfer. Analyses were by intention-to-treat.Results: Overall, 296 women were enrolled. Chemical pregnancy was recorded for 84 (58.3%) of 144 women in the intralipid group and 76 (50.0%) of 152 in the control group (P=0.129).Conclusion: Intralipid supplementation did not increase frequency of chemical pregnancy. However, findings related to ongoing pregnancy and live birth should be investigated further. ClinicalTrials.gov:NCT01788540. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Granulomatous anterior uveitis with single or numerous gelatinous nodules was found in children living in rural Egypt. All ocular diseases were originally thought to be water-born and related to digenic flukes. The current study sought to learn more about the causes of anterior granulomatous uveitis in Egyptian youngsters who used to swim in rural water canals. 50 children with eye lesions that had not responded to medical treatment were recruited. Four samples were surgically extracted and examined using real-time PCR, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and shotgun metagenomic sequencing (SMS). Toxoplasma gondii was detected free within the syncytium's distal section, while the proximal part exhibited active synthesis of a presumably extra-polymeric material, possibly released by the microbial population. Toxoplasma gondii was found in 30 samples. Serologically, distinct anti-Toxoplasma antibodies were not found in 91.6% of patients. SMS showed that the T. gondii ME 49 strain had the greatest percentage (29-25%) in all samples within an Acinetobacter-containing microbial community. These findings suggested that these bacteria entered the body via the exterior route rather than the circulatory route. The lack of genetic evidence for subsequent parasite stages invalidates the prior findings about the assumed trematode stage., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Bladder cancer (BC) has a particular importance in Egyptian patients due to aggressive behavior and absence of prognostic markers., Objective: To evaluate the expression of gene and protein expression of HER2 and epidermal growth factor (EGFR) in Egyptian patients with BC and ultimately to investigate their clinical implication and prognostic significance., Material and Methods: The study was carried out on 46 patients with urothelial bladder BC. Tissue were obtained from transurethral resection ( N  = 22) and radical cystectomy ( N  = 24) specimens. The original hematoxylin and eosin slides were re-evaluated and the formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues which had sufficient tumor tissue (>75%) and minimal or absent tumor necrosis were selected for immunohistochemistry ( IHC) and RNA extraction. Furthermore, five control biopsies were obtained from patients with cystitis. Follow-up data were retrieved from the medical records which included the treatment regimen, disease recurrence and/or progression, and survival., Results: EGFR and HER2 protein were overexpressed in 35% and 46% of patients respectively. EGFR was correlated with the tumor size, grade and pathological stage, with a similar trend for HER2. The recurrence rate was higher in patients with expression of any of the markers. Gene expression was significantly higher (10.6-folds) for EGFR and (21-folds) for HER2 in patients with BC in comparison to control patients. Survival analysis showed lower median disease-free survival in association with HER2 protein overexpression., Conclusions: Our data highlighted the prognostic significance of EGFR and HER in BC and proposed their possible use as predictive markers and potential therapeutic targets.

Purpose: Since the declaration of COVID-19 as a pandemic, a wide between-country variation was observed regarding in-hospital mortality and its predictors. Given the scarcity of local research and the need to prioritize the provision of care, this study was conducted aiming to measure the incidence of in-hospital COVID-19 mortality and to develop a simple and clinically applicable model for its prediction., Methods: COVID-19-confirmed patients admitted to the designated isolation areas of Ain-Shams University Hospitals (April 2020-February 2021) were included in this retrospective cohort study (n = 3663). Data were retrieved from patients' records. Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox proportional hazard regression were used. Binary logistic regression was used for creating mortality prediction models., Results: Patients were 53.6% males, 4.6% current smokers, and their median age was 58 (IQR 41-68) years. Admission to intensive care units was 41.1% and mortality was 26.5% (972/3663, 95% CI 25.1-28.0%). Independent mortality predictors-with rapid mortality onset-were age ≥ 75 years, patients' admission in critical condition, and being symptomatic. Current smoking and presence of comorbidities particularly, obesity, malignancy, and chronic haematological disorders predicted mortality too. Some biomarkers were also recognized. Two prediction models exhibited the best performance: a basic model including age, presence/absence of comorbidities, and the severity level of the condition on admission (Area Under Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC) = 0.832, 95% CI 0.816-0.847) and another model with added International Normalized Ratio (INR) value (AUC = 0.842, 95% CI 0.812-0.873)., Conclusion: Patients with the identified mortality risk factors are to be prioritized for preventive and rapid treatment measures. With the provided prediction models, clinicians can calculate mortality probability for their patients. Presenting multiple and very generic models can enable clinicians to choose the one containing the parameters available in their specific clinical setting, and also to test the applicability of such models in a non-COVID-19 respiratory infection., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has become a significant public health threat. Therefore, the purpose of this survey was to assess knowledge, attitudes, and precautionary measures related to COVID-19 among college students., Methods: A convenient sample of 3263 volunteers responded to a self-administered electronic questionnaire during the period from October to December 2020. The knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) score level was calculated with a range of 0-34 points., Results: The mean age of the participants was 21 (+/-1.2) years, 69% were female, and 60.3% were urban. The majority of respondents received information about COVID-19 symptoms (93.9%), how to protect yourself (92.5%), and how it is transmitted (86.8%). The most cited sources of information were social media (75.7%), and the most credible were government websites and international organizations. More than half (65%) expressed concern regarding contracting COVID-19, and 89.2% believed that COVID-19 is a dangerous infection due to the rapid spread of the virus. The mean total KAP score was 26.1 (+/-4.2), which differed significantly between gender groups and residential areas. Logistic regression analysis showed that volunteers with good knowledge were 1.3 and 1.0 times more willing to volunteer and maintain a physical distance than those with less knowledge. Female students were 40% less likely to volunteer than males, yet they were 1.8 times more cautious about practicing protective measures such as washing their hands with soap and water than male students. Classifying the COVID-19 pandemic as a serious infection, urban communities have twice been careful to wear masks outdoors and maintain a social distance of at least 2 m from one another compared to rural inhabitants., Conclusion: The current survey revealed that medical students have good knowledge regarding COVID-19, a positive attitude towards the use of protective measures, which were necessary to limit the spread of the disease. However, improvement is still required, and community education should occur as usual with a commitment to utilizing all the strategies that can support knowledge to improve and change attitudes as well as practices of the population., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

In the present study, Biomphalaria snails collected from five Egyptian governorates (Giza, Fayoum, Kafr El-Sheikh, Ismailia and Damietta), as well as reference control Biomphalaria alexandrina snails from the Schistosome Biological Supply Center (SBSC) (Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Egypt), were subjected to species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to identify the collected species. All of the collected snails were found to be B. alexandrina and there was no evidence of the presence of Biomphalaria glabrata. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR assays showed different fingerprints with varying numbers of bands for the first generation (F₁) of B. alexandrina snail populations (SBSC, Giza, Fayoum, Kafr El-Sheikh, Ismailia and Damietta). The primer OPA-1 produced the highest level of polymorphism and amplified the greatest number of specific bands. The estimated similarity coefficients among the B. alexandrina populations based on the RAPD-PCR profiles ranged from 0.56 (between SBSC and Ismailia snails) to 0.72 (between Ismailia and Kafr El-Sheikh snails). Experimental infection of the F₁ of progeny from the collected snails with Schistosoma mansoni (SBSC strain) showed variable susceptibility rates ranging from 15% in the Fayoum snail group to 50.3% in SBSC snails. A negative correlation was observed between the infection rates in the different snail groups and the distances separating their corresponding governorates from the parasite source. The infection rates of the snail groups and their similarity coefficients with SBSC B. alexandrina snails were positively correlated. The variations in the rates of infection of different B. alexandrina groups with S. mansoni, as well as the differences in the similarity coefficients among these snails, are dependent not only on the geographical distribution of the snails and the parasite, but also on the genetic variability of the snails. Introduction of this variability into endemic areas may reduce the ability of the parasite to infect local hosts and consequently reduce schistosomiasis epidemiology.

Thymol, Linalool and Eugenol showed considerable molluscicidal effect against Biomphalaria alexandrina, Bulinus truncatus and Lymnneae natalensis. The thymol was the potent one at least LC50 and LC90) followed by euganol then linalool. L. natalensis were more sensitive to these compounds followed by B. truncatus and then B. alexandrina. The LC50 & LC90) of thymol were 22 and 34 ppm against B. alexaldrina, 20 and 30 ppm for B. truncatuts and 18 and 29 ppm for L. nalalensis. These values were higher with Eugenol, 28 and 48 ppm for B. alexuadrina, 24 and 44 ppm for B. truncatus and 22 and 40 ppm for L. natalensis. Linalool showed highest values of LCs5 and LC90 against B. alexandrina, 34 and 56 ppm, against B. truncatus 30 and 52 ppm and for L. natalensis 28 and 48 ppm, respectively. Maintaining of B. alexandrina at LC10 of Thymol for one week induced an inhibitory effect in the level of some enzymes (AchE, SDH). It led to increase in the activity of other enzymes (ACP, ALP & G-6-PD). Acetylcholine-sterase activity (AchE) of treated B. alexandrina was significantly reduced by 45.9% when compared to control. The results showed a significant decrease in succinate dehydrogenase activity (SDH) by 46.4% together with a concomitant increase in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity level (G-6-PD) by 47.5% in comparison with control. The activities of acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase enzymes were found to be higher in the treated snails than in control ones. The percentage increases were 47.2% & 73.2% respectively. The results also showed an elevation in the hemolymph glucose content of treated snails by 51.9% while the tissue glycogen content was reduced by 48.1%. The infection of B. alexandrina with S. mansoni miracidia was greatly reduced by thymol LC10 (sublethal dose). The infection rate reduction was 43.1%. The treated snails' prepatent period was prolonged (34.2 +/- 3.3 days) compared to control (28.4 +/- 1.2 days). A highly significant reduction of total cercarial production per snail occurred in experimental snails as compared to control.