Search

Supralocalization in Egypt is facilitated by factors like higher education, urbanization, and domestic migration. The most notable supralocal features in Egypt are those associated with Cairo Arabic, which holds a prominent status throughout the country. One of these distinctive features is the [ɡ] variant of (dʒ), known as "jīm" in Arabic. This study reports results from an investigation into the diffusion of [ɡ] within Minya Governorate, situated approximately 200 kilometers to the south of Cairo and extending for about 130 kilometers along the Nile River, where [dʒ] is the predominant variant. Data collection involved interviews with 62 participants, selected based on gender, age, education, and place of residence, along with a survey completed by 61 participants. The linguistic factors under examination included style and the sounds preceding and following the target variant of (dʒ). Results indicate substantial diffusion of [ɡ] in Minya, particularly among highly educated urbanites and rural migrants, especially in careful style. The study also discusses the implications of these results as related to identity projection among Minya Arabic speakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the French occupation, contact with the West was established, leading to political, cultural, sociological, scientific, and literary transformations in Egypt. Foremost among these transformations was the serious critique and preservation of the classical scholarly heritage, especially in literature. One of the prominent platforms where literary culture was critically examined was al-Risālah journal. Founded by its owner and editor Ahmad Hasan al-Zayyāt, this journal left a colossal cultural legacy through its weekly publications from 1933 to 1953, amounting to 1,025 issues. al-Risālah included articles on history, culture, and politics, as well as discussions on Arabic literature, poetry, stories, language, and rhetoric. This study comparatively analyzes a selection of articles published in al-Risālah that involve debates between proponents of renewal (tajdīd) and the conservative defenders of classical rhetoric. In these articles, which are written as mutual refutations, proponents of renewal often criticized classical rhetoric through structural critiques, such as its relationship with other sciences, as well as through critiques based on concepts and definitions. In response, the defenders of classical rhetoric accused the critics of superficiality and ignorance of classical literature, countering the critiques with evidence drawn from classical works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the origin of Arabic words in the ancient Egyptian language, aiming to revive the ancient language and highlight the connection between ancient and modern vocabularies. The study examines classical Arabic words found in Egyptian texts and provides documentation of these words in various Egyptian texts, emphasizing the continuity of their usage throughout ancient Egyptian civilization. The article discusses the origins of various Arabic words, such as the word for spit, watermelon, lament, weep, apples, completed, crocodile, earth, and troop or group, tracing them back to their hieroglyphic counterparts in ancient Egyptian. Researchers from the University of Bonn and the Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities deciphered hieroglyphs on a stone in Wadi Abu Sabira, Egypt, dating back over five thousand years, revealing the roots of classical Arabic words in the ancient Egyptian language and providing insights into the beliefs, customs, and daily life of ancient Egyptians. [Extracted from the article]

There is a paucity of variational pragmatic research that compares the realization of the speech act of apology across dialects of one and the same language. The current study aimed at comparing the realization of the speech act of apology between two Arabic dialects, namely Alexandrian Arabic in Egypt and Najdi Arabic in Saudi Arabia. Data were collected from 120 participants using roleplay. The participants were undergraduate students, equally divided into males and females. Half the participants were Najdis, while the other half were Alexandrians. The apology strategies were coded using Olshtain and Cohen's (1983) model. Additionally, initiators and internal/external modifications were analyzed. The results showed that the two groups of participants adopted a similar apology behavior, a finding which was explained in terms of the unifying influence of religion. The results also showed a strong influence for social dominance on the participants' apology behavior. This influence was larger than the moderate influence for social distance and the limited influence for gender. Based on the findings, we recommend conducting further variational pragmatic research on the Arabic language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Military Science Review / Hadtudományi Szemle is the property of National University of Public Service and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this study is not to retell the history of education in geographical Syria in the late Ottoman era before wwi, but to highlight the process that made it possible for an important group of Syrian Muslim intellectuals to change their perceptions, from professing an anti-missionary, anti-Western Arab cultural identity—as earlier studies have emphasized—to having a positive outlook toward Western schools. This shift occurred because they perceived that Western culture was a necessary means to modernize Arab cultural identity. Although this process started before the mid-19th century with the importation of translated books on modern secular subjects from Egypt in 1838, this study concentrates on the late 19th and early 20th century to sharpen perception of the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Siwi language is spoken in the Siwa oasis in the Egyptian Western Desert. It is the easternmost place where a Berber variety (Afro-Asiatic) is spoken. Siwi is not the only language spoken in the oasis, as the entire population speaks at least one variety (Bedouin and/or Egyptian) of Arabic. Siwi speakers can be firmly differentiated from Egyptians or Bedouins settled in the oasis not only because of their language, but also because of an entire set of customs and traditions that contribute to creating their identity. Though recent factors brought by modernity are levelling the gap between Siwa and the other communities, and Arabic influence on the language is increasing, this article discusses some distinctive historical, socio-cultural and linguistic features of Siwa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate the stances and perceptions of Arab journalistic translators about the terminology work of Arabicization and to what extent they are familiar with the Arabicized terms, which are proposed by the Arabic Language Academy (ALA) in the Arab region. The Arabicization task has been concertedly shouldered by language academies in several Arab countries, such as Cairo, Iraq, and Jordan. In this study, Arab journalistic translators' attitudes, familiarity, and employment of the proposed Arabicized terms in journalistic translation have been investigated. In this study, the adopted methodology follows the quantitative approach to collect and analyse the data of a small-scale survey among Arab journalists and translators in various media outlets in the Arab region. The respondents of the conducted survey included Arab journalists, journalistic translators, script editors, and interpreters at Arab press agencies in several Arab countries, including Jordan, Qatar, and Egypt. According to the survey findings, the proposed Arabicized terms by the Arabic Language Academy are not broadly circulated among Arab journalists and translators in the Arab press. Moreover, the results confirmed that Arab journalistic translators are not completely familiar with the academy's Arabicized terminologies. Therefore, they do not use them in English-Arabic journalistic translation. To enhance the ALA's terminology work of Arabicization, more effective endeavours should be directed towards circulating the academy's Arabicized terminology among journalistic translators in the media sector in the Arab region through establishing cooperation and coordination channels between the academy and the Arab press agencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the level of mastery of Arabic listening skills of Selangor State-sponsored students studying at al-Azhar Cairo University, Egypt, and involves 76 respondents. Researchers have used quantitative methods through diagnostic tests of Arabic listening skills and questionnaire instruments. For data analysis, researchers have used SPSS Version 26.0. Results shown that, the level of proficiency of Selangor State-sponsored students in the Arabic language listening skills test is at Jayyid Jiddan level (excellent) and at a high mean score. Researchers also found that the basic knowledge factor of the student's language is a form of weakness given that the mean score is at a high level. The findings also found that the majority of students strongly agree that by mastering listening skills, students will be able to improve their other skills. This study is important for Malaysian students, especially those sponsored by the State of Selangor, to improve the quality of Arabic language achievement and get better results for the level of listening skills. Furthermore, the study's findings are expected to assist stakeholders, particularly education departments and sponsors such as the Selangor State Secretary's Office, the Selangor Zakat Board, and the administration, in lowering the likelihood of students failing the Imtihan Kabul test at Markaz Bahasa Sheikh Zayed Cairo, Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Taymuriyya family had a long-lasting effect on the intellectual and political scene in Egypt during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This article addresses how the family's intellectual legacy nurtured a love for the Arabic language and its literature among its descendants-Muhmad (1892-1921) and Mahmud (1894-1973). The article traces their brotherly relationship through family history, connecting it to the literary development of the Egyptian short story as a response to socio-political concerns during the twentieth century. It demonstrates that the close-knit brotherly bond had a lasting impact on Mahmud Taymur, the younger sibling, influencing both his literary and political worldviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dialect identification is considered a subtask of the language identification problem and it is thought to be a more complex case due to the linguistic similarity between different dialects of the same language. In this paper, a novel approach is introduced for identifying three of the most used Arabic dialects: Egyptian, Levantine, and Gulf dialects. In this study, four experiments were conducted using different classification approaches that vary from simple classifiers such as Gaussian Naïve Bayes and Support Vector Machines to more complex classifiers using Deep Neural Networks (DNN). A features vector of 13 Mel cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) of the audio signals was used to train the classifiers using a multi-dialect parallel corpus. The experimental results showed that the proposed convolutional neural networks-based classifier has outperformed other classifiers in all three dialects. It has achieved an average improvement of 0.16, 0.19, and 0.19 in the Egyptian dialect, and of 0.07, 0.13, and 0.1 in the Gulf dialect, and of 0.52, 0.35, and 0.49 in the Levantine dialect for the Precision, recall and f1- score metrics respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Egypt has long promised quality basic education. Nevertheless, international and national assessments show poor reading skills. Community schools (CS) are a component of Egypt's Education for All strategy. CS were intended to offer quality education to children who otherwise would have no chance to complete primary school. Previous studies report that academic abilities of Egyptian CS students exceed those of students in mainstream government primary schools. However, over time the education environment in Egypt has changed and the CS have changed with it. The current role and quality of CS education have been questioned. We examine core Arabic language skills of community and mainstream school students in two Upper-Egyptian villages. Results for students in mainstream schools are poor; results for CS students are significantly worse. We examine domains of Arabic language learning to understand specific problem areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of College of Languages is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Musa Jarullah Bigiyev (1875-1949) was born in Rostov city of Kazan. He studied in Bukhara, Egypt, Hijaz, and India. He is a scholar that devoted his life to Islamic sciences and various religious, political, social, and cultural issues of Muslims. He wrote works in many fields such as Qur'anic sciences, Tafsīr, á,¤adīth, Kalām, Fiqh, Usūl al-Fiqh, Sīrah, Islamic History, and Arabic language, and literature. He participated in several national and international meetings on various intellectual and political problems of the society that he lived in and the Islamic world. The first of these congresses, which took place between May 13-19.1926 following the Turkish Grand National Assembly abolished the caliphate with the Law No. 431 dated March 3, 1340 (1924), was the Caliphate Congress convened in Cairo (al-MuÊ¿tamar al-İslāmī al-Ê¿Āmm li al-Khilāfa). It was proposed by the representatives of Egyptian religious education institutions -especially the administrators of al-Azhar-in response to this decision. Musa Jarullah was invited to this meeting by the Egyptian congress organization committee, but he was not able to attend the meeting, as he was not given an entry visa, again, by the Egyptian authorities. Some people claimed that Musa Jarullah was an opponent of the Bolshevik administration in Russia and giving him an entry visa to Egypt could have potentially put Egypt in a collision course with Russia. In an effort to avoid such a situation, the Egyptian authorities, it is further claimed, did not issue a visa to Musa Jarullah. In this article, we demostrate that the claim in question does not fully reflect the truth, and that the primary reason why Musa Jarullah was not given a visa was not because Egypt was afraid of Russia; but rather, the primary reason behind this should be sought, we argue, in his opposition to the Egyptian administration under the British shadow, the possibility of the election of the Egyptian King Fuad (1868-1936) as the "New Islamic Caliph", and the general approach of the scholars of al-Azhar to the caliphate. We tried to analyze Musa Jarullah Bigiyef's views on the Islamic caliphate in general and the Ottoman caliphate in particular as well as the approaches the scholars of al-Azhar and Egyptian officials who organized this meeting adopted towards the caliphate. The second congress discussed here is the World Muslim Congress (al-MuÊ¿tamar al-Ê¿ālam al-Islamī), which was held in Mecca between June 7 - July 5, 1926. Considering the transportation possibilities of the time period, this congress, which was organized in a way that conflicted with the Caliphate Congress held in Egypt in terms of time, was a meeting held by Ê¿Abd al-Ê¿Azīz Ibn SaÊ¿ūd (1880-1953), who declared himself as the King of Hejaz, in an effort practical and domestic issues related to public order such as the reconstruction of the Hejaz region, especially Mecca and Medina, and the improvement of the pilgrimage organization were discussed. Musa Jarullah Bigiyef attended this congress, albeit somewhat late due to visa problems, he and expressed his views on some issues by taking the floor several times. The last congress to be examined in the article is the General Islamic Congress ((al-MuÊ¿tamar al-Ê¿ālam al-Islamī al-Ê¿Āmm), which was held in Jerusalem between December 7-17, 1931. The Mufti of Jerusalem, al-á,¤ājj Amīn al-á,¤usaynī (1897-1974) organized this congress in an effort to discuss some of the political and economic issues the Islamic world was facing such as developing the feelings of unity and brotherhood among Muslims, defending the Palestinian lands against the Jews, whose numbers were increasing day by day through emigration, establishing an Islamic university in Jerusalem and repairing the Hejaz railway. Musa Jarullah attended this congress as the representative of Chinese Turkistan and Finnish Muslims. The present work provides with a detailed analysis of Musa Jarullah Bigiyef's participation in the aforementioned congresses, his negotiations in these congresses, and his evaluations about them, and it also makes an effort to correct some of the misconceptions regarding these issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates the emergence and transformation of humanitarian associations in Egypt from the late 19th to the mid-20th century. It argues that on the one hand these associations were new institutions echoing the foundation of new charitable organisations worldwide and in Egypt. The colonial domination of Egypt and its refusal by the Egyptians thereby played a prominent role. On the other hand, the humanitarian associations have to be seen in the continuity of long-established practices and discourses of charity, performed in particular by religious endowments (awqāf). Based on the example of the Egyptian Red Crescent, which is explored through a wide range of un explorer Egyptian, British and Swiss archives as well as a broad historiography in European and Arabic languages, this article emphasises the interconnections between international, regional, national and local institutions in Egypt in the field of philanthropy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past ten years, the focus of Egyptian universities' interest has been the academic ranking among international universities, although there are many scientific elements that need designing an academic ranking for the Egyptian universities undergo the supervision of the Supreme Council of Universities. With the importance of international rankings such as QS, Shanghai, the New Times Rankings, and other rankings subject to the criteria of specific countries in terms of evaluating the quality of university performance, the focus of attention to having a ranking for the Egyptian universities will achieve competitiveness among Egyptian universities. It also sheds the light on Arab academic studies, which were hindered by the challenge of the English language in front of many distinguished researchers within the university system, which could reveal the importance of their studies and explorations through the expression in the mother tongue of the Egyptian society, which is Arabic language. So, the current study aims to clarify the importance of the academic university rankings for each country according to the cultural and social context that governs each country. Therefore, the researcher relied on knowing the opinion of the other researchers and experts regarding the importance of a local academic ranking with international standards. The sample of the opinion poll was 25 male and female researchers from various universities. The researcher also prepared a map of the academic ranking of Egyptian universities based on a set of indicators that are consistent with the Egyptian context. The study ended with a set of expected scenarios when activating the map of academic rankings within the Egyptian community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Behçet's disease (BD), commonly seen in the Silk road countries, is a variable vessel vasculitis with no specific investigation that reflects disease activity. The Behçet's Disease Current Activity Form (BDCAF) is the most famous and acceptable clinical activity score. Purpose: To develop a cross-cultural adaptation of the BDCAF to the Arabic language (Ar-BDCAF)—Egyptian dialect—across the country and to consider preliminary evaluation of its reliability in assessment of BD activity. Patients and methods: The score was translated to Arabic language and revised by 3 rheumatology consultants. Reliability of Ar-BDCAF was tested among 88 BD patients from 9 Egyptian main city centers. Patients were questioned by two specialists at 30 min interval to evaluate inter-observer rating and twice by the same physician within 24 h to assess the intra-observer rating. Results: Patients were 64 males and 24 females (2.7:1) with a mean age of 35 ± 10.3 years. The average time required by the consultant to fill in the form was 5.1 ± 2.2 min (1.5–15 min). The mean Ar-BDCAF scores were 9.81 ± 6.22 (0–25) and 9.53 ± 6.13 (0–28) with an intra-observer concordance (p = 0.28) and was 9.95 ± 6.47 (0–29) for the inter-observer rating (p = 0.89 and p = 0.66, respectively). Conclusion: The Ar-BDCAF is a measurable, easy to calculate, and reliable index for assessing disease activity in Egyptian BD. The Ar-BDCAF score can be used in daily clinical practice to assess BD activity and its use can be extended to other Arab countries for possible regional validation and adaptations. Key Points • The Arabic version of the BDCAF can be extended to other Arab countries for development of a Pan-Arab score. • This is the first study to provide a reliable and valid Arabic version of the BDCAF-Egyptian dialect for measuring current disease activity in BD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Didactic poetry, the first examples of which are encountered in ancient Greek and Indian, finds its correspondence in Arabic Literature as is al-shi‘r el-ta‘limi. The type of rajaz and urjūza seen in the early period is considered as the first manifestation of didactic poetry in Arabic literature. When it comes to didactic poetry, the first thing that comes to mind in Arabic literature is the alfiyya. It can be said that many works have been given in the style of didactic poetry on the science of ʿarūd and rhyme. Born in 1265/1849 in Haifa, in the north of Palestine, Yūsuf al-Nabhānī met many famous thinkers at al-Azhar University in Egypt, where he was for education. Having a close relationship with Sultan Abdul Hamid, al-Nabhānī worked as the editor of al-Jawāʼib newspaper, as well as serving in various judicial organs of the state. The author's work titled Nazmu evzâni'l-buhûr fî medhi’r-Rasūl by the author, who has written many works in various branches of Islamic sciences, is a didactic work that has a very small volume in which he gave praise about the Prophet by using all of the poetic prosodies. In the work, each prosody is mentioned with the example of a two couplet eulogy. The work, which offers those who want to learn ʿarūd prosodies the opportunity to remember easily with the technique of memorization, includes some literary arts along with a plain language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the College Of Basic Education is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present paper is dedicated to the examination of the corpus of lexical units of common usage and technical terms of administrative, legal, military, and commercial spheres, originating in both Egyptian Spoken Arabic and the languages outside Arabic areal (predominately Ottoman Turkish) that influenced the formation of the New Arabic official language of Egypt, and selected on the basis of its attestation in the text of the Siyasatname Law issued by Muhammad Ali Pasha, viceroy/governor (wālī) of Egypt (1805-1848). These lexical elements are considered from the point of the peculiarities of its conceptual/notional representation, its semantic development, the features of its functional/stylistic exemplification in the text of the Siyasatname Law, and its origin (etymological aspect). The Siyasatname Law text treated as the material of present study will be presented here as an example of the formal style of Written Arabic that emerged in Egypt during the Napoleon's campaign (1798-1801) and the early stages of Muhammad Ali Pasha's rule that ushered in the foundation of the Modern Egyptian state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Study aimed at evaluating the Professional Preparation Program to Arabic Language Teacher at the Faculty of Education -Arish University on the Light of the Specifications National for future teachers. The study relied on the Specifications set by the National Authority for the Quality of Education and Accreditation. However, these specifications were submitted to 25-jurymembers to ensure their present validity for preparing the teachers. In addition, the opinions of the twenty-five jurors who are faculty members at the Teacher Preparation program at Arish Faculty of Education were taken into account in terms of the extent to which the program achieves its specifications of the graduates of the Faculties of Education. The results, however, showed that the program for preparing a vocational teacher at the Faculty of Education, Arish University were low in terms of achieving its specifications with rates that ranged from ( 63.2% : 65.66 ). This led the researcher to develop a proposed vision for developing the teacher preparation program after doing a matrix for specifications of graduates of Faculties of Education with decisions of the teacher preparation program, along with the specifications for courses that do not have specifications in order to verify the specifications of graduates at Faculties of Education in Egypt [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research presents the role of the Arab Republic of Egypt in spreading the Arabic language in Afghanistan in recent times. The research sheds light on the history of the inception of the Arabic language and becoming an official language, then points slightly on its fading up, afterwards the establishment of the Dār Al ʽUloom Arabic and the department of Sharīʽa in Kabul And its connection with Al-Azhar Al-Sharif. The efforts of Professor Shah Muhammad Rashād, the first dean of the faculty of Sharīʽa, and Sheikh Shaheed Maulana Abdul Haq, Dean of the faculty of Sharīʽa, are also reviewed in establishing a cultural link between the faculty of Sharīʽa, Kabul and the Al-Azhar Jammia that raised the cadres of the faculty of Sharīʽa and other important personalities with a role in the field of politics, the judiciary, justice, education and media in Afghanistan. The dispatch of students and graduates from Dār ul Uloom al Arabic and faculty of Sharīʽa, Kabul to Al Azhar Al Shareef is also evaluated in spreading the Arabic language. A discussion has also been briefed on the role of the graduates from Al Azhar, and the two special representatives of Al Azhar (Professor Abdul ᾽Al Otwah and Sheikh Abdul Azim Fayyaaz) in Kabul. Moreover, the research also articulates with the Al-Azhar envoys’ efforts in Afghanistan, especially Sheikh Abdul ᾽Al-Otwah, in spreading the Arabic language and establishing the Kabul Al-Azhari Institute in Afghanistan. And lastly, the talented Afghan graduates from Al-Azhar and their precious books have been reviewed as part of the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romano-Arabica is the property of University of Bucharest, Center for Arab Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The journal ar-Risala is a literary journal that was published weekly between the years 1933-1953 under the editorship of Ahmad Hassan Zayyat. By its subtitle, ar-Risala considered itself a journal of literature, art, and science. Zayyat, the editor and owner of the journal, studied at the Azhar University and the University of Egypt, and after completing his education at the Faculty of Literature, he graduated from the French Law School. Zayyat was a member of important committees working on the Arabic language such as the Arabic Language Academy in Cairo, the Arab Academy of Sciences in Damascus, the Iraqi Academy of Sciences, the Committee for the Lexicon of Qur'anic Terms and the Committee for the Wasit Dictionary. He received a state award for his book Wahyu'r-Risala and a state recognition award for literature in Egypt. Some of the era's most important literary figures like Abbas Mahmoud al-Aqqad, Ahmad Amin, Taha Hussein, Tawfiq al-Hakim, Ali at-Tantawy and Abdoulwahab Azzam wrote articles for ar-Risala. Moreover, many authors from various Arab countries beyond Egypt also contributed articles to the journal. Thus, ar-Risala became a journal that appealed to the whole Arab world. Beside Arabic literature, it also hosted western and oriental literatures. The latter, which generally Azzam was in charge for, offered insight into Indian, Persian, Far Eastern, and Turkish literatures. After providing general information about the journal and its editor, this study will explore the articles contributed to the oriental literary column, which were published in the journal's first year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of The Iraqi University is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Highlights • MATPP is a valid and reliable tool for identification of phonological processes. • Phonological processes were classified into age-appropriate and unusual processes. • Age of suppression and maximum score of age appropriate processes were demonstrated. Abstract Purpose Phonological processes are systematic changes in sound classes, sound sequences or syllable structure. The aim of this study was to develop an assessment tool for identification of developmental phonological processes in Arabic-speaking Egyptian children in order to provide normative data of phonological processes in typically developing children and distinguish between normal children and children with phonological impairment. Method The study design was a cross-sectional descriptive one. Mansoura Arabic Test for Phonological Processes (MATPP) was developed to elicit children's single–word productions through picture naming task. After being pilot-tested, the MATPP was presented to a group of 120 typically developing children in the age range 2–5 years and another group of 30 children with developmental language disorder (DLD) in the age range 2½ - 5years for test validation. Results Assimilation processes were the commonest phonological processes followed by syllable structure processes and substitution processes. In contrast to English language, prevocalic devoicing, backing of fricatives and glottal replacement were considered normal for Egyptian children. The face validity was demonstrated by judging all words of the MATPP for being completely relevant to the purpose for which it was meant and Criterion -related validity was demonstrated by higher scores of the DLD children in all phonological processes. MATPP presented test-retest reliability when re-administered by the same examiner or a different examiner to the same child within a two week interval. Conclusion MATPP is a valid and reliable assessment tool for identification of phonological processes in Arabic-speaking Egyptian children and can differentiate typically developing children from those with a phonological impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Karmil: Studies in Arabic Language & Literature is the property of Brill Academic Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of The Iraqi University is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In light of disappointing scores on the Early Grade Reading Assessment (EGRA) and the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS), Arabic-speaking countries have begun to reexamine, and in some case reform, how they teach reading in the early grades. Egypt was one of the first countries to initiate early-grade reading reforms in 2010. This article presents a single case study from Egypt, examining whether the grade 2 Arabic-language textbook supports its reform goals. Data were collected through detailed content analysis of the textbook and coded using a "best practices" framework. While the textbook has strengths, it is not consistently in alignment with current research on reading in Arabic. We contend that modest textbook reform could be the easiest and fastest way to improve the teaching and learning of reading in Egypt and the region, in part because teachers depend so heavily on textbooks for lesson structure and because textbooks are generally available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Al-Halebi was born in Aleppo and settled in Egypt. He took lessons from famous scholars there. He taught qiraah and nahiv lessons In mosques Ibn Tolun and Imam Shafi'i in Egypt. He worked as vice-judge. Became famous scholar in Arabic syntax, morphology, commentary of Quran and qiraah. This study aims to elaborate his life and his scientific direction and thus to better introduce him to the world of science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The beginning of modern Arab education coincided with the Arab Awakening in the nineteenth century. The modern educational system witnessed its most important developments in the Arab world, as shown by the case of Egypt, under the Ottoman Empire. Examining a new model of education as shown in the literary sources of the Arab Awakening, one finds that there were difficulties in presenting the various scientific texts in a lecture format. The students were unfamiliar with the new scientific terminologies, and the professors, in turn, did not have suitably accurate scientific terms within the Arabic language. This article discusses the crisis of terminologies that challenged the development of a new educational system. It also describes the expertise acquired by local scholars from foreign experts during their educational missions to Europe. The knowledge they gained enabled them to modernise the Arabic language upon their return. Eventually some of the terminology used within the new educational system filtered through to everyday use within the wider culture. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Nasometry is a method of measuring the acoustic correlates of resonance through a computer-based instrument called nasometer. High nasalance scores in comparison to normative data suggest hypernasality and/or other nasality disorders, while low scores suggest hyponasality. Normative values of nasalance for Egyptian Arabic speakers were established using the Arabic SNAP (Simplified Nasometric Assessment Procedures) test. Objectives to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of Arabic SNAP test to allow for its use in the differentiation between normal and hypernasal speech in Egyptian Arabic-speaking children. Methods Nasalance scores of normal children ( n = 92) on Arabic SNAP test were compared to those of 30 children with velopharyngeal insufficiency due to cleft palate. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine cutoff points with the highest sensitivity and specificity. Results Statistically significant differences were found between both groups for all items in nasometric evaluation ( p < 0.05) except for prolonged/m/sound ( p > 0.05). Cutoff points were determined and certain items were selected for routine nasometric evaluation. Conclusion The Arabic SNAP test is a sensitive and specific tool for evaluation of children with hypernasality and can be used for both diagnosis and follow up of these cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: effective communication in a clinical environment plays a vital role in patient assessment and treatment. The aim of this study was to understand the experiences of Malaysian medical students concerning communication barriers during clinical practice. The goal was to provide answers for three important research questions, i.e., 1) Are communication barriers an impediment to Malaysian students during clinical teaching? 2) What is the nature of the language barriers that the students encounter? and 3) What are the best ways of reducing these barriers during clinical teaching?. Methods: The qualitative method was used to conduct the research, and open-ended questionnaires were used to collect the data. The study was conducted on 95 fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-year students, 80% of whom completed the study. Results: Medical students from Malaysia who have limited knowledge of the Arabic language experience some difficulties in communicating with staff members, patients, and nurses during their clinical practices. Conclusion: Successful orientation of students to the language used in the clinical environment will help the students overcome the communication barriers they encounter during their clinical practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper a hypothesis is put forward, namely that Standard Arabic (SA) and Native Arabic (NA) represent a bimodalism, a double modality of communication that has its roots in a primitive distinction: that between writing and speech. This reflection arose while studying the pragmatics of diglossic code-switching (CS). After offering an overview of CS as an approach to diglossia and showing how SA and NA are used together to convey different textual information and feelings, the article points out that this peculiar symbolic functionality can be traced back beyond the historical configuration of the Arabic diglossia, to the more ancient dichotomy writing/speech. Then, the main characteristics and the two different processes of writing and speech are displayed with the intent of finally demonstrate that SA often reflects the writing modality, while NA the speech modality and that CS is a tool for fine-tuning this double modality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a novel segmentation-free Arabic handwriting recognition system based on hidden Markov model (HMM). Two main contributions are introduced: a new technique for dividing the image into nonuniform horizontal segments to extract the features and a new technique for solving the problems of the skewing of characters by fusing multiple HMMs. Moreover, two enhancements are introduced: the pre-processing method and feature extraction using concavity space. The proposed system first pre-processes the input image by setting the thickness of the input word to three pixels and fixing the spacing between the different parts of the word. The input image is divided into constant number of nonuniform horizontal segments depending on the distribution of the foreground pixels. A set of robust features representing the gradient of the foreground pixels is extracted using sliding windows. The input image is decomposed into several images representing the vertical, horizontal, left diagonal and right diagonal edges in the image. A set of robust features representing the densities of the foreground pixels in the various edge images is extracted using sliding windows. The proposed system builds character HMM models and learns word HMM models using embedded training. Besides the vertical sliding window, two slanted sliding windows are used to extract the features. Three different HMMs are used: one for the vertical sliding window and two for the slanted windows. A fusion scheme is used to combine the three HMMs. The proposed system is very promising and outperforms all the other Arabic handwriting recognition systems reported in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A part of CPR XXII 17, 1b was identified in the edition as pen trial. It is, however, written in Arabic. This note argues that the Arabic part was written by the same scribe as the Greek and the Coptic passages in the papyrus. This revelation throws light on how Greek, Coptic and Arabic were simultaneously used in early Islamic Egypt and suggests that there might have been scribes who were capable of handling all three languages very efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of International Social Research is the property of Journal of International Social Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article deals with the studies of Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo deriving terms and the methodology they applied for deriving terms. In the same way, it refers to some decisions of the academy about derivation (iştikak), translation, ta' and naht. Deriving terms by means of derivation, translation, and ta'rîb is one of important points during the language studies carried on improving Arabic. Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo is aware how much it is important to arabization language of modern literature, science and art. Thus, a great number of dictionaries have been written in different areas as a result of the academy's studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objectives: The present study was designed to formulate a remediation program for Arabic speaking children suffering from dyslexia based on improving phonological awareness using materials appropriate for Arabic culture. Methods: The study was carried out at the unit of Phoniatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria main university hospital. The subjects were divided into two groups. Group I: 30 dyslexic children of both sexes in the age range of 6½–10½years on which the proposed remediation programme was applied. Group II: 30 dyslexic children age and sex matched were included as a control group; they received no remediation programs during the time of conduction of the study. The formulated Arabic remediation program was based on improving the phonological awareness for dyslexic children, after the Phonological Awareness Training for Reading Program. Modifications and additions were made to suit the nature of the Arabic language, and face the differences between Arabic and English orthography. The program was divided into sound blending, sound segmenting, reading and spelling activities. The training program was applied twice weekly, with session duration lasting from 25 to 30min. Each session had about 2 or 3 children. The studied groups were subjected to protocol for evaluation of dyslexia before and after therapy to document to evaluate the improvement and the stability in the condition of these children. Results: The presented training program significantly improved reading, writing and phonological awareness of dyslexic cases. Conclusion: The present study highlighted the importance of phonological awareness skills as a prerequisite for emergence of literacy skills. The program was modified to suit Arabic speaking Egyptian children. The study found that the age of the child is the most important predictor factor, the younger the age of intervention the better the outcome of therapy program. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper presents the findings of research investigating language maintenance/shift among second-generation Arabic speakers in Athens using adolescents of mainly Egyptian origin and their parents as informants. Quantitative data on language competence and on patterns of language use within Egyptian households indicate language shift in adolescents of the Coptic religion. In contrast, Muslim informants emerge as language maintainers. Qualitative results originating from interviews with parents indicate that the significance of religious practice leads Muslims and Copts to view Arabic and Coptic respectively as core values for their identity. This distinction leads to a differentiation in patterns of Arabic language transmission between Muslim and Coptic Egyptian parents, reflecting both the different internal dynamics of these sub-communities, and their different relationships to the host society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the relationship among pre-reading skills, language proficiency, and visual perceptual abilities in 150 children who had been exposed to both English and Arabic (mean age 70 months). Information regarding language proficiency was gathered indirectly through reports from teachers and parents and directly through children's test performance. Consequently, the children were divided into three language dominance groups: stronger in Arabic, stronger in English, or equally strong in both English and Arabic. The main aim of this study was to determine whether the pre-literacy skills (visual processing skills, phonological processes, and orthographic knowledge) differed across the three groups and were correlated with langauge dominance. No significant relationships were found between language dominance and tasks that pertained to phonological awareness skills, which may support the notion of the transfer of phonological processing skills between languages. Visual processing and visual memory skills did not differ across language groups, a finding which was expected, as these functions do not directly pertain to language dominance. However, overall the groups did better on the English orthographic task than on the Arabic orthography, perhaps because they found Arabic print more visually confusing and demanding than English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This editorial focuses on Islam in sub-Saharan Africa. The author discusses the unique aspects of African Islam and whether Africa has had an impact on Islam. Topics include the divisiveness of the Arabic language in regard to Muslims in North Africa with Muslims in sub-Saharan Africa, the demographic and political aspects of religion, and the role of Egypt in Islamic history.

This article surveys compulsory Arabic language curricula of the Egyptian education system. Extracts are presented and analyzed to show how these lessons are often infused with Islamic religious texts that emphasize Islam as the basis of all societal relations. All students, regardless of religion, are indoctrinated to uphold "obedience to God and His Prophet [Muhammad]." Lessons promote that leadership positions should be held by "believers" only; that any ruler who "disobeys God and His Prophet" can be himself disobeyed; and that the believers should take a firm position against those who "do not submit to the orders of God and His Prophet." There is little mention of the constitution or laws. The article concludes that this government-endorsed curriculum is breeding intolerance and extremism among the new generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Centre for Arabic Speaking Libraries and Information Institutions of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions, hosted by the Bibliotheca Alexandrina in Egypt, began its activities in October 2007. The article sets out the Centre's aims and outlines the activities undertaken to achieve them. An important aspect of the Centre's work is the translation of IFLA documents and conference papers into Arabic and assisting with the provision of simultaneous interpretation. In October 2008 a conference 'The role of libraries in freedom of expression, tolerance and access to information' was held at the Bibliotheca Alexandrina. The Centre's website supports the Centre's aim of encouraging the participation of librarians from the Arab world in global developments, offering a resource that any Arab librarian seeking information about the library and information profession can use. All these activities reinforce the Bibliotheca Alexandrina's role in the region as a centre of excellence in the dissemination of knowledge and as a place of dialogue, learning and understanding between cultures and peoples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The question of when and where Egyptian Christians began to disuse the Coptic language and adopt Arabic remains a puzzle. The Apocalypse of Samuel of Qalamūn (ASQ) offers interesting hints about the process of language change by referring to the loss of Coptic in church functions. This paper argues that the ASQ represents Christians from the specific region of the Fayyūm and their struggle of identity maintenance that occurred after the Coptic language had generally fallen into disuse. Some scholars have speculated that the ASQ has a Coptic Vorlage, even though it is only extant in Arabic. This paper argues that the ASQ may have been originally an Arabic composition, perhaps written as late as the fourteenth century, as a means of connecting the Christian community to the Coptic language at a time when they were unable to access their tradition through Coptic-language texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the relationship between phonological processing and reading ability amongst grade 4 and grade 5 Arabic speaking children in Egypt. In addition to measuring reading level, the study assessed the children’s ability to identify rhymes, delete individual phonemes from words, retain and manipulate sequences of digit names and rapidly access verbal labels. Further literacy and literacy-related tasks required children to decode novel letter strings, to distinguish similar words, to identify words within letter chains and to correctly spell dictated text. A non-verbal ability measure was also included to allow comparisons to be made between a group of poor readers with good non-verbal skills (dyslexics) with a control group of chronological-age-matched normal readers with equivalent average scores on the non-verbal task. Results indicated relationships between literacy ability, decoding and phonological processing within this cohort, as well as identifying differences between dyslexic and control groups that suggest Arabic dyslexics show signs of poor phonological skills. The study supports the view that Arabic dyslexic children have impairments in the phonological processing domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a study of the verb forms that appeared in a set of oral interviews conducted in Standard Arabic in Cairo, Egypt. Although the ,speakers were clearly attempting to produce Standard Arabic, there is much mixing of colloquial. Instead of the somewhat more typical approach of characterizing a whole form as either Standard or colloquial, this paper takes a detailed look at all the elements that go into such a judgment: the presence of ending vowels on the forms, word order, the form of accompanying negative particles, the form of the passive, and a number of phonological features of the verb: the prefix vowel, the stem vowel, infix vowels, the addition of particles like bi- and sa-, and the presence of feminine plural forms. The statistics on these features show that although use of Standard forms increases with increases in level of education and formality of the situation (making them all potent markers of formality and self-identity) in addition to other social factors, it would not be accurate to say that they co-vary. They all have quite distinct patterns that are hard to characterize other than statistically. It is argued that attempts to characterize the Standard colloquial continuum functionally have not been completely successful, and other ways of characterizing the continuum are called for. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the status of Literary Arabic as a national language was integral to, and a direct result of, the political development of the Arab world. Side by side with the emancipation of the Arab world from foreign rule and its advance toward independence -- a process led mainly by Egypt -- the Arabic language underwent a gradual process of development toward the attainment of a new status as a national language. The climax of the political process -- Egypt's complete liberation from British rule and the achievement of independence during Gamal 'Abd al-Nasser's period -- marked the climax of the linguistic process as well. Egypt, in its efforts to achieve national unity during the 1950s and 1960s, positioned Literary Arabic at the core of its educational system and utilized it as the cornerstone in the development of the image of the young generation in the Arab world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]